Solar activity & climate: is the sun causing global warming?

In 2005, the BBC reported the sun was more active over the past 60 years than anytime in the previous 1150 years. Over the past few hundred years, there has been a steady increase in the numbers of sunspots, just at the time when the Earth has been getting warmer. The data suggests changing solar activity is influencing in some way the global climate causing the world to get warmer (Source: Sunspots reaching 1000-year high by David Whitehouse, Graph: The Great Global Warming Swindle by Martin Durkin)

1. jimdk at 04:16 AM on 10 September, 2007
   "From the actual data we conclude that the graphs from Lockwood and Frölish were flawed:
   
   1. The methodology used by Lockwood and Frölish to smooth the lines was applied only to maxima of R (sunspot number), dismissing the TSI. This practice hides the minima, which for the issue are more important than the maxima. For example, if the minimum of TSI in 1975 was 1365.5 W/m^2, it would contrast dramatically with the minimum of TSI of 1998 that was 1366 W/m^2 (0.033% higher). That would make the Sun in 1975 “colder” than in 1998. However, if we compare minimum values with maximum values, then the Sun would be frankly “warmer” in 1998 -when the solar energy output was 1366 W/m^2- than in 1975 -when the energy output was 1366.1111 W/m^2. Today (21/07/07), the global TSI was 1367.6744 W/m^2); hence, we see that we must not smooth maxima values through movable trends because we would be hiding the minima values, which are more important because the baseline of the “cooler” or lower nuclear activity of the Sun are higher everyday. The coolest period of the Sun happened during the Maunder Minimum when the TSI was 1363.5 W/m^2. The coolest period of the Sun from 1985 to date occurred in 1996 when the TSI was 1365.6211 W/m^2. An interesting blotch is that in 1985 the TSI was 1365.6506 W/m^2 and in 2000 was 1366.6744."
   
   http://biocab.org/Solar_Irradiance_is_Actually_Increasing.html#anchor_15
2. Ben Lankamp at 04:11 AM on 11 September, 2007
   The Lockwood article does not mention the methodology that the author of that page, Nasif Nahle, claims the researchers have used. The main critique towards the Lockwood article should be the fact that it used only 30 years of data to make the claim that the total solar irradiance (TSI) has decreased since 1985. Not only does it fails to mention that the trend found is hardly significant, it also neglects to show any TSI data (derived or not) before the year 1975.
   
   All of this is irrelevant however, as the alternative reconstruction of solar irradiance that Nahle presents, also indicates no trend after 1950. Strangely though according to Nahle the graph should show that there is a clear increase in solar irradiance, but perhaps we are seeing different things? To me, clearly, there is no significant trend in TSI visible from 1950 onwards.
   
   It is clear just by looking with the naked eye but also by using the provided data, applying a 11-year low-pass filter (to eliminate the variance of the ~11-year sunspot cycle) and calculating the first derivative of this filtered series. The trend over the last 30 years of the series, 1971-2000, has been roughly +0,08 W/m² and is not significant (at all).
   
   
   Figure: solar irradiance from Lean (2000), blue: raw data, red: 11-year low-pass filter
3. ScaredAmoeba at 18:16 PM on 12 September, 2007
   Just assuming for the sake of argument that your assertions based upon
   http://biocab.org/Solar_Irradiance_is_Actually_Increasing.html#anchor_15
   
   are proven by peer-reviewed studies to be correct and that: -
   
   Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface
   air temperature BY MIKE LOCKWOOD AND CLAUS FROHLICH
   
   is shown by peer-reviewed studies to be wrong in some way, that still does not invalidate the
   fact that Solar output [once the 11-year cycle has been removed], has had no tend or virtually no trend. http://www.pmodwrc.ch/tsi/composite/pics/org_comp2_d41_61_0705.png
   
   Claims that the recent anomalous warming are solely due to solar effects are unsustainable. It is clear that the current anomalos warming cannot be explained without including the effects of GHGs and CO2 in particular.
   
4. biocab at 03:45 AM on 13 September, 2007
   I think I have the right to argue on my article based on peer reviewed papers.
   
   When we consider a short period, for example an 11 years period we can argue that the intensity of the solar irradiance is decreasing; however, if we consider a longer period, for example 400 years, we can see that the intensity of solar irradiance has not decreased. Some 400 years ago the solar irradiance intensity was 1365.5946 W/m^-2, while in 2000 the total solar irradiance intensity was 1366.6620 W/m^2. This year the Sun has been mostly spotless, but the solar irradiance intensity has been 1365 W/m^-2. This constitutes evidence on the existence of other solar "pulses" that we have not understood well:
   
   http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/17jan_solcon.htm
   
   Regarding the particularity of CO2 on the global warming, I don't see why to blame the CO2 of GW when its particular thermal characteristics show that the CO2 is not capable of producing any warming. The Pp of the CO2 in the atmosphere is roughly 0.00034 atm*m, wich limits the absorptivity-emissivity of the CO2 to only 0.00092 (dimensionless value), not the 0.2 given by the IPCC. The absorptivity-emissivity of CO2 is 0.00092 conduces to its total emittancy of barely 0.414 W/m^2, not the 5.35 W/m^2 given by the IPCC. If I was to blame any atmospheric gas of a GH effect, I would blame the Water Vapor, not the the coolant CO2.
5. Ben Lankamp at 06:24 AM on 13 September, 2007
   Biocab: surely you can agree with the consensus that solar irradiance has not increased significantly in the last 50 years, while the global average temperature has? The only conclusion can be that changes in solar irradiance cannot have contributed to recent warming in the last half century.
   
   With regard to CO2: I think you are not completely aware of the exact concept of the natural greenhouse effect, the enhanced greenhouse effect and most important of all radiative forcing. I am not an expert on the exact chemistry of all the trace gases and how that works, so I cannot judge your comments on the exact emissivity (though my gut feeling hints at the missing of the immediate re-emittance of longwave IR-radiation while you seem to be talking only about the independent emittance of the absorbed heat). I do know the following though: the absolute value of carbon dioxide (whether expressed in ppm or Pp) is not relevant when it comes to the increase or decrease of the Earth's surface temperature. Changes in the exact amount of each gas are what is important. The reason for this is that such changes will cause changes in radiative fluxes and, as a part of the total atmospheric adjustment for these radiative inbalances, the earth's surface cools or warms. Now given that carbon dioxide concentrations have risen at least 35% since 1900, there surely must have been some warming due to carbon dioxide (though not due to the existance of the gas in the first place, but because of the increase in its concentration).
   
   I am more at home in meteorology, so some rough calculations about that: the upward surface flux of the earth is around 390 W/m² (sigma T^4 = 5,6704x10^-8 * 288^4 ~ 390) and the outward flux at the top of the atmosphere is (1-a)S/4 where a ~ 0.3 (the global, terrestial albedo of the atmosphere) so this flux comes down to about 240 W/m². Now you can easily see that a large amount of longwave radiation must have been absorbed by the atmosphere, roughly 150 W/m². We know that water vapour is by far the primary absorber and carbon dioxide relatively weak (that is what you have showed, I think). Then comes radiative forcing: this can be understood simply by looking at toy models, which show that if the solar input or emissivity of the earth or the atmosphere (e.g. the greenhouse gasses) changes, the Earth's surface temperature changes.
   
   To conclude, models have shown that a doubling in CO2 concentration will likely cause a radiative forcing of around 3,7 W/m². One can now find that the coefficient for determining the radiative forcing caused by an increase or decrease of CO2 concentration from any given value A to B, will be C = 3.7 / ln(2) = 5.34 (and reversing the equation results in DF = 5.34 ln(co2/co2_orig) ). I am just a layman but I am pretty sure the value you quoted, 5.35, is NOT the total emissivity of carbon dioxide but only a coefficient effectively indicating the climate sensitivity to CO2 doubling. The value is not even in W/m² but dimensionless.
   
   Note of caution: I consider myself a layman and excuse me for any dramatic failures in reasoning. Willing to learn though :).
   
   Ben
6. biocab at 11:35 AM on 13 September, 2007
   5.35 needs to have units:
   
   delta T = W/m^2 [Ln (ppmv/ppmv)] / 4 (W/m^2*K^4) (K^3)
   
   If don't, how could we eliminate W/m^2 from Stephan-Boltzmann constant?
7. biocab at 13:00 PM on 13 September, 2007
   I don't agree with consensus, I agree with science.
   
   In the last 50 years the Intensity of Solar Irradiance increased in 1981 uo to 1366.6829 W/m^2. Higher than in 1957 (1365.7689 W/m^2); consequently, in 1981 was higher than 50 years ago. In 2000 the ISI was 1366.6620 W/m^2, and it was higher than 50 years ago (ISI in 1957 was 1365.7689 W/m^2). The last year (2006) the ISI was 1367.25 W/m^2, higher than in 1957, 1981 and 2000. Is ISI increasing or decreasing in the last 50 years?
   
   The inciding IR upon the surface is not 240 W/m^2, but ~469 W/m^2. From the last load of energy, the surface absorbs ~356.15 W/m^2 (median ~342 W/m^2) (1- Manrique, José Ángel V. Transferencia de Calor. 2002. Oxford University Press. England. 2- Maoz, Dan. Astrophysics. 2007. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey
   
   Some scientists from the IPCC think that the value 5.35 W/m^2 is wrong... I agree:
   
   http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10787
8. Ben Lankamp at 17:38 PM on 13 September, 2007
   An increase of 1365,7689 to 1366,6620 is not in any way statistical significant. Pick two others years and you get a decrease (e.g. what Lockwood did). You did not account for the 11-year periodic cycle which needs to be substracted before looking at trends, which underlines the uselessness of randomly picking TSI from any given year or years. Ergo: looking at the data with the 11-year cycle substracted, the trend in the last 50 years is more or less neutral (+0,08 W/m²) and in any case not statistical significant, given the amount of variance in that same period.
   
   Inciding IR upon the Earths surface is not ~240 W/m², sure I agree with that, but then again I am not claiming it is (I said it was the outgoing flux at the TOA). The ~469 W/m² is the [total] incoming IR at the surface, which is a combination of solar flux and radiation coming from the GHGs (water vapour, carbon dioxide, so on). IPCC puts it at 492 W/m² as a consensus though. Of that amount about 452 W/m² goes into the atmosphere by latent heat exchange, evapo(trans)piration and absorption by GHGs (the latter roughly 350 W/m²). The atmosphere itself radiates 195 W/m² upwards into space and 324 W/m² downwards towards the surface. About 40 W/m² makes it directly from the Earth's surface into space. The incoming solar flux is ~235 W/m² (and outgoing as well), of which 67 W/m² is absorbed by the atmosphere and 168 W/m² reaches the surface. So summarizing: the [surface] incoming flux is ~492 W/m² and outgoing as well, the TOA incoming and outgoing flux is ~235 W/m². The atmosphere absorbs 519 W/m², most of it from below from the Earth's surface, and emits this upwards and downwards (mostly the latter). As far as I can tell, nothing of this appears in real contradication with your article from Manrique (2007).
   
   The 5.34/5.35 is indeed in W/m², I stand corrected. The ln(co2/co2_orig) only scales the value and deltaF is in W/m².
   
   Ben
9. biocab at 05:13 AM on 14 September, 2007
   Well, let's compare 1957 (50 years ago) with 2006 (one year ago). In 1957 the ISI was 1365.7689 W/m^2, while in 2006 the ISI was 1367.25 W/m^2. Where is the decrease?
   
   The radiative forcing from ISI is 0.85 K per each W/m^2 of solar IR. From 1957 the extent of ISI has been 1.4811 W/m^2, that is 1.26 K. It is more credible than the 0.02 K from the heat absorbed by the CO2.
   
   The point where I don't agree with you is the radiative forcing for CO2, which is not 5.35 W/m^2, but 0.414 W/m^2. That was considered in the NAS paper. It seems, from the article, that the value for deltaF wasarbitrarly fixed.
10. Ben Lankamp at 06:42 AM on 14 September, 2007
    What is your source of 1367,25 W/m² for 2006, honestly for me it would seem like an unrealistic jump from the late 1990's to now. According to the PMOD-WRC data (link above, 'direct satellite measurements'), which is consistent with Lean (2000), the average TSI last year was 1365,4 or 1365,5 W/m² which seems more appropriate than 1367 W/m². In any case you cannot directly compare 1957 with 2006 because 2006 was the 11-year cycle minimum and 1957 was a cycle maximum, so compare maxima or minima or averages per solar cycle instead. E.g. if I use the Lean (2000) data from your webpage and compare 1957 with 2000 (maximum of solar cycles 19 and 23), I get 1366,681 and 1366,724, which equates to deltaF = 0,043 W/m² or a deltaT of 0,06 according to your equation. The first half of the century however I see a deltaF of 1,6 W/m² in the maxima and deltaF of 1,0 W/m² in the minima, equating to deltaT = 1,6-2,4 degrees. This strikes me more as a debate on data than principals or methods, by the way.
    
    The detrended data shows no [significant] decrease or increase in TSI/ISI. From that perspective I neither agree with the Lockwood article that ISI has decreased in the last 25 years nor with the claim that it has increased in the last 50 years. I would have to make myself more familiar with the exact fundamentals of radiative forcing before investigating whether or not the trend found would induce any (significant) forcing, your equation looks nice but I want to check it for myself first :-). On CO2 forcing: climate sensitivity to doubling of its concentration has a probability range even in the IPCC reports, however further discussion on this is not meant for this page.
11. Ben Lankamp at 06:59 AM on 14 September, 2007
    Small addition: this is what you get when you compare random years, say 1966 and 1996 (thirty years): 1365,951 and 1365,621, a decrease of -0,330 W/m². This is all using the Lean (2000) data from your webpage. Now 1966 was three years away from the maximum of cycle 20 in 1969 and 1996 was the minimum at the end of cycle 22.
12. Philippe Chantreau at 03:00 AM on 21 September, 2007
    I like your analysis Ben. If you haven't, check Tamino's post "PMOD vs ACRIM." He did an outstanding job of examining solar data. Hope John isn't going to get tired of me always referring to other sites!
    [ Response: Not at all - the point of Skeptical Science is to point people to relevant resources, primarily the peer reviewed papers but good blog posts too. Tamino has two great posts which I link to from my Is the sun getting hotter? page (and I even lifted one of his graphs to use on my page). ]
13. biocab at 01:44 AM on 22 September, 2007
    Ben Lankamp, the source is http://lasp.colorado.edu/science/solar_influence/index.htm
    
    It's not unrealistic given that the data is NH instrumental. Solar irradiance is going up, not down. You cannot take just one sunspots cycle out of context. The last would be pseusoscience.
    [ Response: The only information at the LASP page about long term trends in solar irradiance is the following graph:

    

    What it shows is a close correlation between Solar Irradiance (the orange line) and global temperature (dotted blue line). But they also show the correlation ends when the modern global warming trend begins in the mid-70's. The data is all there and it's unambiguous - there's a reason why so many studies (listed above under "Other Studies on solar influence on climate") conclude the sun's influence on recent global warming is minimal. ]
14. biocab at 13:46 PM on 22 September, 2007
    No, what it shows is that the solar irradiance in 2006 was 1367.25 W/m^2.
15. Philippe Chantreau at 11:49 AM on 25 September, 2007
    What it also shows for the 20th century is that the timing is not quite right. Temp increases sharply before the TSI and then, even before the TSI reaches its first 20th century spike, the temp actually starts to decrease, followed by a TSI decrease, and then the temp increases again, followed again (very modestly) by the TSI. If I was using a skeptical aproach to attempt a correlation between the 2 on this graph, it would appear that TSI was driven by temperature during the 20th century.
16. papertiger at 00:57 AM on 23 October, 2007
    I notice John, that you have done some renovating. Where did your last thirty years of satellite measurements of the TSI disappear to?
    To the unpracticed eye nothing out of the ordinary is apparent, but to people familiar with the site, it looks as though you are erasing key information that supports Biocab's contention that in regard to TSI it is the minimum measurement extended over time that is the most important. And the minimum is trending up - or rather was. If the current lack of sunspots extends a while longer, and the next solar cycle sees a drop in overall activity followed by a drop in global temperature, will you become a co2 denier?
    What about you Phil?
    [ Response: Not sure what you're refering to but I haven't removed anything (I am constantly tweaking the site but it's mostly adding links to new studies as I encounter them). Perhaps you were thinking of the discussion of satellite TSI data at The sun is getting hotter. As for the next solar cycle and the prospect of a drop in global temperature, it's funny you should mention that - I'm working up a page on that very subject which I'll post later this week. ]
17. GMB at 07:07 AM on 30 December, 2007
    I'm checking out biocabs data and I cannot see where the mystery is here? There is no substantial hole where someone needs to plug CO2 into.
    
    http://biocab.org/Solar_Irradiance_is_Actually_Increasing.html#anchor_15
18. Wondering Aloud at 09:26 AM on 4 January, 2008
    So what is the data source for the dotted blue line? Is it USHCN? Or partially USHCN?
19. Brute at 11:44 AM on 9 January, 2008
    There's little incentive for scientists to do anything but emphasize the negative and the destructive. Alarming news often leads to government funding, funding generates research, and research is the key to scientists' professional advancement. Good news threatens that arrangement.
    
    
    This is the reality that all scientists confront: every issue, be it global warming, cancer or AIDS, competes with other issues for a limited amount of government research funding. And, here in Washington, no one ever received a major research grant by stating that his or her particular issue might not be such a problem after all.
20. Barry at 17:14 PM on 30 January, 2008
    I question the physics behind the response: a crucial finding was the correlation between solar activity and temperature ended around 1975.......
    
    The assumption is that there is always an energy balance between heat radiated from earth and input from the sun.
    
    Lets say that solar activity remained above this energy balance, one would have to assume that temperature would still increase, until some new energy balance is achieved.
    
    This means that temperature can still increase as long as the input is greater that the output.
    
    basic example: take a pot of water at room temperature, it is in an energy balance, and temperature is constant.
    then take that pot and turn the stove on high
    the temperature will increase
    then turn the elopement down, and the water still warms up. until it reaches an energy balance.
    
    It does not seem reasonable to assume that reduced solar activity always equals reduced temperatures on earth.
    
    Reduce solar activity, that is still more active then in 1900 should then still result in increasing temperature.
21. Philippe Chantreau at 20:32 PM on 1 February, 2008
    There is new evidence that TSI may have varied a lot less than previously thought, which would require an extremely high sensitivity to allow for such small variations to influence climate.
    http://www.leif.org/research/GC31B-0351-F2007.pdf
22. Philippe Chantreau at 15:44 PM on 7 February, 2008
    Brute, your comment is about as interesting as your screen name. Indeed, there is money to study stuff that could pose problems to humanity, duh! Would you rather have all that money spent to study stuff that does not pose any problem at all?
    However, that money dries out very quickly if no credible evidence exists to show that the problem is real, like, say, the so-called global cooling scare of the 70's, which was anything but real and anything but scientific.
23. Wondering Aloud at 10:39 AM on 8 February, 2008
    Yes but how do funding levels react if something is real but not catastrophic?
    
    I think Brute makes a fair observation. Why the personal attack?
    
    Back to the main point though, I am seeing some papers that contradict the statement that the solar-climate connection somehow disappeared in 1975. To me it looks good at least through 2003, but, it seems the fit is good but the cause is too small for the effect. Neither the blue nor the red line in the second from top graph are right today, solar activity was most definitely not trending down in the 1998-2000 period for instance. Could you maybe update or correct them?
24. Philippe Chantreau at 15:45 PM on 9 February, 2008
    The attack was on: - the comment.
    - the pseudonym.
    I did not like either. The person might be a fine human being. However, what could be the motivation for someone to nickname his/herself "brute." Nothing that I can think of elicits any sympathy.
    Furthermore, anyone writing with a pseudonym kinda voids the personal attack thing, methinks.
    
    The observation is not fair at all and ignores the vast majority of scientific undertakings. There is money to study invertebrate paleontology of the Ordovician/Silurian transition. And some for the LHC (quite a bit). Do you feel threatened by the Higgs Boson?
    
    I believe Leif Svalgaard paper (available as a pdf) might answer some of your questions. In any case, TSI and its reconstructions are thorny areas. See this post:
    http://tamino.wordpress.com/2007/07/24/pmod-vs-acrim/
    and part2 of it as well.
    
    Would be nice to provide links or references when you mention peer-reviewed stuff, it helps. As an aside, Energy and Environment is not a peer-reviewed science publication.
25. Wondering Aloud at 08:56 AM on 14 February, 2008
    I perhaps wouldn't say it the way he does but I think funding priorities are determined by peoples fears more than anything else and I think it has a tendancy to bias the scientific process.
    
    There is a very good reason for pseudonym's here. With $6 billion/year in the US alone tied to GW orthodoxy, most people who need to keep their jobs are pretty hesitant to be branded a "denier". I personally know people who have lost jobs because they did perfectly competent research that didn't support the AGW idea, and others that refuse to publish important papers because they are afraid it will dry up funding.
26. John Cross at 16:18 PM on 14 February, 2008
    Wondering Aloud. Having spent a fair amount of time in the are of research (both academic and consulting) I would not agree that funding priorities are determined by people's fears unless you wish to include things like fear of the competition.
    
    In regards to the people that you say lost their jobs or who won't publish, I confess I find that unlikely. Scientists live to publish new theories and in fact it is easier to get a new idea published as opposed to something supporting an old one provided that the research is competent. If someone was dismissed in the circumstances you describe, they would be able to sue for wrongful dismissal.
    
    Regards,
    John
27. Wondering Aloud at 04:59 AM on 15 February, 2008
    Funding went from $170 million/year to $2 Billion per year and is now over $6 Billion a year all in the US alone. The problem did not become 30 times as serious all of the sudde, nor did the number of qualified researchers in the field increase by a factor of 30 in the short term involved. This is a funding increase created by fear.
    
    As for orthodoxy not being important to ones job or funding I suggest you tell that to the only 3 state climatologists who expressed an opinion on the issue last year, all were clearly doing their job and were quickly fired. Tell that to Reg Newell from MIT. I don't dare use other recent examples because most of those folks still want to work in the field.
    
    You are right in an important way though, scientists do like to publish new and interesting results, that's why it is so hard to stomp out the "deniers". But, the politics of funding is not nearly so clean, and you know that, if you really have spent a "fair amount of time in the area of research" as you say.
    
    I think you are right Philippe it looks like the solar effect should be way too small for the change reported, but it was not actually decreasing in the 1975-2000 period which was what biocab pointed out.
28. John Cross at 07:28 AM on 15 February, 2008
    In 1993, the climate funding was about 2.4 billion and in 2004 it was 5.1 billion (unadjusted for inflation). However if you look at the breakdown, the increase seems to be primarily in the area of technology not science so I don’t agree with your 30 times.
    
    In regards to the state climatologists, I am only aware to 2 and they seem to support my position more than yours. Pat Michaels and George Taylor were “fired” (although it is much more complicated than that), but key to the argument is that they stated positions that were not supported by their research (going back to your idea of competent research).
    
    There was a assistant state climatologist who you could make a case for, but it would be a fairly weak case since the position carried no funding with it.
    
    The whole idea of what a state climatologist is is becoming an interesting one. There is an argument to be made that neither Michaels or Taylor were state climatologists.
    
    I have no idea who Reg Newell is and I could not find anything about him by googling. Do you have a link I could read?
    
    Regards,
    John
29. Victor at 10:52 AM on 15 February, 2008
    About the sun.
    
    Whether the solar irridiance has increased or not during the past 50 years, I think it's important to know that solar irridiance changes most in the shorter wavelengths such as UV during a sunspotcycle.
    Part of this extra radiation will be absorbed by stratopheric ozone and shouldn't reach the earth-atmosphere system at all. But...
    
    1) Couldn't the climate became more sensitive to solar activity because of the 'ozone hole' the past few decades? Due to less ozone a higher intensity of UV-light reaches the earth surface. These are just the wavelenghts that an active sun submits.
    
    2) Another point is that shortwave radiation penetrates deeper in the ocean as longwave radiation does (this effect gives the typical blue light in deep waters). So an active sun heats the deeper layers of the ocean where it can be stored for years or, probably, several decades, before it comes to the surface. This means that climate responds delayed on solar activity and perhaps explains the lag of about 10 years found by Solanki and the higher climate sensitivity for longterm sunspotcycles. The oceans absorb most solar energy in the tropics. The small zenit-angle results not only in a high net radiation but also in a deeper penetration of UV-light, and the ozone layer is thinner around the equator. Furthermore the ocean is stratified here so the heat can be well stored before it can be transported by ocean currents. The ocean releases its heat especially on higher latitudes to the atmosphere, possibly modulated by fluctuations in thermo-halien circulations. It also seems that climate responds more sensitive on high latitudes.
    
    This hypothesis means that we should't under-estimate the solar influence on global warming. Though there is no significant increase in solar irridiance in recent decades, the climate may still warming due to the major increase during the first half of twentieth century and loss of ozone.
    
    This is my first post on this site and I like to discuss about climate more. I'm a dutch meteorologist (semi-professional) and very interested in climate change and its mechanism. I'm not convinced by AGW because there are some questions left. Thanks to John Cook for this forum and the possibility to debate here with open mind.
    
    Regards,
    
    Victor de Vries
30. Wondering Aloud at 03:09 AM on 16 February, 2008
    Yes Victor, the change in output during high solar activity is not uniform for wavelength and I don't know how important that is. It does seem like a mighty large effect for such a small change so there must be something more to it.
31. Wondering Aloud at 03:15 AM on 16 February, 2008
    Odd I google it and get tons or references of course I typed in "Reginald Newell MIT" I felt it was safe to use him as an example as he has passed away.
    
    I would disagree that any of the 3 stated positions that were not supported by their research. Also if that was the criteria look how many people on the other side would be unemployed.
    
    Hey folks what is the other thread where people were discussing the solar spectra Victor asked about I cant remember.
32. John Cross at 04:58 AM on 16 February, 2008
    OK, I went back to do a little digging and found out that first, I appear to be incorrect since George Taylor appears to still be the State Climatologist. Was he one of the ones that you were thinking of?
    
    Anyway, keeping with Mr. Taylor, I tried to get a record of his publications and there was nothing listed on his site so I went the Web of Science and found the following 4 publications. Going back to your statement, “ people who have lost jobs because they did perfectly competent research that didn't support the AGW idea,” Which of these do you consider competent research that does not support AGW and how does it fit in with Mr. Taylor’s statements.
    
    Title: Regional precipitation-frequency analysis and spatial mapping for 24-hour and 2-hour durations for Washington State
    
    Title: Observer bias in daily precipitation measurements at United States cooperative network stations
    
    Title: A knowledge-based approach to the statistical mapping of climate
    
    Title: Spatial variability and interpolation of stochastic weather simulation model parameters
    
    In regards to Reginald Newell, thanks, the name change was a help. Unfortunately all I was able to find was a quote from an interview. Is there anything more substantive than that?
    
    Regards,
    John
    
    PS, For the thread with Victor, try It's the Sun
33. Philippe Chantreau at 13:14 PM on 17 February, 2008
    WA, incidentally, where are those money figures coming from?
34. Wondering Aloud at 12:53 PM on 18 February, 2008
    Money figures? the $6 Billion? thats what is in the federal budget currently. the $170 Million is what the budget was just before George H Bush decided to throw money at the problem, first two numbers per Richard Lindzen, but I remember the numbers myself from back then. John gives $2.4 in 1993 which is after my $2 billion and $5.1 billion for 2004 which is before the current $6 billion. I think those numbers are right he just chose different years.
    
    As to the research question, you're the one making the claim "but key to the argument is that they stated positions that were not supported by their research". In what way did Mr. Taylor's statements fly in the face of his own research? How does writting a paper on Regional Precipitation Frequency or Observer Bias contradict his opinion that the warming did not seem catastrophic? Of course it doesn't. He was fired because his statements were not fasionable for politicians in power.
    
    In the case of Michels your claim that his statements were not supported by his research is rediculous. While you may not like it, any reader here who does read his papers will know that. Newell's work in particular shows no sign of bias and I think was very well done. His only mistake as far as I can tell was honesty. When his results didnt match what the climate models predicted... the end.
35. Wondering Aloud at 12:57 PM on 18 February, 2008
    This thread he already found John
36. frankbi at 03:24 AM on 19 February, 2008
    Wondering Aloud:
    
    "With $6 billion/year in the US alone tied to GW orthodoxy, most people who need to keep their jobs are pretty hesitant to be branded a `denier'."
    
    And somehow Al Gore The Antichrist managed to create a _world-wide_ conspiracy using the US's budget alone? The _entire_ _world's_ climate research -- from China to India, from Hungary to Sweden, from Canada to Brazil -- depend on this $6b/year from the US? Can't you at least cook up a more plausible conspiracy theory?
    
    Back to the "it's the sun" topic, I find this particularly hilarious... apparently the creators of the film "The Great Global Warming Swindle" decided in their infinite wisdom to fabricate their own data to "prove" that it's the sun's fault:
    
    http://folk.uio.no/nathan/web/statement.html
    
    -- Frank Bi, http://zompower.tk/
37. John Cross at 06:34 AM on 21 February, 2008
    Wondering Aloud: You may want to check your logic.
    
    Because your present a paper that does not support position A - it does not follow that you do support position A.
    
    If Mr. Taylor wishes to make a statement about global warming, he should produce the evidence that backs up his claim. Thus he is obligated to produce the research that supports his position - not say, my research does not contradict this position.
    
    And, as I indicated in my last post - he still appears to be the state climatologist so he does not appear to be fired.
    
    reagrds,
    John
38. Wondering Aloud at 02:32 AM on 23 February, 2008
    First off... No Frank the other countries spend money the same way, many have systems that are more corrupt. But, the US is by far the biggest player in the actual funding.
    
    The entire sun question was most certainly not created in some film made last year. If you read various threads here you would know that solar affects are blamed for millions of years of climate change in the past and now treated by some as irrelevent that's just not logical.
39. Wondering Aloud at 03:25 AM on 23 February, 2008
    Gee now it's a conspiracy theory! And here all I had was a practicle observation of how scientists sometimes face ethical challenges.
    
    On a more serious note, John I am not the one who claimed anything about their results vs their statements. Their results from your own references clearly are not contradicted by their public positions. You said: "but key to the argument is that they stated positions that were not supported by their research. This is what I was commenting on, you made the very logic error you attribute to me. The research in question does nothing to support the idea of catastrophic antropogenic global warming. So their public position that they didn't see strong evidence for it was perfectly reasonable.
    
    The problem is with the supposed vs. actual consensus again. I think you would have to concede that someone who recieves publicity as a "denier" is likely to have more trouble with funding agencies. Newell and Michels are clearly examples. I am not familiar enough with Taylor to judge.
40. frankbi at 03:47 AM on 29 February, 2008
    "No Frank the other countries spend money the same way, many have systems that are more corrupt. But, the US is by far the biggest player in the actual funding."
    
    So, by a sheer stroke of coincidence, _all_ the governments in the world decided _independently_ to promote the Great Global Warming Scam and then band together to create the World Gaia Government and rally around Al Gore The Antichrist or something?
    
    "If you read various threads here you would know that solar affects are blamed for millions of years of climate change in the past and now treated by some as irrelevent that's just not logical."
    
    Um, excuse me, that's the _whole_ _point_ of the AGW theory. Rive and Friis-Christensen olar effects correlated _well_ with _past_ climate change, but from 1985 on there was _no_ correlation between solar activity and global climate.
    
    Again, the link: http://folk.uio.no/nathan/web/statement.html
41. Wondering Aloud at 13:22 PM on 3 March, 2008
    Regarding your link: Give me a break, cripes take an astronomy class or something. Or better yet thermodynamics. There is nothing there that convinces quite the contrary.
    
    There are numerous real references above maybe you should check them.
    
    Thank you for another personal attack as well. Do you really think your abuse is going to convince me or anyone else smart enough to understand this blog? Nor will your deliberate misunderstanding of everything that someone you oppose says. We are not idiots here.
    
    "Um, excuse me, that's the _whole_ _point_ of the AGW theory. Rive and Friis-Christensen olar effects correlated _well_ with _past_ climate change, but from 1985 on there was _no_ correlation between solar activity and global climate".
    
    Are you saying you think the whole point of AGW theory is that the sun caused climate cycles before but magically not now? So a thousand year wrong direction time lag for CO2 causing climate change is ok in your book? The fact that far larger CO2 changes in the past did not cause the climate change that is being attributed to todays tiny change is ok too? The heck with the entire paleo record, today is special? Meanwhile you think the suns effect is instant and only happens if the people you want to cite claim it does.
    
    Our host here, John and Phillippe are all obvious true believers in AGW, they are doing as good a job as can be done defending this position. You are showing a vicious political agenda and nothing else. I came here believing that the world was warming and Humans were largely the cause but doubting the catastrophic idea because it doesn't fit the historic record or the atmospheric physics very well. A few more posts from you and I might be convinced that it all really is a politically motivated hoax.
42. frankbi at 20:57 PM on 4 March, 2008
    Wondering Aloud, I searched through your 5 paragraphs of verbosum and I couldn't find a single grain of fact or logic in it.
    
    You continually ignore facts, promote your Worldwide Satanic Conspiracy theory, and then accuse others of "personal attacks".
    
    Well, here's a link you'll definitely be interested in reading.
    
    "Chad Tolman, a Sierra Club Delaware Chapter member, said that views held by Legates and other climate-change skeptics are fast becoming _irrelevant_, making direct action by the state unnecessary." (emphasis mine)
    
    Yeah indeed... if you keep pumping out the same junk day after day, people tend to stop listening to you.
    
    http://www.webcitation.org/5W3dae1wg
43. Wondering Aloud at 03:09 AM on 5 March, 2008
    LOL Yup you got that right. The Sierra Club has been pumping out the same junk day after day for decades and so no one takes them seriously anymore, haven't for 30 years.
    
    If you have ever presented anything even close to logic or a fact here I can't find it.
    
    I have come to the conclusion that you are a "denier" trying to set up straw men to make glogal warming seem a hoax. Please let the debate go back to reality we were learning something here.
    
    I argue with Phillipe and John but I learn things from them.
44. frankbi at 04:43 AM on 5 March, 2008
    "If you have ever presented anything even close to logic or a fact here I can't find it."
    
    Here's the link again:
    
    http://folk.uio.no/nathan/web/statement.html
    
    Of course, in your supreme open-mindedness, you simply decided to ignore it.
45. tbandrow at 17:04 PM on 7 March, 2008
    Well, solar flux doesn't need to be argued. It can be proved. The current solar theory is due to an interaction that has something to do with sunspots. So, if that is the case, then we can see if the global temperature will go down, assuming the present dearth of sunspot continues. Last year, there was a low amount of sunspots, and the earth's global temperature dropped a degree. We can see if it drops again.
    
    Also, in that vein, is it not possible to just create a carbon dioxide plume, turn it on, then turn it off, somewhere, and measure the radiative forcing that way? It seems to me that the RF is calculated based on another term that looks, honestly, like a fudge factor to make a computer model "work". If you created a carbon dioxide "bubble" on earth somewhere, then shouldn't you be able to measure a temperature increase on the ground proportionally to that increase?
    [ Response: 2007 cooling was not driven by solar forcing (or lack thereof) but by La Nina. ]
46. Quietman at 10:54 AM on 12 March, 2008
    In 1976 there was a major planetary alignment. Read Dr. Rhodes Fairbridge's hupothesis on gravitational effects on climate.
47. Quietman at 04:24 AM on 24 March, 2008
    Re: "[ Response: 2007 cooling was not driven by solar forcing (or lack thereof) but by La Nina. ]"
    
    El Nino / La Nina
    Although scientists understand the mechanics of El Nino, its origins have yet to be determined. The new theory [of the cause of El Nino] suggests that the primary mover behind El Nino is hot magma welling up between tectonic plates on the Pacific sea-floor.
    The upwelling magma heats the overlying waters enough to affect the ocean surface, initiating the cascade of events that brings on the wrath of El Nino.
    See South American Subduction Zone, Peru Subduction Zone, Argentina-Chile Subduction Zone
    Also see "Anisotropy and mantle flow in the Chile-Argentina subduction zone from shear wave splitting analysis"
    Megan L. Anderson,1 George Zandt,1 Enrique Triep,2 Matthew Fouch,3 and Susan Beck1
    Received 3 July 2004; revised 25 October 2004; accepted 3 November 2004; published 10 December 2004.
48. Wondering Aloud at 06:17 AM on 27 March, 2008
    [ Response: 2007 cooling was not driven by solar forcing (or lack thereof) but by La Nina. ]
    
    Darn CO2 causing those magma upwellings.
    
    Sorry, I am chuckling, this sure took a dramatic tangent didn't it.
    
    I am afraid to look into this one, I don't think I want to know. I'm having enough trouble with CO2 and solar effects without this in the mix.
49. 4 billion at 10:40 AM on 28 March, 2008
    Congratulations on site...finally, a truly sceptical auditorium.
50. Quietman at 13:47 PM on 4 April, 2008
    Wondering Aloud
    That is one of my issues with AGW. The environmental fanatics has seized upon one and only one factor involved, CO2. Granted that CO2 is a greenhouse gas it is not logical that it is either the only contributer or even the primary factor in global warming. AGW is a fact that needs to be accepted but we can not be blind to the other influences or we skew the results and may take actions in the wrong direction. The most powerful force controlling the climate is the earth and it's weather. The ocean currents, the jet stream, the vulcanism that drives the weather, the clouds and their specific composition, the magma flow of the earths engine and moreso the sun and it's internal tides and resulting changes in force and solar wind.
    By leaving out even small factors in models we skew the data. We should not be making corrections for urban heat islands but discarding bad information. Do you realize that there is not even a theory for how El Nino is driven? Only a hypothesis and that is very recent, but the phenomenon is well documented and studied. AGW needs to be addressed but properly, fully aware of it's cause and effect. Otherwise we just make it worse.
51. ScaredAmoeba at 00:06 AM on 9 April, 2008
    Quietman
    'The environmental fanatics has seized upon one and only one factor involved, CO2.'
    
    Nice straw man argument!
    
    Ludicrous and WRONG!
    
    No-one [except for denialists as part of a straw man argument] has claimed that CO2 is the ONLY cause of warming, otherwise climate models would only include CO2. But no model has modelled the climate properly without the CO2 and other GHGs as amplified by water vapour and other feedbacks. But CO2 and other GHGs resulting from man's activities are the only ones that are within humanity's potential control and CO2 is the most important.
    
    Therefore reducing CO2 emissions is important.
    I now await ill-informed comments on models!
    
    Doing nothing is often wrongly described as a policy, it clearly is a VERY BAD policy. Especially, since the inertia of the climate system is so great and the life of CO2 in the atmosphere is so long.
    
    If it were the Sun, what would you suggest? Just how far should we move the Earth away from the Sun? Or should we turn the Sun down a notch?
    
    Your comments about UHI are ill-informed and just intended to provoke.
    
    Your arguments all seem to fall under the 'why are scientists so stupid' type of argument.
    Just try Googling the Dunning-Kruger effect. So that's why teenagers think they know everything.
    [ Response: I hadn't heard of the Dunning-Kruger effect until now but I love it. They deserved the 2000 Nobel prize just on the title of their paper: Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own
    Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments. Brilliant stuff! And rings true, I've found as I've learnt more about climate change, I've become aware of just how complex and nuanced the field is and how much more I have to learn. There are some pages on this website that I wrote when I was early in my research that are somewhat simplistic and in sore need of an overhaul. ]
52. Quietman at 03:01 AM on 9 April, 2008
    The true scientists are not at issue here. I am talking about a very loud group of environmentalists pushing CO2 as the one single most important problem and they are flat out wrong. It's only one issue. UHI are a part of the cause because they retain heat at night and in being part of the cause the measurements should not be used at all. Satelite and rural measurements should be used. Unlike you, I am not a scientist. I do have a degree and I did engineering work and am self educated in the fields that interest me. That does not make me less intelligent than a scientist, only ignorant of some of the processes that I have not studied. I do not consider scientists to be stupid, and in fact admire a small group that I read with interest, starting with all of the works by Charles Darwin. But I do realize fully well that scientists are just like engineers in their methods and all of us are human and make mistakes so don't take offense when someone points out errors.
    Your response is typical of an alarmist.
53. Quietman at 11:52 AM on 9 April, 2008
    Re: "If it were the Sun, what would you suggest? Just how far should we move the Earth away from the Sun? Or should we turn the Sun down a notch?"
    If the sun turns out to be a more powerful driver than CO2 and you take drastic action you just killed us all. So far most of the environmental extremists ideas, when put into action have only made things worse. I am an environmentalist and understand that there is AGW but I do not trust alarmists, it's just that simple.
54. Quietman at 11:55 AM on 9 April, 2008
    PS Richard Owen was a scientist of his day, he coined the term "dinosaur" but he was still wrong!
55. Quietman at 12:08 PM on 9 April, 2008
    Re: "Ludicrous and WRONG!"
    What rock have you been hiding under? Apparently you have not read the articles and blogs done by these radicals.
    
    Re: "just intended to provoke"
    So now you can read minds as well? How do you know my intent in a friendly comment addressing someone who IS NOT YOU.
    
    Everything in your comment is exactly the opposite of what you said. You provoke me.
    
    Re: "Doing nothing is often wrongly described as a policy,"
    Please tell me where you went to college so I can make sure my grandchildren don't go there. To do nothing is ALWAYS an alternative. To do nothing drastic until you are absolutely certain that what actions you take will not cause further damage is the only logical choice.
56. Quietman at 12:10 PM on 9 April, 2008
    Re: "Therefore reducing CO2 emissions is important."
    The only intelligent and non-childish statement in your entire comment.
57. Quietman at 12:13 PM on 9 April, 2008
    I read the paper "Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments."
    Very true, even for scientists.
58. Quietman at 12:31 PM on 9 April, 2008
    John
    I apologise for my outburst in your blog. I came to this blog in the hope of learning through intelligent discussion as I am about fed up with arogant alarmists that shout you down in the news blogs like CBS or ABC.
    I also read the papers and articles at Climate Debate Daily which has alarmist articles on the left and skeptical articles on the right. I see outright lies in both columns. But I also see a lot of excellent articles with links to papers. With the exception of one or two individuals, your responders to this blog seem to be both intelligent and educated and to them as well as you I apologise.
    [ Response: Your comment is appreciated. I always make it a point to address the science and avoid making personal comments about a person I disagree with. Ad hominem attacks are a form of mental laziness. It's always easier to attack a person than the argument they're making. It's also an indication that the arguer is more interested in winning the debate than finding the truth. I encourage both sides to exercise restraint and stick to the science - it makes for more constructive dialogue and you never know, both sides might learn something. :-) ]
59. ScaredAmoeba at 18:49 PM on 10 April, 2008
    Quietman
    
    'If the sun turns out to be a more powerful driver than CO2 and you take drastic action you just killed us all.'
    
    Ahem! I think you are mistaken!
    ."Ironically, even arch-skeptics Soon and Baliunas, who would like to lay most of the blame for recent warming at the doorstep of solar effects, came to a compatible conclusion in their own energy balance model study. Namely, any model that was sensitive enough to yield a large response to recent solar variability would yield an even larger response to radiative forcing from recent (and therefore also future) CO2 changes. As a result, their "best fit" of climate sensitivity for the twentieth century is comfortably within the IPCC range.
    This aspect of their work is rarely if ever mentioned by the authors themselves, and still less in citations of the work in skeptics' tracts such as that distributed with the "Global Warming Petition Project."
    
    http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=229
60. ScaredAmoeba at 19:29 PM on 10 April, 2008
    Quietman
    The evidence for significant extraterrestrial sources – e.g. GCR & solar effects remain wanting and contradictory. Some studies have required variable ‘smoothing’ to achieve an excellent correlation, however the correlation vanishes with more data, and there were other ‘strange’ errors. e.g. the notorious and widely quoted by skepics, Friis-Christensen and Lassen 1991. As demonstrated by Damon and Laut 2004 ‘Pattern of Strange Errors Plagues Solar Activity and Terrestrial Climate Data’
    
    The weight of evidence is on the side of CO2! Solar / GCR evidence remains inconclusive.
61. Quietman at 04:53 AM on 11 April, 2008
    ScaredAmoeba
    As I have mentioned elsewhere, Richard Mackey (Austrailia) published last year
    Rhodes Fairbridge and the idea that the solar system regulates the Earth’s climate
    
    in which he states "When the totality of the sun’s impact is considered, having regard to the relevant research published over the last two decades, the influence of solar variability on the earth’s climate is very strongly non-linear and stochastic. Recent research about the sun/climate relationship and the solar inertial motion (sim) hypothesis shows a large body of circumstantial evidence and several working hypotheses but no satisfactory account of a physical sim process." He procedes to explain how and why the IPCC data for solar influence could be incorrect.
    
    This research is now also supported by Oliver Manuel (Nuclear Chemistry, University of Missouri, Rolla, MO 65401 USA) and Hilton Ratcliffe (Astronomical Society Southern Africa, PO Box 354, Kloof 3640 SOUTH AFRICA) in their December 2, 2007 paper
    Fingerprints of a Local Supernova
    
    Personally I believe that there is more to it and have been reading up on the current hypothesis for the cause of El Nino / La Nina to see how the Fairbridge hypothesis would fit. I feel that it does but I am not a geologist that that is the field where this type of science would be applicable.
62. ScaredAmoeba at 18:02 PM on 12 April, 2008
    I stand by my comment about solar influences.
    
    Even if the moving solar barycentre influences climate in some weird and mysterious manner, so far, this is not much more than a theory. My distinctly limited investigation leads me to believe that it has about as much relevance to climate change as astrology – i.e. not much. At most the influence can only be small. It is notable that AFAICT the scientific community doesn’t seem particularly convinced either. Once the scientific community takes it seriously, so will I. Until then, I'll treat as cuckoo science - intended to look convincing, deceive the unwary and postpone action and legislation to combat CO2 emissions. There’s a lot of cuckoo science around and strangely much of it can be traced back to sources funded by Exxon and the coal industry.
    
    The solar hypothesis remains distinctly unproven and remains far from convincing. More science is clearly required.
    
    You seem persistently to be looking for any possible excuse to ignore the ugly fact that we already have a cause for a substantial proportion of climate change that is supported by solid science. We have the mechanism, palaeoclimate studies, all supported by a wealth of observations and measurements using different methods and that is increasing atmospheric CO2 with an anthropogenic origin.
    
    We must reduce and phase-out fossil carbon emissions by all means possible at the earliest feasible time. We must not permit any new coal-powered plants to be built without tried and tested sequestration technology being incorporated. All non-sequestered emissions from coal-powered stations need to be stopped no later than 2030.
    
    That is easily enough time to have a tried and tested zero carbon generating capacity.
63. Quietman at 01:53 AM on 13 April, 2008
    ScaredAmoeba
    In The Pennsylvania Gazette, May 15, 2007, article An Inaccurate Truth? an interview of Professor Robert Giegengack of the Department of Earth and Environmental Science pretty much sums up my stance: AGW is real but not apocalyptic.
64. Dan Pangburn at 09:41 AM on 14 April, 2008
    From the Vostok ice core data, during glacial periods, often a rising temperature trend with a rising carbon dioxide level suddenly changed direction and became a falling temperature trend in spite of the carbon dioxide level being higher than when the temperature was increasing. This could not be if carbon dioxide causes a positive feedback. The Andean-Saharan Ice Age occurred when the carbon dioxide level was over ten times its current level. What is different now that could lead to run away temperature increase? The determination that non-condensing greenhouse gases have no significant influence on average global temperature is not refuted by any climate history.
    
    The assertion ‘it’s the sun’ appears to be too simplistic. Of course the sun is part of it but several other things affect the temperatures at the measuring sites. These other things may include solar wind, cosmic rays, UV, magnetic strength, relative humidity (propensity to form clouds), ocean turn-over, and possibly other factors. Apparently, no one has sorted all this out yet. Graphs of NOAA and other data (all referenced) are presented at http://www.middlebury.net:80/op-ed/pangburn.html. One observation from these graphs is that the recent (last 130 years or so) average global temperature data has not been unusual.
65. ScaredAmoeba at 05:41 AM on 16 April, 2008
    Quietman
    The Professor Giegengack’s accusation of exaggeration would have us believe that the IPCC and scientists have perpetrated a most serious fraud – if only it were true.
    
    The truth is that the Professor’s accusation of exaggeration is a straw man argument and completely dishonest. The Professor should know perfectly well that both the IPCC and the scientists, of which the IPCC is involved, are extremely careful to use ranges of future scenarios in which they have extremely high confidence. Therefore these projected scenarios tend to be very cautious and conservative. The IPCC, for instance has consistently published past projected future scenarios that have been proven by events not to be exaggerations. The fact that the Professor levels such a false accusation reveals more about him than the IPCC and the thousands of scientists involved that he wrongly accuses of exaggeration.
    
    There are a small number of scientists, who have chosen to accept money from the fossil fuel industry and who do not have a reputation for credibility worth preserving.
    
    So why is the Professor not telling the truth? I don’t know, but there are a small number of scientists who make very similar accusations at mainstream scientists and the IPCC. Most of the others have been funded by the fossil fuel industry. So perhaps, he too is being less than open and honest in terms of his conflicts of interest.
    
    Further evidence that Professor Giegengack was being disingenuous is another projection that supports the view that the IPCC’s estimates of future sea level rises of 28 to 43 cm by 2100 were over conservative, due to incompletely understood mechanisms of ice-melt.
    [Dr Jevrejeva's group’s projections have been submitted for publication in the scientific journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.]
    The new estimates suggest sea-level rise is likely to be in the range of 0.8 and 1.5 metres, which confirms another estimate of 0.5 and 1.4 metres by 2100 by Stefan Rahmstorf, but using a distinctly different methodology.
    IPCC exaggeration? – clearly not. However, the facts never got in the way of malicious allegations and lies.
66. ScaredAmoeba at 06:12 AM on 16 April, 2008
    Dan Pangburn
    
    You failed to prove that CO2 cannot be the driver of temperature via feedback, by choosing to totally ignore that other factors are involved.
    
    But later-on in your argument, you acknowledge that single effects alone are too simplistic.
    
    Are you suggesting that the climate is driven by a sole factor, or by more than one? You seem to suggest that both cases are true?
    
    Your contradictory logic proves that your argument is logically flawed and is without merit.
    
    Please ask any objective climatologist. Objective means NOT being in the pay of a vested interest (e.g. fossil fuel industry)! They will tell you that the climate is driven by numerous forcings and feedbacks. They will also tell you that a factor that causes cooling such as aerosols (volcanic or man-made) can result in cooling, despite increasing CO2 concentrations that would result in warming.
67. mick at 03:10 AM on 17 April, 2008
    Solar temperatures should lag temperature changes on earth. That is what actually shows the real influence of the sun on climate.
    
    This the exact opposite of historical readings of C02 when C02 lagged temperatures suggesting the opposite correlation.
68. ScaredAmoeba at 17:15 PM on 17 April, 2008
    mick
    What your first sentence actually means is rather unclear. Could you please explain what you meant? References please.
    
    As stated earlier, the solar hypothesis is wanting and satisfactory mechanisms remain unproven, especially since evidence for increasing solar output is unconvincing. More science is definitely required.
    
    The solar hypothesis is also vastly overhyped, especially by those with a fossil fuelled agenda or a political axe to grind.
    
    The lag of CO2 behind temperature only shows that CO2 is released by increasing temperatures. This does not disprove that CO2 is a GHG. CO2 is known to be infra red active, both as a feedback and as a forcing. The absorption spectra of CO2 and H2O are different and the absorption of CO2 can be detected by satellite. The warming from CO2 often leads to additional feedbacks from other sources e.g. water vapour.
    
    Annually adding ~ 28 Gt of CO2 from burning fossil fuels has artificially boosted atmospheric CO2 and started a warming phase. The fossil source of this carbon is demonstrated by the isotopic composition. The increasing temperatures will release further CO2 that will cause further warming. All this without requiring any change in solar output.
69. Quietman at 07:50 AM on 20 April, 2008
    ScaredAmoeba
    There is more than one solar hypothesis. Most of which are much more recent than the greenhouse hypothesis, of which there are also more than one. The simple fact is that the effect on temperature based solely on CO2 was only 50% of what the models predicted: Ohio State University Fact Sheet
70. ScaredAmoeba at 22:48 PM on 20 April, 2008
    Quietman
    Flawed logic! IF what you say were true and it's a BIG IF, then it becomes even MORE important to reduce CO2 emissions to even LOWER levels than if CO2 was the primary cause of warming, because it's fairly impossible to do anything about the sun. I'm surprised that you weren't smart enough to spot that!
    
    Of course in the topsy-turvy world of AGW denial things that make sense don’t and things that don’t make sense, do. The next time you meet Alice in Wonderland, say hi!
    
    The tipping points remain waiting and at some stage they will be triggered. It matters not one jot to the clathrates or the permafrost where the heat is derived from. The ocean too is warming and that will mean outgassing.
    
    BTW Your link was corrupted and did not work. [hhttp protocol] I looked at the site you recommended and it's not science, it's not even peer reviewed but it's garbage and of no relevance. Not a single peer reviewed reference. But I noticed the Exxon funded Hoover Institute! Don't you just love the smell of that oil money!
    
    You will have to try harder, much harder. Try some real objective peer-reviewed science - you know the stuff that doesn't smell of oil or coal.
    
    Your argument gets even more unbelievable with every post.
71. Quietman at 02:56 AM on 21 April, 2008
    ScaredAmoeba
    It would be silly to try to do something about the sun now would it not? Perhaps since we actually have no control over climate change we should put our effort into ways that we can live with it?
72. Quietman at 03:34 AM on 21 April, 2008
    ScaredAmoeba
    And I do not intend to make an argument, my intent is to learn more about climate change by questioning the points that I do not understand. The articles and papers that I have read all seem to be conflicting and I want to know why. The most logical statements I have seen all agree that we need to plan for a changing climate. Cleaner resources are a given, that is common sense. But putting the effort into controlling CO2 does not seem sensible given that we can have so little effect by following that route.
73. ScaredAmoeba at 05:15 AM on 21 April, 2008
    Quietman
    Definition of Argument
    
    1'A connected series of statements intended to establish a position; a process of reasoning or disputation..,'
    NSOED 1993
    [ Response: I'm having a deja vu of a Monty Python sketch :-) ]
74. Quietman at 03:48 AM on 22 April, 2008
    John
    Me too.
75. Quietman at 08:42 AM on 23 April, 2008
    ScaredAmoeba
    Definition of Argument
    UN food chief urges crisis action
    Still don't think greens kill out of ignorance?
76. Quietman at 08:44 AM on 23 April, 2008
    ScaredAmoeba
    Call for delay to biofuels policy
    This is why I said that drastic measures without thinking things through could kill us all.
77. Quietman at 08:50 AM on 23 April, 2008
    "Environmentalist Groups Say Tech Firms Get Great Publicity from Their Green PR Efforts, But They Wonder How Deep the Commitment Really Is" But eho are the real Hypocrites?
    I am now seeing things that I have been afraid of for 40 years.
78. Quietman at 09:01 AM on 23 April, 2008
    I believe in taking care of the environment, buying only efficient products and recycling. But these alarmists and violent greens that burn other peoples Hummers really get me. Greenpeace is the worst of all, even one of its founders will have nothing more to do with them. They make me ashamed to say I am an environmentalist because it makes me part of the problem rather than part of the solution. Can't anyone see where rash actions lead? The blame for this is squarely on the UN itself for pushing Algorism and punishing skepticism and the green alarmists pointing fingers at oil companies instead of thinking things out rationally. Come on people, wake up, get off the bandwagon and start using constructive criticism.
79. Quietman at 09:08 AM on 23 April, 2008
    John
    No offense, but this is an issue that true environmentalists need to take a strong stand on.
80. Dan Pangburn at 06:22 AM on 25 April, 2008
    I have, so far, only determined that CO2 does not cause Global Warming and that there is no such thing as ‘water vapor feedback’. To my knowledge the combination of factors that contribute to climate has still not been sorted out.
    
    The reason why increased greenhouse gas level has no influence on average global temperature is proven at http://www.ruralsoft.com.au/ClimateChange.doc . See more at response 16 to Climate’s changed before.
81. NewYorkJ at 16:30 PM on 29 April, 2008
    "The blame for this is squarely on the UN itself for pushing Algorism and punishing skepticism and the green alarmists pointing fingers at oil companies instead of thinking things out rationally."
    
    How many times have I seen this argument? Thousands of scientists follow wacky environmentalists, worship at the Church of Gore and push "Algorism". This is a general attempt to marginalize the overwhelming consensus view among scientists into a right vs left thing, in order to rally strong opposition through the political sphere. I don't think Gore has done much to affect views. Those who could use convincing are those who would, if anything, want to believe the opposite of what Al Gore says.
    
    There's a genuine difference between skeptics and contrarians. All scientists consider themselves skeptics. Contrarians seek to argue a particular point of view, the way a lawyer might.
82. Quietman at 00:04 AM on 30 April, 2008
    NewYorkJ
    As you are replying to a statement I made I would like to reply. I agree with you, scientists need to be skeptical. My point was that by turning this issue into politics by a movie aimed at inciting the more volatile environmental groups Mr. Gore has created a schism, isolating one group into alarmists and another into deniers.
    Any skepticism is now viewed as a denial and natural occurrences are blamed on global warming. The alarmisim has done more to hurt the science than help it, pushing govenments into rash actions that are backfiring.
    In science it is a scientists duty to challenge a new hypothesis and the current CO2 hypothesis is no different. That is how it works. The hypothesis must answer all challengers. The general public does not understand this and calls for action in fear.
83. Wondering Aloud at 00:22 AM on 10 May, 2008
    SA
    
    When you talk about "tipping points" you are taking yourself very far beyond the idea of science. Carbon Dioxide levels have been many times what they are today without ever finding this supposed point so I'm not too concerned with it.
    
    I think it is nearly certain that the overall feedback effect is not a positive number, that is kept very quiet because it blows an enormous hole in the panic.
    
    I have no trouble with "oil money" if you have no trouble with the IPCC. Which owes it's entire existence to the pre-formed conclusion that CO2 causes warming. Or to the more than 100 times greater money, usually tax money, spent on the other side of the issue. This is a log in your own eye issue if ever there was one.
    
    I also don't quite follow how evidence that CO2 does not cause the problem you fear is reason to control it even more tightly.
    
    Ignored in all of this of course are all the questions that should probably come first like is warming good or bad or would greater CO2 benefit the biosphere?
84. DWP at 14:35 PM on 12 May, 2008
    Good article, but I'd suggest augmenting it with two other points showing that the recent warming is not due to the sun:
    
    1) If the surface warming was due to the sun, you'd expect the entire depth of the atmosphere to be warming. However if the surface warming is due to the release of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, you'd expect the stratosphere to cool, partly due to decreasing stratospheric ozone (which heats the stratosphere by absorbing incoming solar UV radiation) but more because increasing GHGs in the stratosphere more efficiently radiate that ozone-absorbed heat, leading to a net cooling above the tropopause. Observations from satellites show that the stratosphere is cooling, which directly contradicts the hypothesis that the warming is coming from the sun, but agrees with the hypothesis that the warming is coming from greenhouse gases.
    
    2) If the warming were due to the sun, you'd expect the increased shortwave input to the Earth to result in more warming during the day than at night. If the warming were due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases, you'd expect nighttime temperatures to increase more than daytime, since nighttime temperatures are more directly influenced by downward longwave radiation emitted by the atmosphere (as greenhouse gas concentrations increase, they warm and emit more downward longwave radiation, warming the surface). Observations in fact show more nighttime warming than daytime warming.
    
    Keep up the good work.
    [ Response: DWP, find me some peer reviewed studies highlighting point 2 and I'll be more than happy to do a post on the topic. As for point 1 on the cooling stratosphere, that's another topic on the to-do list :-)
    ]
85. DWP at 12:48 PM on 13 May, 2008
    Well it's a complicated topic, as usual in climate, and I was skipping over most of that complexity above (especially the important role of clouds!). It's fascinating though, espeically as it is a way of probing how the models are simulating climate versus reality.
    
    The canonical reference is Easterling et al., Science, 1997 (p. 364-367). However, anyone who looks into this should also look at the updated work. For example, I'd suggest Stone and Weaver, Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002, v. 29, p. 1356; Braganza et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, v. 31, L13217; and the summary in the 2007 IPCC report of Working Group 1, in particular, Figures 3.2 and 3.11 and the discussion of those.
86. Quietman at 03:43 AM on 30 May, 2008
    John
    You might find this NASA clip interesting: A shock wave following a flare
    [ Response: That's an awesome animation - just imagine the size of that shockwave, the magnitude many times the size of the Earth! ]
87. Quietman at 03:49 AM on 30 May, 2008
    And the latest ideas on Solar Inluence in climate change.
    [ Response: The idea of global dimming is covered somewhat here. The most disturbing element of global dimming is expressed well on the PBS page: "Is global dimming masking the full impact of global warming? Some climate experts worry that it is, with the possible consequence that as we reduce pollution, the climate will heat up to unprecedented levels." ]
88. Tom in Texas at 12:40 PM on 1 June, 2008
    2007 global cooling continues into 2008:
    
    http://wattsupwiththat.wordpress.com/2008/05/31/globally-2008-significantly-cooler-than-last-year/
    
    And the sun is still blank:
    
    www.solarcycle24.com
    
    I'm looking forward to this coming winter (but then I don't live in Canada). By next spring, the debate (which is far from over), will "heat" up.
89. clayco at 18:49 PM on 1 June, 2008
    http://www.spaceandscience.net/siteb...eport12008.doc
    
    John L. Casey “The existence of ‘relational cycles’ of solar activity on a multi-decadal to centennial scale, as significant models of climate change on Earth.”
    Research Report 1-2008
    
    http://www.spacecenter.dk/publications/scientific-report-series/Scient_No._3.pdf/view
    
    Svensmark, H. and Friis-Christensen, E. Danish National Reply to Lockwood and Fröhlich –“The persistent role of the Sun in climate Forcing” Danish National Space CenterScientific Report 3/2007
    
    http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070801174450.htm
    
    
    Charles D. Camp and Ka Kit Tung Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) paper 10.1029/2007GL030207, 2007
    
    
    http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070801175711.htm
    
    Anastasios A. Tsonis, Kyle Swanson, and Sergey Kravtsov: Synchronized Chaos: Mechanisms For Major Climate Shifts Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) paper 10.1029/2007GL030288, 2007
    
    http://www.fel.duke.edu/~scafetta/pdf/2007JD008437.pdf
    
    N. Scafetta e B.West : Phenomenological reconstructions of the solar signature in the Northern Hemisphere surface temperature records since 1600 JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICALRESEARCH, VOL.112D24S03,doi:10.1029/2007JD008437, 200
90. Quietman at 01:16 AM on 2 June, 2008
    clayco
    Very interesting links but I cant get the top one to work, seems to be something missing.
91. Quietman at 02:41 AM on 3 June, 2008
    John
    I am not sure of the relevance but How Plasma From Superstorms Affects Near-Earth Space from ScienceDaily (May 31, 2008) represents another unfactored aspect of the irregularity of output from the sun.
92. leebert at 03:08 AM on 4 June, 2008
    Hi Quietman, John,
    
    New studies show it's not just about TSI:
    
    See: “Is Climate Sensitive to Solar Variability?”, March 2008 “Physics Today”, provided the graph of Phenomenological Solar Signal (PSS) from 1950 to 2007
    http://i27.tinypic.com/1zbavyo.jpg
    
    CERN's CR & cloud machine:
    http://aps.arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0804/0804.1938v1.pdf
    
    FWIW the Aurorae rain hot particles emitting IR & NIR, there's a So. Atlantic Anomaly weakness in the magnetosphere where the radiation belt descends into the ionosphere, and cosmic rays over the Antarctic may cause regional warming via NO2 formation.
93. leebert at 04:23 AM on 4 June, 2008
    John,
    
    The question of global dimming is a tricky mess and b/c of the heretofore lack of solid field data, a big "known unknown," largely misunderstood & relegated to a "masking" function.
    
    V. Ramanathan (Scripps, INDOEX) has consistently found that in the case of aerosols there's a net heating effect, despite the surface dimming. Instead of easing or masking CO2's effect, mid-tropospheric brown clouds ladened with soot & sulfates are driving temperatures up, creating bigger temperature anomalies. The effect is as high as 40% over the vast Pacific region.
    
    He's claiming that the window of opportunity can be stretched to 20 years via simple soot mitigation.
    
    C. Zender is saying similar things re: soot deposition in the Arctic & Subarctic.
    
    There's also a documented cloud-seeding effect of winter storms in the N. Pacific that in turn loft soot into the stratosphere to be borne into the Arctic, eventually causing black icebergs (yes, black icebergs).
    
    The odds that we can curtail CO2 fast enough against even the mid-case scenarios are low, so subsuming the evidence against soot under the rubric of "carbon emissions" for fear of diluting the message about CO2 seems to me a mistaken approach.
    
    see: http://www.scientificblogging.com/blog/258
94. leebert at 04:34 AM on 4 June, 2008
    John,
    
    The question of global dimming is a tricky mess and b/c of the heretofore lack of solid field data, a big "known unknown," largely misunderstood & relegated to a "masking" function.
    
    V. Ramanathan (Scripps, INDOEX) has consistently found that in the case of aerosols there's a net heating effect, despite the surface dimming. Instead of easing or masking CO2's effect, mid-tropospheric brown clouds ladened with soot & sulfates are driving temperatures up, creating bigger temperature anomalies. The effect is as high as 40% over the vast Pacific region.
    
    He's claiming that the window of opportunity can be stretched to 20 years via simple soot mitigation.
    
    C. Zender is saying similar things re: soot deposition in the Arctic & Subarctic.
    
    There's also a documented cloud-seeding effect of winter storms in the N. Pacific that in turn loft soot into the stratosphere to be borne into the Arctic, eventually causing black icebergs (yes, black icebergs).
    
    The odds that we can curtail CO2 fast enough against even the mid-case scenarios are low, so subsuming the evidence against soot under the rubric of "carbon emissions" for fear of diluting the message about CO2 seems to me a mistaken approach.
    
    see: http://www.scientificblogging.com/blog/258
95. Quietman at 03:29 AM on 5 June, 2008
    leebert
    Taking northern polar wind direction that would go far to explain the March 2008 anomaly over asia.
    
    BTW Nice links, especially the jpeg.
96. Second order skeptic at 01:53 AM on 10 June, 2008
    Two more studies to add to your impressive list of twelve:
    Sloan et al. 2008, http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1748-9326/3/2/024001
    
    Kristjansson 2008, http://folk.uio.no/jegill/publications.html (first link)
97. Quietman at 13:47 PM on 10 June, 2008
    Second order skeptic
    John has a whole page devoted to Sloan 2008 titled Do Cosmic Rays Cause Clouds that you might want to look at.
    
    The lower link to "Global dimming and global brightening - an analysis of surface radiation
    and cloud cover data in northern Europe" I found very interesting.
98. TruthSeeker at 03:17 AM on 11 June, 2008
    The following comments are challenges to the theory of global warming that I haven’t heard any successful retort:
    • Post by Barry on Jan 30th – “I question the physics behind the response: a crucial finding was the correlation between solar activity and temperature ended around 1975......The assumption is that there is always an energy balance between heat radiated from earth and input from the sun. Lets say that solar activity remained above this energy balance, one would have to assume that temperature would still increase, until some new energy balance is achieved. This means that temperature can still increase as long as the input is greater that the output.
    • Post by tbandrow on March 7th – “Well, solar flux doesn't need to be argued. It can be proved. The current solar theory is due to an interaction that has something to do with sunspots. So, if that is the case, then we can see if the global temperature will go down, assuming the present dearth of sunspot continues.” Yes I saw the comment regarding La Nina, but his point was as we have more time years with low sun spots and cooling temperatures we can rule out irregularities like La Nina, can’t we?
    • Post By Dan Pangburn on April 14th – “From the Vostok ice core data, during glacial periods, often a rising temperature trend with a rising carbon dioxide level suddenly changed direction and became a falling temperature trend in spite of the carbon dioxide level being higher than when the temperature was increasing. This could not be if carbon dioxide causes a positive feedback. The Andean-Saharan Ice Age occurred when the carbon dioxide level was over ten times its current level. What is different now that could lead to run away temperature increase?” I find this argument to have particular merit, since by the accounts and data that I have seen, we haven’t seen any statistical temperature increase in the last 10 years (per NOAA data), yet we continue to increase CO2 concentration.
    
    If someone would point me to the arguments that have been made (or make new ones) that offer explanations or counterpoints, I would greatly appreciate that.
99. Quietman at 07:51 AM on 18 June, 2008
    Tom in Texas
    
    I know that this may sound a bit strange but parts of the U.S. actually get colder than central Canada (about as far north as civilization extends except for the coasts). For example in January 1996 northern Minnesota hit about -54 F during the Plains Blizzard, for that week it did not go higher than about -48 F (rounded to whole numbers). The same week, the urban town of North Bay and the mining town of Timmins (both Canada) never went below -45 F. and averaged about -40 F. It's because of the Jet Stream which as you know can dip as far south as Texas on occasion. It's one of the reasons that much of the cold tests conducted by car manufacturers are done in various towns in northern Minnesota. They also get more January snow than those canadian towns.
100. TruthSeeker at 22:41 PM on 23 June, 2008
     Wow, my post has been up for 12 days, with no responses refuting the challenges to the theory of global warming that I posted?
     
     Does this mean that there is no credible scientific evidence to support the theory of global warming when it is confronted with these challenges?
101. TruthSeeker at 03:56 AM on 24 June, 2008
     Wow, my post has been up for 12 days, with no responses refuting the challenges to the theory of global warming that I posted?
     
     Does this mean that there is no credible scientific evidence to support the theory of global warming when it is confronted with these challenges?
102. Quietman at 03:33 AM on 25 June, 2008
     TruthSeeker
     Recent attention has been on "Arctic sea ice melt - natural or man-made?" if you feel up to beating your head against a wall.
103. Bri-Man at 03:15 AM on 4 July, 2008
     Remeber what Einstein said, "No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong."
104. Bri-Man at 03:20 AM on 4 July, 2008
     Why does this site keep referencing the 70's? The planet if over 4 billion years old and has been chaning ever since. You are sitting here talking about the last few hundred years like they have been of any kind of significance in the last 4 billion. It's just a spec, not even that really. More drastic changes have happened (climate wise) in Earths history then the industrial revolution. Does anybody else think that this is a form of "Vanity?" Short of nuclear fallout, I don't think that we could put a dent in this planets way of working. I do think however that pollution is bad for us humans, and we should look at that more then global destruction.
105. Bri-Man at 03:34 AM on 4 July, 2008
     Stop listening to the media and paid celebrities. They have no sort of degree in science and are just reading from a script. This has all stemed from "Yellow Science." It used to be that we listened to the scientists from both sides of the argument. Now we don't even listen to them at all, we listen to the media, politicians and paid celebrities, none which have any clue of what they are talking about. It's a shame that the scientists on the other side of the fence don't get the same main stream media attention that Al Gore does. But the reason for this is very simple and clear....MONEY. Over 50 Billion dollars has been spent world wide for Global Warming research. These scientists don't even have to come up with anything significant to get paid, they just have to sign there name with a little PhD right next to it. Big corporations have also made a killing selling "Green" products. Governments world wide will never let these scientists get world wide attention either because they can't admit they have been DUPPED into believeing that the sky was falling and that they just spent billions of your tax dollars on it. Keep an open mind, look at """"ALL"""" of the science and then draw your conclusions.
106. Quietman at 10:16 AM on 4 July, 2008
     Bri-Man
     To bring you up to speed (at least on this site) the 70's are referenced because in the mid to late 70's the solar forcing stopped following the temperature line. Their argument, which is that of the IPCC, is that CO2 induced AGW explains the increases from 1975 on. Those of us skeptical of this argument have several positions, mine is vulcanism and plate tectonics which have been more active since the full alignment in 1976.
     The most recently active thread is "Arctic sea ice melt - natural or man-made?" and the discussion is somewhat heated.
107. tlewellen at 07:41 AM on 6 July, 2008
     Quietman, BriMan,TruthSeeker, et al
     
     As just a curious layman, it is good to see that the banter and debate on this site is broad and deep. This kind of debate in the press and Congress would do our nation some good.
     
     GW, I assume, will be like much of science through history. It is seldom complete, even when we think it is. Whether it was the Catholic Church's belief that the earth was the center of the Universe, or a long held believe that there were only four elements, or even that for some time most believed that there were 24 chromosomes.
     
     Good scientists hold to the facts in front of them. Great scientists keep looking when the science does not match the facts.
     
     Reading your inciteful remarks, I can conclude we are still very short of good data and great science.
     
     There is still so much to debate.
108. Quietman at 11:49 AM on 8 July, 2008
     tlewellen
     Many of us posting comments are just laymen as well. But because John allows us to put links to reference material it is a great place to learn a lot more about climate change. But like any blog, don't believe everything you read. Like John says at the top of the home page - skepticism is healthy.
109. Mizimi at 20:52 PM on 7 August, 2008
     Interesting posts.
     Tlewellen has a very good point about science being seldom complete. Currently we do not fully understand ( or in fact know)all the factors that drive the earth's climate, so any modelling we do has to be held VERY lightly. Including AGW.
     
     To ascribe GW to a single source is simplistic: it ignores synergistic interactions which I suspect have a far greater effect than our current models can handle.
     Solar irradiation recieved by us is not constant and fluctuates around 6% due to orbital irregularities. Only recently has anyone started to think about the effects of other planetary masses on our orbit and the consequencies.
     It also seems from my (admittedly limited) research that too little attention and weight is given to the actions of water vapour and cloud formation/cover. I have even found one study that chose to ignore cloud effect because it was to chaotic and difficult to obtain hard data!
     
     I also worry about the actual relevence of data which has been 'altered' to account for anomalies....and then used as 'hard' information to produce a trend.
     
     Like Quietman says, scepticism is healthy!
110. Steve Wallis at 01:50 AM on 15 August, 2008
     No-one has yet commented on the massive disparity in temperatures between the two graphs shown at the top of this page during the post-war boom (roughly the first three decades after the Second World War).
     
     In a debate I've been involved in on various newsgroups (http://groups.google.co.uk/group/alt.global-warming/browse_thread/thread/912fb81971711597), a supporter of global warming called Fran mentioned "global dimming" reducing temperatures from 1943-74.
     
     However, I have discovered that there are two completely different graphs of average northern hemisphere temperatures on the internet! The graph shown in "The Great Global Warming Swindle", displayed at the top of this page, looks to be based on the same data as a March 2003 SPACE.COM article entitled "Sun's Output Increasing in Possible Trend Fueling Global Warming" (http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/sun_output_030320.html). This page came top when I googled "total energy output from the sun TSI" (without quotes). The graph on it uses data from an article by Baliunas and Soon in the Astrophysical Journal. This seems to tally with Fran's dates.
     
     However, two Wikipedia pages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimming and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_temperature_record) look to have similar data to the "Land-Ocean Temperature Anomaly" line in the second graph on this page (except the Wikipedia pages show 5-year rather than 11-year averages). These show falling temperatures in the 1940s but not in the subsequent decades
     
     It seems utterly ridiculous for predictions to have been made about a new ice age in the 1970s (rather than earlier decades) if temperature had not been falling as the latter graphs suggest. One set of graphs must be based on fake data, and my current opinion that the latter ones are fake appears to be supported by the NASA GISS data from individual measuring statements linked to by Whata Fool on http://groups.google.co.uk/group/alt.global-warming/browse_thread/thread/912fb81971711597.
     
     I have heard (I can't remember where) that the southern hemisphere has not been warming in recent decades unlike the north. Does anybody have any data about southern hemisphere temperatures? If not, why not?
     
     My particular take on the climate/weather, irrespective of whether CO2 is really the main contributor to global warming, is that it is being controlled by conspirators on the side of big business in the big political struggles in the world (to some degree or other, and maybe less so now than in the past). A BBC documentary "The Science of Superstorms" largely about the USSR regime's measures to affect where radioactive rainfall from Chernobyl came down and Chinese measures to stop rainfall at the time of the Olympics opening ceremony indicate that some level of control is possible. As weather forecasting has improved, so has the ability to control it - and having high levels of warming in some parts of the world and low levels in others suits the divide-and-rule agenda of unethical forces in positions of power.
111. Steve Wallis at 02:51 AM on 15 August, 2008
     I forgot to mention in the above comment that the whole argument that the sun is not to blame is based on data/graphs that may be fabricated.
     
     There are massive vested interests, on both sides of the global warming debate, so fabrication of data is to be expected.
     
     Bearing in mind that one set of data for cooling during the post-war boom (despite higher production of carbon dioxide than earlier in the 20th century when temperatures were rising) is incorrect and clearly fabricated, the same may be true of recent solar radiance data.
112. squidly at 14:29 PM on 17 August, 2008
     I find this all so fascinating. I have always been under the impression that we have been experiencing "Global Warming". Recently I have found we are now only talking about "Northern Hemispherical Warming". I am sure by this time next year we will be speaking of "North American Warming". Here I thought I was skeptical, no more. Everything is becoming so clear to me now. This BLOG is great! Definitely the best discussions I have found thus far. So many intensely intelligent individuals. Seems to me though, one should concentrate on adaptation rather than manipulation. You really think you can change the climate? I rather think that the climate will change you! ... this stuff is great ...
113. sandy winder at 18:48 PM on 21 August, 2008
     Steve, you could also say "I forgot to mention in the above comment that the whole argument that the sun is to blame is based on data/graphs that may be fabricated".
     
     It's interesting that on one thread we have people arguing about which is to blame for the warming, the sun or CO2 while on another thread that global warming isn't happening at all.
     
     I wonder if some of the same posters are arguing both