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Comments 79501 to 79550:

79501. Tom Curtis at 16:58 PM on 13 July 2011
       A Detailed Look at Renewable Baseload Energy
       BBD @308, let me echo KR's appreciation. Few things improve my opinion of a person as much as a willingness to admit mistakes. IMO what has been established in the LAGI discussion is that: 1) Suitably sited, and counting only collector area, 500,000 km^2 could supply the Earth's entire projected energy needs in 2030. 2) Allowing for the normal ratios between collector area and site area, the area of solar power plants required to supply the Earth's entire projected energy needs in 2030 is 1,500,000 km^2. 3) This precludes the wide spread use of single use solar plants as a power source in densely inhabited regions with in mid or high latitudes, or in very densely inhabited regions (such as Singapore) regardless of location. 4) This does not preclude the wide spread use of solar power generation in those areas so long as dual use of the area is incorporated into the design so that the solar power generation is not precluding other desirable activity. Such use could be a significant (circa 15% as a reasonable estimate) provider of power in northern Europe, but not a primary power supplier, nor a supplier of base load power. 5) This does not preclude the significant generation of solar power in low latitude, low population density areas (South of Spain and North Africa) with power being transmitted to industrialised regions. Such location and transmission raises security issues, but comparable security issues to those currently existing related to majority sourcing of fossil fuel from the middle east. 6) The specific design of collectors, and in particular their tracking mechanism makes a crucial difference to the efficiency of the collector relative to the unit area of the collector (and hence cost). Gains in efficiency by tracking are made with a trade of in reduced collector area to site area ratio. We have not discussed or agreed on whether solar power suitably located could provide base load power, and the economic efficiency of solar power as a major (> 20%) or majority supplier of power requirements. Would you agree with that summary.
79502. Stevo at 16:49 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Pirate, the science explaining the melting of the arctic ice cap is well represented at this site. Communicating the consequences of climate to the general public has not been easy. If Florian's photographs and anecdotal story strike an emotional note with the greater public then it is all to the better good. I suspect that keeping the science dry and restricted to the lab and not in front of the public in language and images they can understand is all part of the agenda of those who wish to deny the science and prevent meaningful action from being taken.
79503. ianash at 15:51 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 5: Reservoir dogs
       OK, another question. What are the blue and red circles meant to represent in the diagram? And the black dot?
79504. ianash at 15:45 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 5: Reservoir dogs
       pedantic but "carbonate (CO3–)" in secon para shd be 2-
79505. co2isnotevil at 15:21 PM on 13 July 2011
       Trenberth on Tracking Earth’s energy: A key to climate variability and change
       ( -Moderation Complaints Snipped- )
       Response:

       [DB] I deleted your previous comment as it was a rehash of material you had previously submitted - and been responded to - on the 2nd Law thread.  That you didn't like the answers you were given does not obviate the fact that you were indeed given answers to your questions there.

       Typically, comments challenging the moderation policy are summarily deleted, as posting here at SkS is a privilege; thus the act of posting here is then tacit agreement to comply with the Comments Policy.  And repetitive posting is a violation of that policy. 

       Thanks for your understanding in this matter.

79506. muoncounter at 15:01 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       mandas #18: "YOU don't know how far that bear was swimming," Here's how far this bear was swimming: polar bear 20741 decided to leave a remote Beaufort Sea beach. The 7-year-old, nearly 500-pound bear walked north into frigid Arctic Ocean water east of Barrow in search of sea ice. ... She covered 426 miles -- farther than researchers have recorded a polar bear swimming without a break. After nine days, she reached pack ice ... Her body mass was reduced 22 percent and her internal temperature had dropped. Her yearling cub was gone, likely drowned. So what have we established? Bears can swim a heck of a long way when they have to. Their cubs, not so much. I'm no biologist, but when cubs die, isn't that bad news for the bears? But whether one reacts emotionally or not is unimportant. What is important here is that sea ice is disappearing before our eyes. The fate of these particular bears is just one more pesky piece of that consistent evidence.
79507. scaddenp at 14:00 PM on 13 July 2011
       Seawater Equilibria
       Eric, care to comment on comparison of your model with that of Matthews & Weaver zero emission scenario?
79508. Artful Dodger at 13:56 PM on 13 July 2011
       Over the tipping point
       Joe Romm posted on this today: Climate Change Reducing Ocean’s Carbon Dioxide Uptake
79509. scaddenp at 13:53 PM on 13 July 2011
       The Medieval Warm(ish) Period In Pictures
       The issues with Loehle are well known - merely citing it should be a red flag that denialist site is involved somewhere. (Actually its fun to look at who has cited it Scholar and in what publication).
79510. Tom Curtis at 13:51 PM on 13 July 2011
       Seawater Equilibria
       Eric (skeptic) @88, based on recent research, if we add 1 to 2 thousand Gigatonnes of Carbon to the atmosphere, atmospheric CO2 will still be 22% of the amount added above the pre-industrial average. If we add 4 to 5 Gigatonnes, the amospheric CO2 levels would increase by 34% of the amount added once full ocean equilibrium is reached. Even though the 5 thousand Gigatonnes represents just 11.6% of the total quickly equilibrating reservoirs of Carbon (Ocean 40,000 GT, Soil 1600 Gt, Atmosphere 750 Gigatonnes, Biosphere 610 Gt), the additional CO2 changes the Ph balance of the Ocean, reducing the amount of carbon it can hold. Thus with total emissions of 5,000 Gt, we are looking at atmospheric levels of CO2 that are 3.25 times preindustrial levels for many thousands of years into the future. Indeed, we are looking at 4.8 times preindustrial CO2 out to a thousand years from now, and 2.9 times preindustrial levels out to ten thousand years from now.
79511. mandas at 13:50 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Apiratelooksat50 I am a wildlife scientist - similar to you I guess - and you are correct in your assertion that polar bears swim for miles in the ocean ocean. But then, no-one is denying that fact. But if you are a scientist, then you will know that the statement you made in #2 was just shockingly wrong, and should be retracted: ".....That polar bear is no more swimming for his life than I was this morning at the local YMCA. Polar bears are marine mammals and routinely swim many miles in open ocean...." How do you know? The polar bear MAY have been perfectly safe, but you don't know where the photo was taken, nor do you know the circumstances of that particular bear was facing. Evidence my dear chap, evidence. If you don't want to be branded a denier, then you should make statements based on evidence, and not on a knee jerk reaction to something. You said it best yourself in post #4: "....DB, do you know how far that bear was swimming? Do you know how far apart his meals were? Or, are you emotionally reacting to a "snapshot" and a tagline?..." You were 100% correct to point those things out to DB. But you should have taken a piece of your own advice. Quite simply, YOU don't know how far that bear was swimming, nor how far apart his meals were. YOU were the one who was emotionally reacting to a snapshot and a tagline.
       Response:

       [DB] I plead guilty to a somewhat emotional reaction to a serial dissembler.

       Mea culpa.  ;-)

79512. Camburn at 13:00 PM on 13 July 2011
       The Medieval Warm(ish) Period In Pictures
       Thank you DB. Anyways, the fig 1 is the temp pattern for the MWP unless I am misunderstanding it. It is very obvious that the Saragasso Sea was warmer during this period than depicted on fig 1. This does throw a large amount of uncertainty into the reanalysis presented.
       Response:

       [DB] "This does throw a large amount of uncertainty into the reanalysis presented."

       Not on the basis of any information you have presented.  Your link shows that the area of the Sargasso Sea was warmer at various periods of time than it was at the most recent data point in the graph - 385+ years prior to 1966. 

       Which is odd, given that Keigwin 1966 includes station data for the period 1924-1966, which are not shown in the source you provide.  As constituted, the totality of the warming post-1880 is unrepresented. 

       Either way, you are still conflating a regional proxy into global effects.

       

       [Source]

79513. Eric (skeptic) at 12:36 PM on 13 July 2011
       Seawater Equilibria
       One more note (and I promise the last for tonight), which is that 337 GtC (I was using MtC in post 87 but mistakenly labeled it GtC) that we added is mostly fossil fuel origin, taken out of long term storage. It was added to the 597 GtC in the atmosphere and 1000 Gt in the surface ocean, and slowly mixed into the 40,000 Gt in the combined ocean and atmosphere reservoirs. But it is more complex since the ocean overturning is slow, less mixing is possible with the deep ocean reservoir. So our added 337 represents as much as a 18% (atmosphere + surface ocean) or as little as 1% (atmos plus entire ocean) addition to the total existing reservoirs (depending on mixing). That is how our new equilibrium is calculated if we stopped emitting today (and it would require a long exponential decay to get there). We've bumped surface carbon up a notch (the notch height depending on ocean mixing) and continue to do so.
79514. Michael Hauber at 12:23 PM on 13 July 2011
       What we know and what we don't know
       We also know that a warmer temperature will result in a larger capacity of the atmosphere to hold water. If the actual amount of water held in the atmosphere changes at a similar rate to the change in capacity then we have positive water vapour feedback. To avoid water vapour feedback we require that the relative humditity of the atmosphere goes down as temperature increases, and therefore goes up as temperature increases. Although there is not obvious reason this cannot happen for small changes in temperature, for large enough changes in temperature this will eventually require that the atmosphere either store more than its total possible capacity, or that the relative humidity drops to values lower than the driest desert observed on earth today. It would seem impossible for water vapour feedback to be negative over large enough changes of temperature, and only possible over a restricted range. For a negative feedback to be possible we require that such a range exists, and that we are lucky enough that this range overlaps the temperature change we are now undergoing.
79515. Eric (skeptic) at 12:17 PM on 13 July 2011
       Seawater Equilibria
       Please allow me a complementary (and hopefully much simpler) explanation of the idea in post 86. Humans added 337,000 Gt of carbon to the atmosphere from 1750 to 2008 of which 224,000 Gt remained in the atmosphere as of 2008. The rest was "sequestered" in the ocean. I use quotes around sequestered because as hfranzen points out in post 81, it is still ready to escape back into the atmosphere. However, as with the "sequestered" atmospheric warming, the ocean effectively sequesters CO2 and warmth on decade to century time scales through overturning. Furthermore it is ultimately diluted through most of the ocean depths thus lowering the P(CO2) overall (including the surface), so it will end up at an equilibrium with the (almost) full ocean and atmosphere. I certainly welcome and appreciate any response and corrections. Also there are caveats, my model assumes no ocean warming (each 1C will add about 10ppm, other things being equal).
79516. Rob Honeycutt at 12:17 PM on 13 July 2011
       The Medieval Warm(ish) Period In Pictures
       Dave... You might note where the Loehle paper is published, and just as important, where it's not published. I don't think there was much in the way of review there. If I'm not mistaken that paper got rejected all down the line, fairly aggressively, before landing at E&E.
79517. Marvin Gardens at 12:16 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Tom Curtis @ 16: 2nd paragraph If changes in habitat occur then all flora and fauna in the area will have to adapt or perish. That is evolution, is it not? Not that it has anything to do with AGW, but keeping in vein with this post - changes in habitat led to the evolution/adaptation of brown bears into polar bears.
79518. Dave123 at 11:58 AM on 13 July 2011
       The Medieval Warm(ish) Period In Pictures
       I looked at the Loehle paper a while ago. He simply averages the different proxy deviations from normal, and does a bunch of slight of hand to claim the average is robust. There was to my reading no attempt to weight the individual proxies for geographic area covered or test non-MWP 'knowns' for statistical similarity or difference from the few non-northern hemisphere proxies. For the life of me I can't understand why such weren't demanded in peer review....although I do get the point that the paper wasn't in a truly peer reviewed journal. Unless someone can show otherwise, just collecting a bunch of proxies without geographic weighting simply isn't legit. And I'd still like to know what was driving the alledged MWP. I've yet to see a hypothesis for such. It's not enough to flap your arms and say "It's natural".
79519. Tom Curtis at 11:56 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       From Peru @ 6, in Hudson Bay and the Canadian Archipelago, Sea ice is kept close to land by being sheltered from break up by the archipelago. I suspect sea ice also forms easily in that area, particularly in Hudson Bay due to a lower salinity. Therefore it is unsafe to assume the current precarious survival of Polar Bears in those regions to Russian (and Alaskan) conditions. Further, and more importantly, what seems to be missing in the polar bear debate is any knowledge of evolution. With warming, not only will the ice melt, restricting polar bears to land; but the land will also warm, extending the range of Brown bears and Grizzlies (and humans). Most species easily survive their natural environmental conditions, and survive quite well in adverse conditions. What they do not survive is competition from other species better adapted to conditions they find adverse. The warming world will bring about such competition between Grizzlies and Polar bears. It will also increase human inhabitation in polar bear ranges. Both factors are likely to push stressed populations into extinction.
79520. Tom Curtis at 11:43 AM on 13 July 2011
       What we know and what we don't know
       Begging the moderators indulgence. Eric the Red @17, In 1986 the economic system of the Soviet Union collapsed, leading to a very sharp contraction in Soviet emissions, and a contraction in world emissions. This was reinforced by similar collapses in production in former Soviet satellites, including East Germany. The contraction was sufficiently rapid to more than offset China's rapid growth in emissions in the period. The effect was reinforced by a sharp reduction in global temperatures due to Mount Pinatubo. Note that while the combined emissions of the US, the former USSR, and China contracted (entirely due to the former USSR as US and Chinese emissions continued to grow) in this period, world emissions continued to rise, as did CO2 concentrations. Former Soviet Union (now the Commonwealth of Independent States) stabilised their economies and hence emissions around 1996, allowing the underlying growth in world emissions to reassert itself again. This was reinforced by the 1997/98 El Nino. Around 1999 Chinese emissions took a sharp turn upwards, doubling in around 10 years (which requires around a 7% per annum growth rate). That rapid growth in Chinese emissions is ongoing. So, unless you are predicting a similar collapse to industrial output in Europe or the US to that which occured in former Soviet states during the collapse of the Soviet Union in the next decade, and another collapse for whichever did not collapse in the following decade, the reduction in the growth rate of CO2 concentrations in the 1990s is an aberration and not projectable. If we consider the 1970's and 1980s, they exhibit more than exponential growth. If we consider the 2000's, they exhibit more than exponential growth. If we consider the pattern over the whole period, 1975 to 2010, it exhibits more than exponential growth. The only way you are able to see merely exponential growth in the curve is to focus on two highly unusual, and very sharp economic contractions. Given that, and given that emissions growth is currently tracking the A1 and B2 range, the sensible projection, given no radical changes of policy are either the A1B scenario (if China follows through with its policy of reducing emissions intensity, and India, Brazil and/or Africa do not experience a similar economic renaissance), or the A2 scenario if China does not follow through. There have been several comments on SS lately about the futility of "chartism" (normally using Tamino's less polite term), ie, of trying to predict trends without understanding of the underlying causes. I think "chartism" is exactly what you are indulging in. As can be seen, if underlying causes are looked at chartism about CO2 increases is revealed for the nonsense it always is. As an (IMO) irrelevant addendum, and only because you asked: Based on my last post and the evidence, I would expect stronger than linear growth, and stronger than the best fit trend growth for 2010 because of the recovery from the GFC, and a strong El Nino. That is, I would expect a sharp up tick for the next datum on Tamino's graph (the second) above. If no strong El Nino develops in the last months of 2011, I would expect the ongoing recovery plus the strong La Nina to result in a lower growth than 2010 but higher than in 2009, resulting approximately in an ongoing linear trend in the growth of the growth rate for the period 2007-2011, and hence exponential growth in concentration. Continued warming in 2012 will result in that becoming faster than exponential growth in concentration from 2012. Having said that, the recovery is on very shaky legs in Europe and the US at the moment (for different reasons), and a strong tropical could erupt tomorrow. Predicting short term trends beyond continuing growth is a mugs game. Medium term, all the evidence suggests continued faster than exponential growth. Long term is up to us. As noted, I consider this discussion of short term predictions irrelevant for reasons given, and will not indulge it any further in later comments.
79521. Eric (skeptic) at 11:38 AM on 13 July 2011
       Seawater Equilibria
       DB, in response to your response here http://skepticalscience.com/news.php?n=870#57760 we are talking about two different scenarios. Mine was the hypothetical ceasing of all emissions (I should have added the caveat including cement making and deforestation) in response to the comment that even ceasing emissions will result in CO2 rising. In this case it some sort of decrease in CO2 that is being proposed. I would note that my scenario is completely academic , we are not going to cease fossil fuel burning, deforestation and cement making. But it is quite true that if did cease adding CO2 to the atmosphere, the CO2 amounts would drop immediately despite the ocean outgassing that is described above. My model (linked in this post /argument.php?p=2&t=113&&a=80#54888 incorporates all current ocean outgassing (it has to since I am modeling the rise in atmospheric CO2). The model shows an exponential decay that fits the data and results in a drop to 350 ppm in about 40 years. Obviously such a rapid drop won't be sustained after that and it will never drop below about 300 (best case) due to our total added CO2 from previously sequestered sources. Now I do understand the point hfranzen is making in 81, he is proposing a hypothetical drop to 350, essentially instantly (this could be done by both stopping fossil fuel use and launching a massive sequestering operation). At that point the surface ocean would outgas to undo about 1/2 of that drop. However, the ocean would not be able to sustain that outgassing beyond that. Furthermore that scenario is just as academic as my scenario. Finally, the ceasing of CO2 production in his scenario would still result in the same exponential decay as I described above which would, in a matter of a decade or two take us back down through 350ppm.
       Response:

       [DB] Not wanting to be the mouthpiece for Artful Dodger (as he is an extremely learned individual in his own right), Dodger was referring to the inertia of the Arctic as it struggles to reach temperature equilibria with the forcings acting upon it.  This means the ongoing melting of the Arctic Sea Ice cap, the land-based permafrost and the observed melting of sub-seafloor clathrates, which will continue to happen for many decades/centuries even after (should it ever occur) after antropogenic GHG emissions cease).

       While Dodger was venturing his opinion (which many who have taken the time to adequately research the matter share to some degree or fashion but choose not to publicly air those concerns), do not think that there is no scientific basis to his rationale.

       In the absence of inertias, perhaps the case regarding CO2 concentrations would follow the route you outline.  But as you indicate, that is primarily an academic exercise, rendered moot in the face of record GHG releases (30+ Gt in 2010) with no plan in place to even taper off said emissions (remember the old saw: "Those who fail to plan, plan to fail").

       But thank you for taking the time to read furnished links and to place ensuaint comments on relevant threads.  That is an utter delight, from a moderation perspective.

79522. Bern at 11:34 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       KR @ 12: I'd disagree - I think many marine mammals are in danger, due to potential implications of ocean acidification on marine food chains. Particularly the baleen whales, IMHO. I assume that the ongoing "OA is not OK" article series will give us some more insight into that.
79523. DSL at 11:33 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Pirate, you're right: the use of polar bears as a poster child for GW is intended to strike an emotional chord in the minds of hundreds of millions, perhaps billions, of casual trackers of the GW issue. So what? You're pointing it out is also a rhetorical move, designed to suggest that those who are concerned are willing to use emotional plugs to forward the issue. Again, so what? Anything that gets people involved and looking at the science is fine by me, though I doubt if I'll miss polar bears all that much when they're gone. It won't be the species I'll be sad about; it will be the total disregard that many of seem to have not just for other species but other individual instances of our own species. This whole "hey, polar bears will still be able to survive" smacks of elitism. It sounds like "hey, so people will be displaced. They'll easily migrate."
79524. Bern at 11:24 AM on 13 July 2011
       What we know and what we don't know
       Back on-topic: I've used just this approach when arguing climate change with some denier friends. Lay out the incontrovertible scientific facts (i.e. that which is know to a very high degree of certainty), and let them draw their own conclusions. While I'm not sure they've entirely abandoned their denier ways, they at least don't try to persuade me that I'm wrong about the basics of climate change any more... :-)
79525. apiratelooksat50 at 10:53 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       KR @ 12 If the other species aren't in "potential" danger (and they would be mainly prey species) due to the various issues trotted out in the links: then why are the polar bears? The opening post was clearly written to garner an emotional response. Emotions should be reserved for children and puppies, not science. There is nothing scientifically based in that article. If you read it carefully you will see phrases like "in my mind" and "I am beginning to wonder if this carcass is a blessing or a curse for the bears." The paragraph after the picture of the mother and cubs leaping from floe to floe is written in the words of an artist, not a scientist. All bears are notoriuos scavengers. Why do you think people camping in bear territory have to take special precautions with their food and garbage? The author states that he has seen bears eating seaweed - implying that is abnormal. Nothing new there. Polar bears are certinaly the most carnivorous of bears, but will eat everything from their favorite food seal; to walrus, caribou, beached whales, grass, and seaweed. A beached whale is a calorical bonanza for polar bears (and any other scavenger). No wonder they fight over it. And, the most glaring error in the article is that the author states polar bears build up fat in the winter. What!?! The author is an artist (and a good one), not a scientist.
79526. KR at 10:30 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       apiratelooksat50 - I don't believe other marine mammal populations (my, what a limited example) are in danger from climate change or non-predation issues. Multiple researchers, as per the various links presented so far, indicate that polar bears are at risk due to climate change. Brown bears certainly aren't, but that doesn't relieve the risk to a significant and morphologically distinct population of polar bears who inhabit completely distinct ecological niches. Moreover - that does not mean you didn't completely misread the opening post.
       Response:

       [DB] In the spirit of not reading or misreading posts on Polar Bears, here are a few more with even more, regrettably, scientific information:

       1. Polar bear numbers are increasing
       2. Muller Misinformation #3: Al Gore and polar bears
       3. How does global warming affect polar bears?
79527. scaddenp at 10:25 AM on 13 July 2011
       Trenberth on Tracking Earth’s energy: A key to climate variability and change
       The matter should be resolved by data within the decade. I personally dont think they are too far apart.
79528. scaddenp at 10:22 AM on 13 July 2011
       The Medieval Warm(ish) Period In Pictures
       Let's try another tack. Sealevel and glaciers are long term integrators of climate change. There is numerous lines of evidence showing MCA was not as warm as today. So where is the evidence that shows glaciers retreated further during MCA than now; or that sealevel during MCA was higher than now? Ie if you are going to hypothesize that MCA was a warm if not warmer than today, then show us the proof in those long term integrators.
79529. apiratelooksat50 at 10:19 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       KR at 7 Polar bears separated from their very close cousins, brown bears, about 150,000 years ago due to ecological changes. The divergence was "completed" during the Pleistocene which was a period of heavy glaciation. Ironically, brown bears and polar bears can still interbreed and do so in the wild which shows they may only be sub-species. Polar bears show signficant adaptations to a maritime environment. If that environment changes then they must adapt again, or die. Polar bear populations have fluctuated many times in the past and are quite robust presently. Any hint of their eminent demise is merely a prediction based on modeling. Don't misunderstand me - I like polar bears and want them to live forever. Are other marine mammal populations in scientifically documented danger (not predictions!) from sources other than human predation?
79530. muoncounter at 10:07 AM on 13 July 2011
       The Medieval Warm(ish) Period In Pictures
       Camburn#43: "One has to take the MWP in context to understand it." Very well put, sir. Figure 1 of this post provides just such context. It makes the 'MWP' look more like a couple of MWS (Medieval Warm Spots). Some credible warming along the SE coast of Greenland, the southern US and little else besides a couple of tepid patches of ocean. Surely you aren't saying that dull yellow 0.1-0.3 degree anomaly is the real thing?
79531. apiratelooksat50 at 10:02 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Dana 1981 at 4 You are right. The photographer is making an emotional (not scientific) statement. But, by putting that paragraph directly ahead of the picture he is looking for an emotional response from the reader without actually saying what the picture represents in reality. My apologies.
79532. apiratelooksat50 at 09:57 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       PM @ 3 Thanks for the links. I went through them quickly and intend to spend some more time on them. Without further examination, I would like to point out that cannibalism among bears (especially males to young) is well documented. That is why females are so dangerous to be around while they have cubs. It's very easy to make a statement that climate change is causing an increase in cannibalism, but it is a different matter entirely to prove it. Seriously, thanks for the links.
79533. muoncounter at 09:44 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       From Peru#6 "I am skeptical that Polar Bears are in danger." You're right to be skeptical, but here is what the science seems to say. Regehr et al 2010 Survival and breeding of polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea in relation to sea ice: polar bear survival declined with an increasing number of days per year that waters over the continental shelf were ice free. In 2001-2003, the ice-free period was relatively short (mean 101 days) and adult female survival was high (0.96-0.99, depending on reproductive state). In 2004 and 2005, the ice-free period was longer (mean 135 days) and adult female survival was low (0.73-0.79, depending on reproductive state). I don't know whether that means endangerment or not, but anyone can see what happens if you forecast forward with even more ice free days (the full paper is here; the graph of concern (figure 4) is logistic. 100 days good, 135 days not so good, 155 days verry bad). Perhaps the perceived fate of Hudson's Bay bears depends on who you read. Compare a report of actual research, For Hudson Bay Polar Bears, The End is Already in Sight to a blogger's more jaundiced viewpoint. I'm more skeptical of one of these than the other.
79534. Camburn at 09:43 AM on 13 July 2011
       The Medieval Warm(ish) Period In Pictures
       One has to take the MWP in context to understand it. We all know that there are places on earth that have not warmed as much as the rest of the earth. Continental USA is one of those places. There are always various cold/hot spots. The evidence of a MWP over climatic times is quit evident. The extent of the warmth is what is in question. We do know that the proxy data from the Sarasota sea shows that area has not warmed to the same level as during the MWP. Does this mean the whole world was as warm? I doubt it, and proxy data would not confirm this. Do we know there were areas that were warmer than present temps?.....Yes, the proxy data confirms this as well.
       Response:

       [DB] BTW, it's usually called the Sargasso Sea.

79535. KR at 09:19 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       apiratelooksat50 - I'm appalled. You have completely misread the piece. Clearly Schulz was speaking of a mental image of a future where the Artic has no ice (not the present), using a photo of a swimming bear with no visible ice to illustrate that mental image. A future, a "final year", where the bears have no sea ice to fish from, no place to go for seals but hundreds of miles of open water, and a future where they will quite frankly starve. Your objection reeks of denial.
79536. KR at 09:10 AM on 13 July 2011
       A Detailed Look at Renewable Baseload Energy
       Thank you, BBD, the feedback is greatly appreciated.
79537. From Peru at 08:58 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       There is a thing that make me doubt that of Arctic sea ice meltdowm will put Polar Bears in danger of extinction is the fact that Hudson Bay is populated by polar bears despite the fact that every summer the sea ice there melts completely, resulting in 100% open water. If bears that live in Hudson Bay can survive and thrive with just a seasonal sea cover, then why their Russian comrades cannot survive a change from perennial to seasonal sea ice cover? So I am skeptical that Polar Bears are in danger. On the contrary, I am near certain that the ones that are in danger because of Arctic meltdown are a species known as Homo "Sapiens Sapiens", because a change from perennial to seasonal sea ice cover in the Arctic will severely disrupt global climate.
79538. muoncounter at 08:51 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Pirate#4, As usual, a moment with the Google machine yields the story of yet another polar bear: What a scientist called the "ordeal" of Bear 20741 was documented in the journal Polar Biology, and while it may not have been unprecedented -- shrinking Arctic ice has led to frequent reports not only of long-distance swims, but even cannibalism -- the study provided some of the best documentation to date of the real-world conditions of a polar bear on a warming planet. Is it really that much easier to react with the usual 'no its not'?
79539. apiratelooksat50 at 08:34 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       DB: Can you or anyone else, other than the photographer (if he is willing), legitimately say that polar bear in that picture is in legitimate duress? I have a MS degree in Fisheries and Wildlife Biology. I am not denying anything. I can tell you for sure that polar bears swimming in open ocean is normal. DB, do you know how far that bear was swimming? Do you know how far apart his meals were? Or, are you emotionally reacting to a "snapshot" and a tagline? The prepoderance of evidence of polar bear biology and behavior says that picture is normal. What proof is there that that picture shows anything remotely abnormal?
       Response:

       [dana1981] Please read the article more carefully.  The author is not claimng that the polar bear in the picture is in distress.  He's talking about 'an image in his mind' of the inevitable day in the future when the Arctic is almost entirely ice free, and polar bears experience the consequences.

79540. PM at 08:19 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Apirate There are plenty of studies showing the risks that polar bears,other wildlife and their environment face. I would suggest reading the following links: http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v2/n2/full/ncomms1183.html http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/2011/03/28/species-at-risk/ http://www.amap.no/swipa/
79541. Rob Painting at 07:58 AM on 13 July 2011
       Trenberth on Tracking Earth’s energy: A key to climate variability and change
       Eric (Skeptic) @ 25 - I've been thinking along the same lines. The year-to-year variability in OHC is large, even in the ARGO data,, too large to accommodate the small rise in air temperatures we observe during El Nino. So what's happening to that heat?, is it being lost to space as Katmsan and Oldenburgh (2011) suggest?
79542. BBD at 07:49 AM on 13 July 2011
       A Detailed Look at Renewable Baseload Energy
       Thanks to Tom and KR for sticking with the LAGI discussion and - eventually - breaching my mental log-jam. The moderators have been patient too, which I appreciate.
79543. muoncounter at 07:41 AM on 13 July 2011
       The Medieval Warm(ish) Period In Pictures
       scaddenp#41: "timing and strength depend on WHERE the proxies come from" A proxy here, a proxy there; soon you're talkin' real data. Another location analyzed: Cronin et al 2003, with comparison to the venerable Sargasso Sea data. If the Chesapeake record for the period 450–1000 AD is viewed as a baseline for comparison to 19th and 20th century temperatures in lieu of pre-1000 AD atmospheric records, then the magnitude of recent Chesapeake temperature extremes are larger than those observed even during the relative warmth 1000–1500 years ago. Although this result may be partially due to greater sampling resolution in the last two centuries, it is nonetheless consistent with evidence from other studies suggesting that recent decadal climate variability in the North Atlantic region is extreme relative to long-term patterns and may be in part anthropogenic in origin. -- emphasis added And there's that pesky consistency of the evidence again. I guess it's easy to object to one data point and pretend the rest don't exist.
79544. apiratelooksat50 at 07:38 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       That polar bear is no more swimming for his life than I was this morning at the local YMCA. Polar bears are marine mammals and routinely swim many miles in open ocean. Sure, the pictures are great, but unless the photographer can provide a picture of that bear drowning, or struggling to make it to ice/land and exhaustingly hauling itself out to barely survive - then his statement is unsupported. Polar bears have been observed swimming many dozens of miles from shore with no duress. It would be interesting to see a larger scale view of that picture.
       Response:

       [DB] Thank you for providing an object lesson of the denialist mentality.  It would be interesting if a dissembler were to even once see the "larger scale view" without the veils of confirmation bias blinding their eyes.

       And what is said polar bear to do when those "many miles" become many hundreds of miles?  When meals become weeks and months apart?

       Your position is impoverished of merit.

79545. muoncounter at 07:14 AM on 13 July 2011
       What we know and what we don't know
       ETR#17: "I am looking at the whole data, that is why I can see the changes." That's interesting; perhaps you have some graphics of the 'whole data' you'd like to share. Do you take MLO all the way back to 1958? Have you included other long life monitoring locations, such as Barrow or Summit? Have you observed how well 'excess' CO2 concentrations (measured ppm above the global average) correlates with local human activity (traffic, seasonal heating, etc) down to the weekly time scale? Oh, and for the 'whole data,' do you include Law Dome CO2? "People here have been ignoring that which is inconvenient." That's just flat incorrect, almost to the point of being funny. Anything with the word 'inconvenient' in it these days is always a good laugh line. "Looking at the plot as a whole, the declining slope in the CO2 increase becomes evident." No, go back to the graph DB posted at #7 and let's play 'find the declining slope.' The game starts when you fit lines with slopes of 0.5 ppm/yr, 0.75 ppm/yr, 1 ppm/yr, 1.25 ppm/yr, 1.5 ppm/yr, etc. beginning at 315 ppm in 1958. Then let's talk about 'declining slopes.'
79546. scaddenp at 06:40 AM on 13 July 2011
       The Medieval Warm(ish) Period In Pictures
       No, Eric, timing and strength depend on WHERE the proxies come from - hence the preferred name of MCA. Not a simultaneous global warm period. Also, to the idea that MCA was warmer than now if only you used proxies, well there are a couple of rather important proxies to consider. One is sealevel - where is the evidence of global sea level higher in MCA? The other is glacier. How come glacial retreat worldwide is exposing rock that hasnt seen light of day for 1000 or more years?
79547. John Hartz at 06:23 AM on 13 July 2011
       Trenberth on Tracking Earth’s energy: A key to climate variability and change
       Suggest that John Cook invite Dr James Hansen to do a guest post about his views on the "missing heat."
79548. Riccardo at 06:17 AM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Nice story and great pictures. Thank you.
79549. KR at 05:44 AM on 13 July 2011
       What we know and what we don't know
       Eric the Red - I strongly suggest you take this up with Tamino (links here, from Albatross). He has rigorously demonstrated a statistically significant greater than exponential growth in CO2. Cherry-picking single years, as you suggest, isn't science - it's denial. I will note that Tamino is somewhat, er, less accommodating of unacknowledged dyscalculia than most people here.
79550. Eric the Red at 05:35 AM on 13 July 2011
       What we know and what we don't know
       Tom, Based on your previous post, would you expect less than linear growth this year due to the strong La Nina? Even with the strong increase in emissions, the rate of CO2 increase is decelerating. I am looking at the whole data, that is why I can see the changes. People here have been ignoring that which is inconvenient. Look at your last plot. Would you choose 1998 as your starting point? No, that would be obviously cherry picking. Looking at the plot as a whole, the declining slope in the CO2 increase becomes evident.
       Moderator Response: [Dikran Marsupial] I am going to drop out of this discussion at this point. Albatross has provided you with links to analyses performed by Tamino that show statistically significant evidence that the rise is non linear. Please go and review the evidence that Tamino has provided; and if you can find a methodological fault in his work then do tell us about it. However, unless you can do that, I suggest this minor issue be considered off-topic for this particular article.

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