Climate Science Glossary

Term Lookup

Enter a term in the search box to find its definition.

Settings

Use the controls in the far right panel to increase or decrease the number of terms automatically displayed (or to completely turn that feature off).

Term Lookup

Settings

All IPCC definitions taken from Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Annex I, Glossary, pp. 941-954. Cambridge University Press.

Home Arguments Software Resources Comments The Consensus Project Translations About Support

Bluesky Facebook LinkedIn Mastodon MeWe

Twitter YouTube RSS Posts RSS Comments Email Subscribe


Climate's changed before
It's the sun
It's not bad
There is no consensus
It's cooling
Models are unreliable
Temp record is unreliable
Animals and plants can adapt
It hasn't warmed since 1998
Antarctica is gaining ice
View All Arguments...



Username
Password
New? Register here
Forgot your password?

Latest Posts

Archives

Recent Comments

Prev  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  Next

Comments 51 to 100:

  1. 2024 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #49

    Thanks for your feedback thus far!

    OPOF @1:

    Thanks for spotting the wrong month which is now corrected in both listings. Typos like this happen every once in a while when submitting the articles via the Google form mentioned in the blue box at the end of each news roundup.

  2. One Planet Only Forever at 14:23 PM on 10 December 2024
    2024 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #49

    I got distracted and forgot to copy and paste the pair of articles in my comment @2:

    It was meant to be:

    An example of the benefit (of the Category format) is that a pair of closely related articles this week, "Climate change and insurance: a growing fustercluck" and "How climate risks are driving up insurance premiums around the US - visualized", could have been far apart in the Date format.

  3. 2024 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #49

    I prefer the category format. You can glance through it in seconds and see what's going on and also choose the categories you are interested in. I find the date based format harder to speed read and just frustrating. Collections of non fiction books are  organised by category not date of publication. Easier to find stuff.

  4. One Planet Only Forever at 09:12 AM on 10 December 2024
    2024 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #49
    1. Format I prefer: I prefer the Category format. An example of the benefit is that a pair of closely related articles this week, "  " and  "   ", could have been far apart in the Date format.
    2. Do the manually assigned categories actually fit the articles: I think they do.
    3. Do additional categories make sense?: Not this week

    Very minor note: The date stated for "Protection deal for Amazon rainforest in peril as big business turns up heat" in the 'International Climate Conferences and Agreements' Category was incorrectly given as Nov 3 rather than Dec 3.

  5. CO2 effect is saturated

    MA Rodger @849

    I re-examined the arguments behind Kirchhoff's Law, and determined that it is not applicable to my study of greenhouse warming for the simple reason (which I have stated before but no one seems to take seriously) that a warming system is not in thermal equilibrium.  In the case of greenhouse warming, each atmospheric slice contains GHG molecules which absorb IR energy originating from outside the slice, and therefore they are not isolated.  Hence, Kirchhoff's Law does not apply in my study, neither the correct version nor what I have called the "climate science" version, and therefore claims of my "ignoring Kirchhoff's Law" are invalid.

    Also, in regard to me being or not being a "numbers sort-of-guy", I certainly was at one time, but have not kept up very well with new developments and software tools since my career fizzled.  I believe I still have excellent mathematical and analytical skills, but I do tend to "cut corners" or look to others when it comes to actual number crunching.

    Note to moderator:

    Please do not remove this comment at least until MA Rodger has had a chance to review it.

    Moderator Response:

    [PS] MA Rogers comment was left so you could respond.

    Now give us the equations that  relate to what can be meaured. MA Rodgers. same stuff. Nothing more please till we something testable.

  6. Philippe Chantreau at 04:32 AM on 10 December 2024
    Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    I'll add my bit of anecdotal evidence to Michael's. The ICU where I work was relatively spared during the initial wave of Covid, as was the neighboring state. We had plenty of time to prepare and it went OK (this is before the vaccine became available). A significant proportion of patients were not exactly fitting the high risk profile, especially regarding age. The sickest we saw in the early wave were below 65, obesity and diabetes seemed to be very strong risk factors.

    Then the state had a massive vaccination campaign, high risk people and above 65 could be vaccinated for free (if I recall right) and the vaccine was available to everyone. We were considered high risk because of exposure. Case numbers decreased a little, things appeared under control.

    Then the Delta wave hit and stuff got real. One day, the ICU was full of nothing but Covid patients, prone and on ventilators, except for 1, on BiPAP. Non-covid critical patients had to be bedded in a neighboring unit. Criteria for transfer to a higher level of care inside the hospital were raised everywhere. Extreme levels of respiratory failure were tolerated without invasive intervention, as intubated patients did not tend to fare well. However, the ones who declined to be intubated died even quicker. We exploited non-invasive ventilation means to the maximum extent possible but once the p/F ratio drops below 100, there are few options left. I personally recall only one of these very sick patients who was vaccinated, a transplant recipient (immunosuppressed) who had received only one dose. Incredibly, he survived. I was not there 7 days a week, so it is possible that some vaccinated people came through that I did not know about. If so, they were exceedingly rare exceptions. I heard some people talking about people getting very sick from the vaccine. I work throughout the hospital and in the ED as well, but I do not recall seeing any such case.

    Some were so steeped in propaganda generated denial, they refused to acknowledge that it was a real disease, even as they were literally dying of it. Non vaccinated status was the single most reliable predictor of bad outcome. Obesity still seemed in my opinion (a non scientific assessment) to be the 2nd major risk factor for severe disease. I never caught it at work through the entire pandemic. It was only later that I was contaminated sitting next to a sick person in an airplane, after the Omicron strain hit. 

    Moderator Response:

    [BL] Note to all. The OP is about misinformation - research into how to identify it, strategies to counteract it, etc.

    Covid stories are only on-topic to the extent that they illustrate aspects of misinformation. Please make sure that you tie any such stories back to the themes of the OP.

     

  7. CO2 effect is saturated

    CallItAsItIs,
    I note your comment @844 replying to my comment @841, crossed with my own @845, so the ball is perhaps in my court.
    And perhaps I should be sure to give you the chance of providing a numerical answer in this to-&-fro.

    As you do not appear to be a numbers sort-of-guy (which is strange for a physics PhD), I would be surprised if you could put some sort of value on the proportion of υ2-excited CO2 molecules in air that would emit a photon in the 15 micron band as the "numerical calculation" to demonstrate such a proportion is majorly complex & difficult. I've seen a proportion of 1-in-50,000 simplistically calculated. But the take-away is that it is massively small as, simplistically, the average relaxation time for an excited CO2 molecule to emit a 15-micron photon is measured in tenths of a seconds while such a CO2 molecule will be on average impacted by other air molecules in a matter of microseconds. Thus this transmission of excitation via photon→CO2→photon cannot by itself satisfy Kirchoff's law αλ = ελ.
    And it also does not explain the measure 15-micron IR flying round the atmosphere.

    But let us not get hung-up on the applicability or otherwise of Kirchoff's law.

    You seem entirely positive about the applicability of Schwartzschild's equation, telling us @823 "the Schwartzschild equation is the correct equation to solve in order to determine the spectral intensity Iλ." Schwartzschild's equation (dIλ/ds = nσλ[Bλ(t)-Iλ]) tells us Iλ will not be effectively snuffed out when the path-length of the IR from the ground is reached. Rather, with constant temperature Iλ is also constant (Iλ = Bλ(t) = Planck's Constant) and in the atmosphere Iλ will slowly drop with the lapse rate (we can calculate it as just a 0.13% drop in 10m which is longer than the path length of 15-micron radiation at sea level, and a 50% drop by about 5,000m), and on until CO2 thins allowing the path-length to reach infinity with IR being shot out into space. (Note that Kirchoff's law differs from this situation solely because it applies to a constant temperature.) So to satisfy both the Schwartzschild equation (and Kirchoff's law), we need a new source of excited CO2 molecules to prevent the IR flux being snuffed out so quickly.

    So, to set you a question CallItAsItIs with a numerical answer.
    Given both Schwartzschild's equation and measurements show there is no extinction of 15-micron IR in the atmosphere, there must be some extra source of υ2-excited CO2 molecules. Therefore, how big is that extra source of excited CO2 relative to the IR as a source? Roughly?
    (As a PhD-wielding engineer, this extra source ???→CO2→photon comes as no surprise to me.)

  8. 2024 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #49

    I prefer the date-based format!

  9. CO2 effect is saturated

    [snip]

    Response @826

    Kirchoff's Law does not say what you imply here.

    The climate science version of Kirchhoff's Law says exactly what I imply here.  It turns out that there are two versions of this law out there, the one written by Kirchhoff and the one used by climate scientists, and it is the latter version that is needed to "debunk" the CO2 band saturation effect.  This was already explained in a previous posting of mine, but you removed it!

    Moderator Response:

    Still not providing the requested equations and numerical results.

  10. CO2 effect is saturated

    [snip]

    Response @835

    Evaporation occurs from the water surfaces which are not part of the atmosphere and therefore contributes zero energy.  What does happen in the atmosphere is the release of 80 W/m3 of latent heat at precipitation, and this heat energy is EMR which is then absorbed by the air molecules, thereby raising temperature.  In my model, the effect of this heat would be taken into account by adjusting the temperature profile accordingly.

    Also, I am glad you were only tempted to ask, because if you had, then I would be asking for an apology for your next comment.

    Moderator Response:

    Still not providing the requested equations and numerical results.

  11. CO2 effect is saturated

    [snip]

    Well, I believe I have found the source of much of our contention lately. It turns out that there are two versions of Kirchhoff's Law out there — the one Kirchhoff actually wrote and the that's in general use by climate scientists. We will call that one the KirchhoffCS Law. I won't get into details on the actual Kirchhoff Law, but it basically states that for an emissive blackbody (or "graybody") emissivity = absorptivity (ie. how well the body emits is also how well it absorbs). There is a well-written article on it in the WikiPedia. The KirchhoffCS Law states that for such a graybody, there must be a photon emitted for each one that is absorbed and vice-versa. This "law" however, has a special property which I've shown earlier — It violates energy conservation! So is it valid or invalid? You tell me!

    Now this is where it starts to get interesting. From comment 729 onward, Charlie_Brown and Bob Loblaw claim that I failed to apply "Kirchhoff's Law" and therefore my results are incorrect. Kirchhoff's Law, however, is not used in the calculation of the absorbed IR radiation, so I don't know what they mean by "apply". My particular model consists simply of the Schwartzschild equation with given values of the solution at the surface along with given temperature and absorption profiles from the surface to the TOA. This turns out to be a fully defined and well-posed problem that is consistent with Kirchhoff's Law (ie. the real Kirchhoff's Law) without having to somehow "apply" it.  It's analogous to solving a classical mechanics problem with Newton's Laws. In this case, it is only Newton's Laws that are used in the actual calculations. Assuming they are done correctly, the results would be consistent with energy conservation (except possibly for losses due to friction) without any additional steps to enforce energy conservation.

    Anyway, I got my wake-up call about this Kirchhoff's Law duality from Bob Loblaw @830 when he states that

    Kirchoff's Law does not say that absorption = emission. It just says that the efficiency of absorption is equal to the efficiency of emission.

    which is an obvious denial of the KirchhoffCS Law even though he and Charlie_Brown had already used it a bunch of times (@729, @735, @737, @756, @786, @799) and continue to do so in their claims that my results showing saturation of 15 micron absorption band were erroneous. So the question now is

    Why is it that this "law" has been shoved in my face since comment 729 knowing full-well it is false!?

    Unfortunately, I think I know the answer to this question. The extra photons claimed by KirchhoffCS are essential for continuing the upward-bound 15 micron radiation above what would otherwise be the extinction altitude. Then, since we are not yet at the TOA, there is still plenty of CO2 for more absorption and warming. This is the basis for the claim made in the SkS Basic Rebuttal that

    ... there is always IR radiation being emitted upwards by CO2 at all levels in the atmosphere.

    Now, between this and the repeated personal attacks and stonewalling of my arguments with irrelevant issues, I no longer view this AGW song-and-dance as simply bad science. It's intentional deception! And I will regard it as such in any lectures I may give and in communications with my Congressmen.

    Moderator Response:

    Still waiting for your equations and numerical results.

    [PS] I will settle for your versions of the Ramanthan and Coakley equations for radiative flux through a layer. Should be too hard for a PhD in physics -remove the bits you dont like. Bet they dont predict measurements. Till you match your fantasies to real world observation, noone is interested in your problems with comprehension.

  12. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    Google this title to get the paper

    Political party
    affiliation linked to
    excess COVID
    deaths,

  13. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    This paper found a statistically significant more Republicans died of COVID after vaccines were introduced than Democrats.  They only looked at Florida and Ohio because they were the only states with county by county data.  They controlled by age 

    They found 40% more Republicans than Democrats died of COVID after vaccines came out.  Before vaccines only about 15% more Republicans died (not significant).  It is known that more Democrats obtained vaccination.  This study controlled for age as David-acct asks.

    I noticed what I think was an error in the study.  They say there was not a statistically significant difference in Florida but the large difference in Ohio led to their conclusion.

    I live in Florida.  When vaccines were first introduced there was a big effort to vaccinate everyone over 65.  (I was 63 and ineligible).  Over 90% of over 65's were vaccinated.  Other high risk patients were eligible.  As David-acct has noted, most of the deaths were over 65.  The vaccination program in Florida would have dramatically lowered the death rate in over 65 Republicans.  In addition, many Democrats in Ohio were probably not vaccinated, the statewide rate was low.  The 40% increase measurement would have been a significant underestimate of the actual vaccinated/unvaccinated ratio of deaths.

    Anecdotally, in my brother's hospital in California, after vaccines were available the ICU had 10 or more times as many unvaccinated patients as vaccinated ones.  The vaccination rate in California was high so if vaccination didn't work there would have been 10 times as many vaccinated patients instead.  Health officials know that this pattern was consistent across the country. (My brother's wife was involved with multi state analysis)

    It might be a good paper to count the vaccinated/unvaccinated ratio in ICUs across the country.

  14. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    On-Topic for the OP :-

    "sophisticated, personalized misinformation"  from A.I.'s is indeed a great threat to society and to individuals.   Can A.I.'s also provide an excellent counter to the A.I.'s operated by nefarious organizations?   I doubt it ~ because evil has many advantages over the beneficial.

    .

    Slightly less On-Topic :-

    I agree with David-acct , that the (very) large number of confounding variables makes it exceeding difficult to assess the covid pandemic situation in an idealized scientific manner (by randomized controlled trials, etc ).

    Yet that is the very reason one should best rely on following general principles and common sense.  And should avoid getting on a political hobby-horse  ~  such as Libertarianism ; or hatred of experts ; or parent-resentment issues ; etcetera.

    Common sense and general principles point to the desirability of masking, in many circumstances.  Regardless of the abstract question of mandatory/non-mandatory.

    As OPOF has touched on in #22 , even the "background" death rate in the elderly has been confounded (as we all recall, in the height of the pandemic)  by the over-crowding in hospitals plus the avoidance or neglect of the seeking of medical care outside the hospital system.

  15. One Planet Only Forever at 09:22 AM on 9 December 2024
    Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    I intend to only enter the realm of claim making regarding COVID Science to interject the following considerations:

    • Though there are undeniably significant parallels in the misinformation attacks on Climate Science and COVID Science, there is little similarity of the nature of complexity of the two distinct realms of Science that would justify David-acct’s distraction claim that questions regarding COVID Science directly relate to Climate Science. Note David-acct remains focused only on the misleading distraction of attention to COVID Science ... in potentially misleading ways.
    • The important COVID question is “Did a regional mask-mandate result in a reduction in demand for COVID induced ICU treatment and deaths?” To Scientifically unquestionably answer that question there would need to be parallel universes where everything was identical expect for the introduction of a mask-mandate in a region, with none of the other regions hearing about the implementation of the mandate. Comparing regions with and without mask-mandates sort of works as long as there is robust evidence indicating that the mask-mandate introduction significantly helpfully modified behaviours – that people significantly properly complied with the mandate – and that there were no other regional factors that would affect the results. And the information to check is ICU demand as well as deaths because the objective of mask-mandates was to reduce demand for intensive medical care as well as deaths.
    • Looking simplistically only at death by age group misleadingly assumes that introducing a mask-mandate made a significant helpful difference to behaviours and that there are no other impacting variables such as density of living conditions or regional climate.
  16. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    No, David-acct, you don't know how science works. That study admitted that their analysis did not indicate the success of masks, and honestly reported that other analysis was needed. That is how honest scientists report their work. They indicated that they were disproving the dishonest statement that there was no difference between states with and without mask mandates.

    You are being misleading in claiming that it was misleading. It was a very short note, intended to only look at one claim (successfully). It is your desire to attack it by insinuating that it failed to do something it clearly said it wasn't doing that is dishonest.

    And I notice that you are still not pointing to any studies that complete the further analysis you claim is easy to do.

  17. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    BOB @19

    The study cited by Nigelji is absolutely misleading for the reason I gave. 

    Because covid deaths were highly skewed by age with approximately 80%+ of the deaths in the 65+ age group, using  any metric other than death rates by age group is exceedingly misleading.  The correct metric  is death rates by age group.  There is no reason you or anyone else should be fooled by such a deceptive study.

     

    In response to your highlighted quote :

    Further, there are certainly other, pre-existing, factors that influence COVID-related mortality numbers (like age of the population; density of housing, etc). Pulling apart that causal tangle is extremely difficult

     

    That statement that pulling the data apart is extremely difficult is absolutely false.  
    Covid Deaths by age group and population by age group is readily available from a variety of sources.  Thats what I did, there is no reason that they could not do that.  

  18. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    David-acct:

    I notice that you did not actually refer to any studies containing data (and analysis) that supports your assertions.

    The study that nigelj linked to provides details on what they said. They declared:

    ...we are well situated to evaluate the two key descriptive questions underlying his assertion [the assertion being that [s]tates with mask mandates fared no better against Covid than those without]

    1. Did COVID-related death rates in states that had mask mandates differ from those in states that did not have mandates?

    2. Is there a difference in death rates between states with higher and lower levels of mask wearing?

    I think that their brief analysis supports their conclusions. Yes, there is a difference across states with or without mask mandates. They also went on to say:

    Correlation is not causation. Those states that had high levels of mask wearing generally had more stringent policies, as well as higher levels of social distancing and avoidance of crowds and public places. Further, there are certainly other, pre-existing, factors that influence COVID-related mortality numbers (like age of the population; density of housing, etc). Pulling apart that causal tangle is extremely difficult.

    Thus, they recognize that there are other factors to consider, and that full analysis is difficult. But their data fully supports their conclusion that the assertion they were testing was false.

    It is you that is now misrepresenting the data and analysis, pretending it made claims that it did not make. This is a classic case of misinformation - from you.

  19. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    Nigelji @6

    Sorry I didnt provide better example of the methodology errors in the pro masking studies.  I presumed everyone respondig would better understanding of the effect of cofounding variables.  The number one factor in the speed of transmission of a respiratory virus is time and space.  None of the pro masking studies demonstrated any effort to account for behavior changes that affected time and space, at least none of the 30-40 studies i evaluated.  Of furhter note, in all the pro masking  studies, the gap in infections rates all evaporated after 6-10 weeks and most of the time the unmasked population had lower infections rates after the 10 period.  

    The Kansas county mask v non mask county study was quite notable for the lower infection rates post study period.

    That is my primary point - The calls to suppress "misinformation" is a call for censorship as evidenced government efforts during covid.  

    Everyone loses in those cases

     

     

     

     

  20. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    Nigelji @6

     

    Your link to the covid rates by state/mask mandate is a perfect example of "misinformation" and how easy it is to get fooled by misinformation. While the data used is correct, it is also highly misleading.

    The study used total population to compute covid deaths per 100k. We all know covid deaths were heavily skewed to the elderly, As such the correct metric is covid deaths by age group. Properly adjusted for deaths by age group, there was virtually no difference of per capita covid deaths between any state regardless of masking policies. (with the exception of the 5 outliner states SD, ND, which had high much higher rates and NH, OR, & HI which had much lower rates even after adjusting by age group).

     

  21. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    David-acct starts off his commentary with the one-liner, "Calls to suppress "misinformation" are in reality calls for censorship."

    I agree with what OPOF says at comment 8. I also watched the entire video. The video primarily uses the same word that appears in the text summary in the blog post: "counter". What does that mean? From Wiktionary: (to select the relevant definitions):

    Verb

    counter (third-person singular simple present counters, present participle countering, simple past and past participle countered)

    1) To contradict, oppose.

    Coordinate terms: counteract, counterargue, counterbalance, countervail

    ...

    3) To take action in response to; to respond.

    So, using "suppress" is a misdirection. It argues against a position that was not made in the text or video. As a counter-argument to David-acct's statement, I will say:

    Cries of "censorship!" are in reality attempts to silence counter-arguments. Typically, those that scream about censorshiip are the ones that want to suppress open discussion.

    The cry of censorship is sometimes framed as a "Free Speach!" cry. This usually amounts to a cry of "you aren't allowed to speak freely if you express disagreement, because I am supposed to be able to speak freely without opposition".

    [See how easy it is to use David-acct's tactics in the opposite direction?]

    Much of the rest of the video discusses how to recognize and counter various forms of misinformation. One of the points of discussion was how social media allows people to spread misinformation in short quips that appear convincing and appeal to emotion. Countering those bits of misinformation often requires lots of time, effort, and space as facts are presented.

    Guess what? David-acct is doing exactly that. Short, seemingly-convincing statements that discredit "virtually every pro masking study", and "vax efficiency". One-liners with no supporting references in an attempt to discredit the science. Exactly the kind of tactics that the video warns us about. And people have had to provide lengthy rebuttals, with links to more complete information, in an attempt to counter David-acct's misinformation.

     

  22. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    Eclectic

    Saying vaccines dont reduce transmission was my bad. Thanks for the correction and information. My comment was a bit rushed. Should have proof read it.

  23. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    Dr. Oliver has many short videos addressing many false claims about COVID vaccines.

    Each video has an accompanying comment listing the research cited in the video, so you can read those papers yourself.

  24. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    Empirical evidence that mask-wearing policy is effective in reducing transmission of COVID, is Dr. Susan Oliver. Specifically this video, Mask debating is great, but some are NOT doing it right!, also explains some of the challenges in judging how well masks prevent transmisson, and explains that properly meeting those challenges reveals that masking and masking policies indeed are effective.

    An accompanying comment listing the research cited in the video, so you can read those papers yourself.

  25. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    COVID Vaccines Do Reduce Transmission, per empirical evidence summarized by Dr. Wilson in Debunk the Funk. References so you can read the original documents he cites are in the comments of that video.

  26. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    An excellent resource created by Dr. Wilson and others is a free onlline database that does not even require creating an account. It contains solid references to counter common COVID myths. Just type into your browser's URL bar, covidresearch.net. For an overview and example of how to use it, watch the 6-minute video by Dr. Wilson on Debunk the Funk.

  27. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    It is important to distinguish different definitions of "infection":

    1. The infectious agent (e.g., virus) has landed on any infectionable portion of a persons' body, regardless of whether that landed agent has reproduced, and regardless of whether it can be detected by a given test.
      1. Masks, quarantine, isolation, sterilization, and similar methods reduce the probability of "infection" by this definition.
      2. Vaccines of course are not intended to prevent "infection" defined this way, because vaccines are physically capable only of improving the body's immune response to infectious agents that are on or in the body.
    2. The infectious agent has landed on an infectionable portion of a person's body and may or may not have reproduced, but in either case it can be detected by a "given" test.
      1. This definition has a subvariant definition for each type of test that is the definition's "given" test. For COVID, if an antigen test of a nasal swab is the "given" test, then a person may be declared infection free despite the possibility that a PCR test of that swab would have revealed infection. If a PCR test of a nasal swab is the "given" test, then it might be negative despite the fact that more sophisticated blood tests would yield a positive result. Often all such tests are combined with symptomology as part of the "given" test.
      2. Vaccines reduce the probability of "infection" by this definition, if the body's vaccine-heightened immune response keeps the viral load low enough to be undetectable by the given test, or wipes out all the virus before the load gets high enough to be detectable. Even if infection is detected by the given test, vaccines improve the immune response enough for viral load to remain so low that probability of any symptoms, probability of frequent or severe symptoms, and infectiousness, all are lowered at least some and often dramatically.

    Unfortunately that distinction is assumed rather than repeatedly stated explicitly by many people, including many otherwise excellent science communicators such as Dr. Wilson of Debunk the Funk. But that distinction is crucial for understanding questions of whether masks and vaccines prevent infection.

  28. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    David-acct @3, in addition to the replies of other people:

    It is important to distinguish among the efficacy of a mask worn properly by a single person, self-reports of people claiming they wear masks, the type of mask, the properness of its fit, the properness of its wearing, the amount of time and circumstance in which it is worn, and policies that encourage or require mask wearing.

    An N-95 (or KN-95) mask worn properly, repeatedly has been proven by solid, physical, experiments to reduce both emission of viruses and other infectious agents past the mask, and inhalation past the mask.

    Throwing in all the other variables I listed, getting good evidence becomes more difficult. Nonetheless, there is solid, utterly reliable evidence of the efficacy of mask wearing. Of course the efficacy decreases with decreasing mask quality, time of wearing, and properness of wearing. And of course policies that encourage or mandate wearing are not adhered to 100% but that does *not* mean those policies are 100% useless.

    Here is a 10 minute video from Debunk the Funk with evidence of all the above. See the comments of this video for references so you can read the studies yourself.

  29. One Planet Only Forever at 13:20 PM on 8 December 2024
    Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    David-acct @1

    I offer this response that is more ‘on-topic’.

    I have read the post and watched the video. Your opening sentence does not appear to be on-topic.

    The only mention of efforts to suppress information that I came across is near the end of the video:

    • The discussion starting at 52:25 provides an example of the objective of work like John Cook’s - being to help people to be better critical thinkers, less likely to believe misinformation.
    • The discussion starting at 54:15 gets into the matters of attempts to suppress messaging. The evidence indicates that people who want to benefit from the popularity of misunderstanding, and reduced popularity of the fact-based better understanding are the ones who attempt to suppress awareness and understanding of the evidence of fact-checkers and misinformation researchers.

    So, the evidence appears to indicate that you are exhibiting the behaviour you complain about in your concluding sentence @1. Your comment @1 appears to be a misinformation effort trying to discredit, distract from, or suppress efforts that would help people be more aware and better understand how they can be less harmful and more helpful to Others.

  30. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    Nigelj @6 :-

    A degree of correction, please  ~ many vaccines can achieve a huge reduction in transmission rates and/or in individuals' severity of disease.

    Depends on the disease type . . . ranging from the super-transmissible such as measles, to the low-transmissible such as leprosy [no vaccine yet, unfortunately].   You are right that, for some diseases, the individual's severity of infection can be smaller if the initial infecting dose is small   (see the history of small-dose "variolation" that was used in the centuries before the highly-effective modern smallpox vaccination was identified ).

    So for covid, using a mask may not necessarily prevent all transmission, but it may result in a smaller infecting dose and may result in a milder severity of disease for that individual . . . and that's something that might not show in the testing of masking, since the results tend to be measured in "got infected" versus "didn't get infected" categories.

    But that's not showing in David-acct's comments  ~ I am not sure whether he is taking an Ultra-libertarian-and-damned-to-everyone-else attitude, or whether he's simply got his science wrong also.

  31. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    David-acct says: "Eclectic since you requested an example, virtually every pro masking study had serious flaws and methodology errors"

    You provide no evidence for your claim. Maybe think about what masks do. Masks reduce droplets getting through, and much of the virus is in the droplets (with covid some is airborne as well). This reduces the viral load on the lungs and is thus going to reduce the severity of the illness. Its not rocket science. Masks work. Loccations with high mask use were shown to have lower mortality rates. For example:

    www.covidstates.org/blog/did-mask-mandates-reduce-covid-deaths

    David-acct says : "eclectic - same issues with vax efficiency, virtually no reduction in infection rates and transmission rates, though did have some benefit in the reduction of severity and death for those who were at high risk.

    Most vaccines have little or no effect on infection and transmission rates. The purpose is to reduce the severity of the illness. And your implied claim that vaccines only reduce severity of illness in high risk people is completely unsubstantiated and defies commonsense and simple logic. Medications generally reduce severity in people regardless of their age group or underlying general state of health. I see no reason why vaccines would be different. Remember plenty of unvaccinated healthy or young people  died of covid or got very sick! The point is vaccines help everyone, but of course they are particularly helpful for older or at risk people. 

    I will explain why America had such a high covid mortality and illness rate Many millions of people (tending to be on the right of politics) didn't wear masks, or socially distance, or self isolate, or get vaccinated. So they died. What a surprise. In New Zealand we mostly did the opposite and had a much lower mortality rate.

    I realise Americans have this freedom thing where they utterly refuse to suffer any restrictions even temporarily. Its crazy and its got like an obsession. But you can't see it.

  32. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    David-acct @3 ; @4  :-

    No , David , you need to do a lot better than that.

    e.g. Vaccines.   Fortunately, the scientists had been working on developing the novel concept of mRNA-type vaccines over about a 5-year period before covid's surprise arrival.   To his great credit, President Trump quickly poured government money into an acceleration of R&D of a mRNA covid vaccine.   [Yes, at times he acts on the advice of experts!  But for the future, one might worry about the influence of proposed Head Health Honcho RFKjr.   ;-)   ]

    The result ~ covid vaccines that were (like all vaccines) less than perfect but still highly effective at the individual and societal level.  Saving money and giving a large reduction in expected covid deaths in the elderly, and a very large reduction in non-fatal disabilities such as myocarditis and Long-Covid.

    # Personal anecdote :  Previously I have had 5 or 6 covid vaccinations (one does lose count, eh ).   And about 14 months ago, I came down with covid ~ so slight, that I wan't sure I was ill  (a headache so slight I wasn't sure the headache was actually in existence, and a temperature so slight that I couldn't be sure my neck felt any warmer than normal ).   But the nasal swab home-test kit showed a positive for covid.   And I have been well since.

    David , the covid viruses are very contagious  ~  not quite as badly as measles, where you are at risk from someone walking down the other side of the street [minor exaggeration! ].

    Sure, wearing a filtered-air spacesuit helmet might give you 100% protection. ~  but if wearing paper-type facemasks reduces your risk of covid infection by around 50%  (as common sense would suggest for aerosol-type infections)  then it would be foolish to avoid masking up until some super-precise scientific testing had been completed.  For at least in the early pandemic, and/or in crowded spaces, and/or in hospital care settings, etcetera  ~  until such time as vaccinations & herd immunity had improved the situation (i.e. as today).

    Rejecting vaccines and appropriate maskings . . . would be as foolish as rejecting a bullet-proof vest because the vest "ain't 100%" .

    In the risky situation ~ how is a bullet-proof vest a "misinformation"?

  33. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    eclectic - same issues with vax efficiency, virtually no reduction in infection rates and transmission rates, though did have some benefit in the reduction of severity and death for those who were at high risk.  

  34. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    Eclectic since you requested an example, virtually every pro masking study had serious flaws and methodology errors

  35. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    David-acct @1 :

    Human history, human psychology, demonstrate that the world is not black-and-white.  Nuances exist.  Doctrinaire slogans ~ such as "Four legs good, two legs bad" (or even "censorship bad, toxic free speech good") ~ are not a healthy way for society to exist.  Major problems result.   Better, if common sense is used.

    [... Insert cliched quote by Voltaire ...]

    Getting slightly off-topic here, David  ~  but could you add a list of egregious covid-related official authoritative pronouncements you were thinking of as produced great harm (and were unreasonable, given the scant knowledge of the virus's properties at the early stages of the pandemic) ??

  36. Interview with John Cook about misinformation and artificial intelligence

    Calls to suppress "misinformation" are in reality calls for censorship.

     

    As evidenced during the Covid pandemic, almost all of what the experts and government authorities labeled "misinformation" turned out to be correct while much of the official authoritive pronouncements turned out to be false or highly misleading. (with the exception of Ivermectin and hydroclorox  - All those postive claims did turn out to be false).

     

    Typically whenever someone is screaming about misinformation, they are the ones guilty of the charge.

  37. How Plastics Fuel Climate Change

    The talks in Busan, South Korea, to secure a Plastics Treaty as a start to reduce plasstic production have ended in failure.

    Why, resistance by the usual suspects (fossil fuel states), including Saudi Arabia, Iran and Russia.

    Link to article....

    https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/dec/02/countries-call-for-binding-targets-to-cut-plastic-production-busan-talks

    Moderator Response:

    Link activated.

    The web software here does not automatically create links. You can do this when posting a comment by selecting the "insert" tab, selecting the text you want to use for the link, and clicking on the icon that looks like a chain link. Add the URL in the dialog box.

  38. CO2 effect is saturated

    CallItAsItIs @842,

    That was not a response to my question @841 which, posted eight minutes before your comment @842, appears to have prompted your comment @842 as a reply.

    You ask "Now who's changing laws of physics!?" Do note the quote you read @808 present @842 was my interpretation of your argued position. The full quote runs:-

    "The argument that was being made by commenter CallItAsItIs ... is to suggest that the likes of Kirchoff's Law can be ignored because the atmosphere is warming and thus Kirchoff's Law and its ilk which apply in a state of equilibrium do not apply under AGW. Of course, that situation should mean you adapt the physics such that they do apply, an adaption which commenter CallItAsItIs feels is not required as he can instead happily applies his own nonsense as an alternative."

    If you feel AGW is adding some fundamental problem for the use of Kirchoff's Law, perhaps AGW can be ignored for this description of the physics of the atmosphere. Consider instead the pre-industrial pre-AGW climate: does that fix your objection to the use of Kirchoff's Law?

    And note the more trivial question I posed @841remains unanswered.

    Moderator Response:

    Until such time as CallItAsItIS provides a numerical calculation of the purported effects he claims exist, and shows that it agrees with measurements, expect any and all comments from CallItAsItIs or reacting to him to be deleted.

  39. CO2 effect is saturated

    MA Rodger @841

    Your correction to the quote at 831 certainly seems reasonable.

  40. CO2 effect is saturated

    michael sweet @838

    Your claim at 835 that frequency is conserved directly contradicts your previous claim that all the 15 micron photons are absorbed in the lower atmosphere. Making contradictory claims voids your entire argument.

    What do you mean "frequency is conserved"?  I never made any such claim, not in 835 nor any place else!

    Moderator Response:

    You don't even know what it means when you say "the law of conservation of energy applies to each and every frequency individually", do you?

  41. CO2 effect is saturated

    MA Rodgers @808

    ... and thus Kirchoff's Law and its ilk which apply in a state of equilibrium do not apply under AGW. Of course, that situation should mean you adapt the physics such that they do apply, ...

    Now who's changing laws of physics!?

    Moderator Response:

    Everybody except you knows the answer to that question.

  42. CO2 effect is saturated

    CallItAsItIs @840,

    Perhaps we can work from that apparent point of agreement.

    To correct the quote @831 a little

    "When a CO2 molecule absorbs a photon it will hardily ever emit another photon. The energy from the photon is distributed to other molecules."

    The reason for this is because the average relaxation time required for the excited CO2 molecule to emit another photon is many times longer than the average time before it will be in collision with other air molecules which will neutralise the excitation and thus convert the excitation energy into thermal energy within the gas mollecules.

    So CallItAsItIs, I would assume someone with a PhD in Physics will have no problem with wrapping their head round the amended quote and the explanation and give it a yea or ney (and if 'ney' the reason why).

    (And apologies to Moderators for this late attempt to reach some agreement.)

  43. CO2 effect is saturated

    michael sweet @831

    When a CO2 molecule absorbs a photon it does not emit another photon. The energy from the photon is distributed to other molecules.

    Agreed!, but Bob Loblaw, Charlie_Brown, and a few others seem to feel I am breaking Kirchhoff's Law in making such a claim.  Could you maybe straighten them out in this matter.

    Moderator Response:

    This has been explained to you many times in this thread.

  44. CO2 effect is saturated

    Michael Sweet @837

    Thanks. I wondered about that imbalance in the budget. I didn’t know if it was the difference between input and outputs or whether it was calculated from the radiative balance. Radiant energy calcs are precise, so I prefer using MILIA for that purpose or using the forcings from the ICPP. A small difference between large numbers with uncertainties is not so precise. Anyway, it is the right order of magnitude for the calculated radiative imbalance.

    Moderator Response:

    No more please. Attempting to explain physics to Callitasitis has been futile. He/she needs to show how their wierd way of thinking reproduces existing measurements or better still correctly predicts measurements of radiation. So far Callitasitis has resisted tying their calculations to measurements and this thread is pointless till that happens.

  45. CO2 effect is saturated

    Callitasitis:

    Your claim at 835 that frequency is conserved directly contradicts your previous claim that all the 15 micron photons are absorbed in the lower atmosphere.  Making contradictory claims voids your entire argument 

    In any case the claim frequency is conserved is obviously false.  Incoming energy is visitlight while outgoing energy is IR light.  Frequency is obviously not conserved.

    I cannot believe that someone with a physics degree would make such an obvious, basic error.  

  46. CO2 effect is saturated

    Charlie Brown:

    Your points to Callitasitis are on point 

    I think your addition has an error.  From the diagram at 827:

          341.3 (solar in) =

          101.9 (reflected) + 238.5 (ir out) +0.9 (absorbed)

    The absorbed is the energy that heats the Earth.  When you rounded the numbers they didn't add up.  I do that all the time.

  47. CO2 effect is saturated

    CallItAsItIs @ 835

    Unfortunately, I am completely lost by this explanation. We are talking about the Energy Budget diagram @753 and @827, aren’t we? Thermal is convection from the surface, 17 W/m^2. Evapotranspiration is 80 W/m^2, and Latent heat for condensation is 80 W/m^2. Those energy streams redistribute energy in the lower atmosphere and affect the atmospheric temperature profile, along with the lapse rate. The Response @827 already explained it correctly. Note that an energy budget describes the energy flows within the overall global system. If you are talking about the overall global system energy balance, then the boundary is at the TOA. The intermediate streams in the lower atmosphere are not needed. The energy balance becomes:

    Solar In (341 W/m^2) = Solar Reflected (102 W/m^2) + IR Out (239 W/m^2)

    IR Out is the full IR spectrum because it includes IR emitted by the surface that is not absorbed and re-emitted by greenhouse gases.
    Conservation of energy does not apply to each and every frequency individually. Kirchhoff’s Law explained @756 and elsewhere allows for collisions between molecules and energy exchange by conduction. For a small, localized packet of isothermal atmosphere, absorptance will equal emittance. But since there is a temperature change with altitude, it is conservation of energy, not conservation of photons.

    It is clear that you did not understand my description of AWG because you say that we are only interested in 14-16 microns. But AWG also includes strengthening of weak CO2 emittance lines between 13-14 microns and 16-17 microns, as illustrated @788. And warming of the surface increases caused by increasing CO2 increases IR from all of the transparent lines also. The atmospheric spectrum was shown in @819 and for different altitudes @731.

    My perspective now is that you have no business critiquing AGW because we are not even close to talking about the same thing. We seem to be hopelessly talking past each other.

  48. CO2 effect is saturated

    Response @827

    Well, you will be pleased to know that every energy flow shown in your diagram is EMR — just different frequencies.  And since our topic is the CO2 greenhouse effect, we are only interested in the absorption band from 14-16 microns.  Finally, since we are not in the realm of nonlinear optics, the law of conservation of energy applies to each and every frequency individually as well as collectively.  I hope clears up your understanding and perspective on this issue.

    Moderator Response:

    I'd be tempted to ask what frequency evaporation happens at, but I know there isn't an answer to that, because it isn't EMR.

    The only understanding you have cleared up is that you are eternally misinformed.

  49. CO2 effect is saturated

    CallItAsItIs @832

    If you understand the fundamental principles, then perhaps you are not understanding how the parts of AGW fit together and do not violate any of them. Help us out here. Just what part of AGW is it that you think violates a fundamental principle? Kirchhoff’s Law, which I thought was your stumbling block, was well covered in great detail by Bob Loblaw @830 and Michael Sweet @831. Perhaps you are confused about the word “atmosphere” as defining the system energy balance. @827 you say:

    “The problem with this claim is that it is only by EMR that energy enters and leaves the atmosphere. Conduction and convection only redistribute energy already within the atmosphere, and therefore give a sum total contribution of zero to the thermal energy contained in the atmosphere.”

    It is correct that only radiant energy enters and leaves the overall global system at the Top of the Atmosphere (TOA) where the global system includes the atmosphere plus the surface. However, you seem to exclude the surface by saying that conduction and convection only redistribute energy already in within the atmosphere. As shown in the energy budget diagram, convection and evaporation transfer energy from the surface to the atmosphere. Total IR flux leaving the TOA is determined by the temperature profile of the atmosphere and the surface. The intensity of the total IR spectrum at the TOA is integrated to give IR heat flux. Do not think that AGW is caused only by absorbing IR in the lower atmosphere. It is caused by reducing IR loss to space which then has to be compensated by accumulating energy until IR from a warmer surface balances the reduction through the full CO2 absorption band. The warmer surface heats the lower atmosphere.

  50. CO2 effect is saturated

    CallItAsItIs:

    As a Ph.D. physicist...

    You need to ask for your money back.

Prev  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  Next


The Consensus Project Website

THE ESCALATOR

(free to republish)


© Copyright 2024 John Cook
Home | Translations | About Us | Privacy | Contact Us