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All IPCC definitions taken from Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Annex I, Glossary, pp. 941-954. Cambridge University Press.

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Comments 96801 to 96850:

  1. Global Warming and Cold Winters
    And Michael if you look at records so far in 2011 you find lows far outnumber highs. But of course this is too short a time frame...as is 2010 as a whole. Nobody is denying there is an increase in temperatures.....it's the extrapolations that are at issue. CO2 increased 17% (approx) from 1950 to 2000....but it's going to increase 100% from 2000 to 2050. Temperature increased less than one degree in 150 years and now it's going to soar 6 degrees or more, depending on the model. And the figure was much higher than that, until the models were improved. None of this takes into acount changes in economic behaviour, fuel shortages, or the effect of carbon saturation on heat retention. It's a model projection....true or false....not a reality. And anybody who has worked with mathematical models knows how easily they are tweeked...the dropping forecasts being a good example. Of course, none of this even begins to address the question of how we change things. We are facing unrest around the world as we chat....the product of food shortages. Misguided attempts to divert arable land to ethanol production are playing an increasing role in this. Attempt a rapid switch from fossil fuels and the Global Financial Crisis will be a minor inconvenience by comparison. We have a vast infrastructure based on fossil fuels and rapidly growing populations that will ensure this network is used. Take a look at the rush hour in any big city and ask yourself how we change that picture in a hurry. Fortunately the effect on climate continues to be modest at best.
  2. How We Know Recent Global Warming Is Not Natural
    There are three guiding principles in any scientific investigation:
    1. The existing body of scientific knowledge;
    2. Disproving hypotheses (ideas), until all are eliminated except one;
    3. If more than one hypothesis is left after (2), then Occam's Razor: the simplest complete explanation is most likely the correct one.
    Spencer's new hypothesis fails the third criteria because it is not complete: there is no explanation for the suggested change in cloud cover. As for the proposed Leprechaun effect, I think that it's far more likely that the Flying Spaghetti Monster is at work.
  3. How We Know Recent Global Warming Is Not Natural
    I got all the bases covered, sout :-)
  4. Miriam O'Brien (Sou) at 11:28 AM on 7 February 2011
    How We Know Recent Global Warming Is Not Natural
    I now see the ALO theory has already been discussed in the original article. I really must stop rapid reading and peruse more carefully.
  5. Miriam O'Brien (Sou) at 11:21 AM on 7 February 2011
    How We Know Recent Global Warming Is Not Natural
    The ALO* explanation, which shows that it's actually cooling, is more credible than that proposed by Dr Spencer. I found this terrific explanation on Tamino's blog at Open Mind, scroll down to see the upcoming WUWT post by Ned: http://tamino.wordpress.com/2011/02/03/a-challenge-to-dr-roy-spencer/ *ALO = Atlantic Leprauchaun Oscillation
  6. Global Warming and Cold Winters
    Mozart - They are sensitive to minor changes in dependent variable settings. ??? I dont think I am understanding you are all. What a model should be doing, is predicting the long term trends for a given scenario of forcings. Are you suggesting that those trends are sensitive to minor changes in model parameters? Can you provide some link or other evidence to support this? As to "we wont double this century", well as CO2 is increasing at 3ppm/year, I make that 57 years to 560. For more detail on what the scenarios actually assume and how the calculations are done, see SRES. Read instead of guessing.
  7. How We Know Recent Global Warming Is Not Natural
    A cogent argument that Dr Spencer is wrong. It is all very well to put forward a null hypothesis and claim that it offers an alternative explanation but such claims have to be sustained by empirical evidence or, at the very least, be consistent with and explain such evidence. Dr Spence does neither. Anthropogenic global warming does both.
  8. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    #18: "a trend in "100 year events": how are they defined" Hundred year events are specifically defined as those events with a 1 in 100 probability of occurrence in any given year. Methods for calculating that statistic have been around since the days of Gumbel graphs. The Zeng paper I referenced here specifically states Amazon droughts are better correlated with Atlantic SSTs. Really, you've can't blame it all on el Nino. The paper you referenced here has a fascinating map depicting how the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) changed during the periods 1900-1949 and 1950-2002. -- Figure 7 from Dai et al 2004 Maps of linear trends of PDSI [change (50 yr), calculated with both precipitation and temperature changes] during (top) 1900–49 and (middle) 1950–2002. (bottom) The trends of PDSI calculated without temperature changes. Red (blue) areas indicate drying (wetting). The more recent 50 years sure look more severe than the prior 50. The graph ends in 2002, the beginning of the most recent 100 year events in the Amazon. The authors conclude: Our PDSI results, which are based on atmospheric moisture supply and demand near the surface, are consistent with increased evaporation under greenhouse gas–induced warming, as predicted by comprehensive coupled climate models. Global temperature increases have become pronounced after the 1970s and have been attributed to human-induced climate changes arising primarily from increased greenhouse gases.
  9. How We Know Recent Global Warming Is Not Natural
    Spencer would also presumably make the following challenge : "Show me one peer-reviewed paper that has ruled out god as the cause of life, the universe and everything" One query about the 'challenge' he did make, though - why did he mention only the "thermometer record" and not also the satellite record ?
  10. How We Know Recent Global Warming Is Not Natural
    Saying this is a scientist "who remains unconvinced" is far too kind and forgiving. Instead I would say he may be functional but is deluded. (so Leprechauns is a good argument ) He goes beyond just making trouble -- sounding more like a pathetic cheerleader for a lost cause.
  11. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    #4 Dan. I know that sinking feeling, only this is worse. It looks as though the Amazon is declining (or reacting or whatever) at the same kind of much faster than expected rate as Arctic ice. I've acquired a bit of fascination and interest with the ice statistics and a couple of lively blogs. The excitement and the learning tends to keep the omg feeling at bay. But this is just plain, everyday, unadorned awful.
    Moderator Response: [Daniel Bailey] I had the same reaction when I read this.
  12. Eric (skeptic) at 10:03 AM on 7 February 2011
    The 2010 Amazon Drought
    #12 muoncounter, is there a trend in "100 year events": how are they defined and what is the trend of those events? Or is drought length increasing? There seems to be just one longer drought in 2005 so far. Also while there are currently longer N. American droughts http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007GL031764.shtml that paper indicates that longer droughts have occurred in the past. #14 Rob Painting, and #16 Chris G, I think you are both making the same basic point that ENSO is highly correlated to the droughts (although perhaps as muoncounter pointed out shorter droughts rather than longer). My conclusion is that while ENSO is natural, the magnitude of the effects of ENSO are increased by AGW. I'm not so sure about the AGW directly influencing the magnitude of ENSO but we'll probably find out in the next 5 years or so if we start getting large El Ninos contrary to the diminished El Ninos that we would expect from a natural cycle.
  13. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    So in 2010 the amazon released more co2 emissions then China and India put together. So if this becomes once every 5 years instead of 100 or 200 year event then it may speed up the green house effect and make it far harder for us humans to do anything about it. A run away feed back.
  14. Global Warming and Cold Winters
    Mozart: According to this link in August, 17 countries had recorded record highs while only one had recorded a record low during 2010. I have not seen the final yearly data (does anyone have a link?). Are you suggesting that there have to be zero record lows before you agree that it is getting warmer? It seems to me that 17:1 is a significant shift in the probability distribution from the expected 1:1 ratio. How high does it need to go before you think it is significant? 25:1? 100:1? 1,000:1?
  15. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    Couple of thoughts: Eric, An El Nino is not a magical event, the energy released during an El Nino had to come from somewhere. There is evidence that they have become more intense over the last century (at least one coral study that I remember but can't cite at the moment; I'm sure Google-Scholar would be helpful there.) Also, I wonder how much organic material is washed out to sea from the Amazon. Of course, any number of things could happen to it at that point, but I think it would be fair to say that a rain forest absorbs more CO2 than, let's say, a savanna.
  16. Global Warming and Cold Winters
    #95: "we wont see that this century, given we have a 24% increase for the whole of the 20th century." That's not a valid trendology. The rate of fossil fuel CO2 emissions boomed after WW2; we've released half of the total of all CO2 emissions just since 1974. CDIAC has these numbers. Reasonable scenarios put doubling -- 560ppm -- shortly after mid century. Your 'dwindling crude supplies' won't play: there's lots of coal. But that's a topic for Its not us or Human CO2 is a tiny %.
  17. Global Warming and Cold Winters
    Mozart, Even if CO2 emissions remained at the current 2.2 parts per million per year, we would see more than a doubling of pre-industrial CO2 levels by the end of the twenty-first century. Unfortunately our CO2 emissions have increased exponentially since the start of the industrial revolution. The key point when looking at an exponential increase is that one cannot expect future growth to look similar to that observed in the past. An exponential increase looks linear until it hits a certain point, at which time that slowly rising line on the graph suddenly looks a lot more vertical.
  18. Global Warming and Cold Winters
    I apologize for being vague. They are sensitive to minor changes in dependent variable settings...they are not sensitive in terms of prediction. As for a doubling of CO2....we wont see that this century, given we have a 24% increase for the whole of the 20th century. More realistic is a doubling by 2200 with a 1.5% C increase in temperatures. If...and it's a big if...we don't adapt to lower carbon usage by sheer economic pressures. What is missing here is a sense of what will happen as our crude supplies dwindle. The natural economic forces unleashed by attendant price increases will stimulate real(not subsidised) search for alternative fuels. Leave it to the market. So I'd be offering odds for less than a one degree C rise....if only I'd be around to cash in.
  19. Global Warming and Cold Winters
    "The fact is these models are inherently extremely complex and sensitive. In the absence of clear cut warming consistent with a 24% rise in CO2, one must remain unconvinced." mozart - there are problem with this statement. Can I suggest you get a better background by reading the relevant sections in IPCC WG1. Firstly, the models aren't "sensitive" in the normal sense of the word. They do not have the skill to make decade (or less) level predictions. However, the models unequivocal at the 30 year level. Secondly, the model/data concordance is excellent for a sensitivity of 3 degree per doubling. See here for a discussion.
  20. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    Pikaia @ 1 - I have never understood how the forest can be a carbon sink. In a stable world the amount of carbon in the forest would be constant The prevailing view is that the increased growth is down to the CO2 fertilization effect, although it has not been proven. Another hypothesis is that the increase in sunlight (cloud cover has reduced in the last few decades) may have also helped to increase growth. See Arias 2010 - Changes in Cloudiness over the Amazon rainforests during the last two decades. Because of the persistent cloud cover over the Amazon, green-up (a spurt in plant growth) can occur during the early stages of a dry period. Assuming of course, there is sufficient ground water available to the plants. Obviously in 2005 & 2010 there wasn't enough water.
  21. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    Eric @ 11 - The 2005 & 2010 droughts were driven by warmer than normal sea surface temperatures in the tropical Atlantic. Hence the large coral bleaching events in the Caribbean in both those years too. The too warm SST's in the tropical Atlantic drives the ITCZ further northwest over the Northern Hemisphere summer. The result is the "rain-making engine" moves out of the Amazon, exaggerating the effect of the dry season. El-Nino causes drought in the Amazon by shifting the convective area over to the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, where the SST's along the South American coast are ramping up. Once again the rain-making shifts toward the area of greater sea surface temperatures. The connection between drought/wet episodes in the Amazon are very consistent throughout the 20th century. 16 out 17 El- Nino caused drought, and 14 out of 16 La Nina caused wet episodes in the Amazon. See Ropelewski & Halpert 1987. The figure jumps higher when the 1990's Amazonian droughts are included.
  22. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    Phillips et al (2009) report that measurements made since 1980 indicate that Amazonia has absorbed about 1.8 Gt of CO2 annually. This changed abruptly in 2005 and it looks like it has taken another dive in 2010. The productivity of the Amazon forest seems to have been increasing up to 2005. I'm not sure exactly why but I'm guessing that rising CO2 concentrations may have played a role before 2005, when a lack of rainfall turned the trend around. An article by Tans (2009) contains an interesting plot, shown below. Since 1935, the terrestrial biosphere has been acting as a carbon sink, Some of this sequestration has been taking place in Amazonia, at least for part of this time, but the majority of the sink is probably happening in high northern latitudes, through reforestation and increased plant growth in the tundra. This continuing negative feedback may make us feel better but our sense of relief may be short lived if factors like forest fires, melting permafrost or pine beetles start to play a bigger role.
  23. A Case Study of a Climate Scientist Skeptic
    Agreed, very good explanation Glenn. Andrew Dessler was nice enough to review my post before publication. He noted that by subtracting off the heat going into the oceans from the total forcing, I was basically treating the thermal inertia as a negative feedback to the surface air temperatures (which he didn't have a problem with). Glenn provides a good explanation why it makes sense conceptually.
  24. Global Warming and Cold Winters
    We still seem to be making record lows, so can the probability distribution have shifted much? Probably not when the tiny temperature increase since the beginning of the 20th century is viewed in context with a retreat from the mini ice age. The fact is these models are inherently extremely complex and sensitive. In the absence of clear cut warming consistent with a 24% rise in CO2, one must remain unconvinced.
  25. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    #11: "The 2010 event described above is partly due to the trend and partly to weather" One could conclude that by taking 2010 in isolation. Unfortunately, as Andy S points out in the post, the prior drought was 2002-2005 - and that was "supposed to have been a one-in-a-hundred-year event." A mere five years later, "last year's drought was both more severe and more extensive than the earlier one." Two 'hundred year events' in 5 years is highly exceptional. From Zeng et al 2006: The 2005 drought in the Amazon was particularly severe in the western and southern parts of the basin where many rivers and lakes had lowest water level in many decades. ... In the public media, this drought has been linked to climate change, deforestation, and an anomalously warm North Atlantic Ocean that was thought to also have contributed to an energetic hurricane season. Their analysis minimizes the contribution of el Nino cycles: ... the major El Nino events such as 1997-98, 1982-83 that led to large droughts in the Amazon were short lived (about 1 year), often immediately followed by La Nina events that led to anomalously wet conditions so that the land recovers quickly ... And concludes: The 2005 drought in the southern Amazon appears to be mostly caused by Atlantic SST anomalies. ... some of the spring North Atlantic warming may be partly caused by El Nino which peaks in Boreal winter, and thus exacerbating the direct El Nino drought in the Amazon. Nonetheless, Atlantic warming is also often not related to El Nino, and severe drought in the Amazon is more likely when they happen either near-simultaneously (such as 1997-98) or sequentially (such as during 2002-2005). Sorry, I don't think we're making anyone feel better.
  26. Eric (skeptic) at 03:31 AM on 7 February 2011
    The 2010 Amazon Drought
    "A large part of the recent drying (Figure 9) is related to the shift toward more intense and frequent warm events (i.e., El Niños) of ENSO since the late 1970s.112 This is because El Niños often reduce precipitation over many low-latitude land areas.71,72,106 This shift in ENSO is statistically a rare event, but it is unknown whether this is related to recent global warming. Some climate models predict an El Niño-like warming pattern in the tropical Pacific under increased GHGs, but it is not a robust response in all models.113–115 Given that current climate models still have large deficiencies in simulating ENSO and other tropical variability,116,117 we cannot attribute the recent ENSO shift (and thus the related jump toward drying over land) to anthropogenic forcing or natural variability." (from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.81/full) Also see figure 7, the spatial variation of drying trends, which shows some drying trend in the Amazon, but not ubiquitous or as much as other locations. The 2010 event described above is partly due to the trend and partly to weather (ENSO and other factors). Another paper shows a drying trend in the Amazon since the 70's http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JHM-386.1 in figure 5 but also evidence of cycles.
  27. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    I'd be interested in getting feedback on my article on this for IPS Amazon Drought Accelerating Climate Change. I tried to look at broader issues as well - implications of REDD, what's happening in the Boreal, long term trend for Amazon... Umm it's not going to make Dan or Lou feel any better though -- sorry about that.
  28. Global Warming and Cold Winters
    Henry, I've posted a response in "Has the Greenhouse Effect Been Falsified", which is where your last post should have been made.
  29. Greenhouse effect has been falsified
    Henry, No, additional photons are not necessary for increased warming via greenhouse effect. All that is necessary is to slow the rate at which those photons can leave the atmosphere, which is precisely what GHG's do. You seem to be under the impression that a photon absorbed by a CO2 molecule disappears forever, and as there are only so many photons to be gobbled up, additional CO2 can't make things any worse. Greenhouse gases don't keep the photon, they re-radiate it in a random direction. The more CO2 in the atmosphere, the more likely the recently emitted photon wil be absorbed by yet another CO2 photon, or be radiated back toward the earth and absorbed by the surface. So while the total number of photons entering the planet's atmosphere has not changed, the number of photons exiting is reduced, hence more warming. Do you honestly find a website hosting a rather panicked rant about left-liberals, tax hungry democrats and evil socialists to be a source of good science?
  30. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    Dan: I know what you mean about your personal reaction to this kind of news. I've been studying energy and climate issues non-stop for the last 7+ years, and I still experience that reaction from time to time. including when I read about this Amazon finding. Almost any news about permafrost or methane hydrates puts me in the same place -- there's been a lot of "it's worse than we thought" news on those fronts in the last couple of years. I also struggle with the idea that the Amazon is a net carbon sink over any appreciable time frame. In a way it seems like the notion of the ocean absorbing a lot of the extra heat from CC -- sure, it's a great benefit in the short run, but that heat is going to resurface (literally) eventually, and then we'll have to contend with it plus the additional heat accumulation.
  31. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    Nice post Andy, interesting (and somewhat concerning) paper.
  32. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    #5: "My understanding is that a stable forest won't remove CO2 from the atmosphere" How can that be the case? Grace et al 1995: Measurements of carbon dioxide flux over undisturbed tropical rain forest in Brazil for 55 days in the wet and dry seasons of 1992 to 1993 show that this ecosystem is a net absorber of carbon dioxide. Photosynthetic gains of carbon dioxide exceeded respiratory losses irrespective of the season. Unless by 'a stable forest,' you mean that growth rate equals death/decay rate? One could see that happening under long term stable environmental conditions, but we've added too much CO2 too fast for such 'stability'. Declining or stressed forests don't do this job so well. Cox et al 2000: ... carbon-cycle feedbacks could significantly accelerate climate change over the twenty-first century. We find that under a 'business as usual' scenario, the terrestrial biosphere acts as an overall carbon sink until about 2050, but turns into a source thereafter.
  33. A Flanner in the Works for Snow and Ice calculations
    #36: "logaritmic as function of CO2 concentration" And average annual CO2 is strongly concave up with time (accelerating, ie, first and second derivatives with time are each positive). Taking the ln of such a function results in a concave up deltaT. See the graph here.
  34. A Flanner in the Works for Snow and Ice calculations
    Ken Lambert F CO2, as you call it, is logaritmic as function of CO2 concentration. On the contrary, the balance equation is function of time.
  35. A Flanner in the Works for Snow and Ice calculations
    MarkR #34 So what is the overall conclusion from ΔQ = ΔF - YΔT? The higher the value of Y the less temperature change we get at the surface to restore equilibrium for a given ΔF? If ΔF is the sum of the positive warming forcings F.CO2 + F.otherGHG + F.solar which are independent of temperature, and we know that the main F.CO2 is logarithmic, then ΔF would increase more slowly than YΔT - moreso with a higher value of Y. A higher Y would arrest the warming more quickly.
  36. A Case Study of a Climate Scientist Skeptic
    No Problemo
  37. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    Dan That is the essence of denialism. Denialists like to proclaim that they are being likened to Holocaust Deniers. But it is they who raise this supposed connection. In reality the D word really relates to the psychological concept of Denial. When confronted with evidence that attacks/undermines our sense of what we thought was the meaning and order of our lives, a common psychological reaction to this is to deny the evidence. Your Doctor says you have cancer. Most people take a deep breath and get on with treating it. But a few can't 'process' this reality so they deny it's existance. In this psychological state any spurious fragment or figment that may help prop up the 'denial' is latched on to with excessive and uncritical zeal, like a lifebuoy for a drowning man. At this point, admitting that the figment is exactly that is the very last thing the D'ist can afford to do. If it is a figment, its not a lifebuoy. Bit we can't even admit it is a lifebuoy, becsause then it isn't
  38. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    I think there's a misunderstanding of what a "sink" does. My understanding is that a stable forest won't remove CO2 from the atmosphere (as BillyJoe points out, certainly not on a short term basis). It's just that if the forests go then the stable carbon that was locked up the (considerable) biomass will enter the atmosphere as more CO2. The "sink" is a sink, not a sponge :-)
  39. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    I need a new word for the feeling this kind of story gives me. It encompasses a vertigo-like sense of "oh my Christ, this is really actually happening on the one and only planet we have" and "yet there are people willing to ignore it or argue it's not happening for their own psychological convenience, votes or just plain money." It makes the pit of my stomach fall right through to my feet. It also makes me see the appeal of believing that, surely, it must just be *impossible* for little old us to damage the one and only collective space-suit we're ever going to have... Think I need to go for a brisk walk!
  40. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    I'm no expert but this is my take on this. Hopefully, others will contribute also. pikaia, Part of the increasing amounts of CO2 emmitted by humans by the burning fossil fuels is absorbed by forests. It is true that the forests release CO2 as a result of rotting vegetation but most of it is stored as humus and in roots systems within the soil. Even the ashes resulting from bushfires do not convert back to CO2 without a significant time lag. sgmuler, Coal takes too long to form to be of any use in helping to store part of the anthropogenic CO2 formed over the past few decades.
  41. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    So how id all those coal deposits form then? I thought that they were the compressed remains of dead forests.
  42. If you don't have 93 spare minutes to watch this film, make the time
    An inspiring documentary, it makes one realise mankind needs to change its' ways particularly the wealthier countries.
  43. The 2010 Amazon Drought
    I have never understood how the forest can be a carbon sink. In a stable world the amount of carbon in the forest would be constant, with carbon absorbed by growing trees balanced by carbon released by dead trees as they rot. If the whole area was once forest then the best you can hope for is that the forest remains carbon-neutral; it cannot be a carbon sink unless it increases in size, which is nor going to happen in the foreseeable future.
  44. If you don't have 93 spare minutes to watch this film, make the time
    Truly makes one think. In the same documentary format an 87 minute film was released by Godfrey Reggio in 1982 called "Koyaanisqatsi" or Life out of Balance. This was part of Qatsi Trilogy, with Powaqqatsi(1988) and Naqoyqatsi(2002) these three films depict a relationship between humans, nature and technology. Here is a section from youtube : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFwR1c-cdFw&feature=related
  45. If you don't have 93 spare minutes to watch this film, make the time
    wow, that is a great video and thanks for sharing. we humans have been here for only about 0.005% of Earth's existence. the more we learn about carbon based life the more we realize how rare it is. we owe it to ourselves, if not the universe, to be good stewards of this rock we find ourselves fortunate enough to be residents of. we are born of star stuff and when we realize that it took over 13 billion years to get us to this point, it should give all a sense of responsibility to put politics and personal agendas aside so that we as a species can progress.
  46. A Case Study of a Climate Scientist Skeptic
    Glenn, that's the clearest explanation I've seen. Thanks
  47. If you don't have 93 spare minutes to watch this film, make the time
    It is a beautiful and moving film. The photography is like artwork and our planet is incredible and breathtaking.
  48. If you don't have 93 spare minutes to watch this film, make the time
    It was certainly the best 1:33 I've invested in a long time. Highly recommended. (Nice screencaps, John!) The Yooper
  49. If you don't have 93 spare minutes to watch this film, make the time
    I've made the time. So far it's 15 minutes into the video and it's fantastic. Thank you John.
  50. actually thoughtful at 13:05 PM on 6 February 2011
    Follow-Up Case Study in Skepticism
    HR - I actually had a more sympathetic view of your comments than did some other posters. I can accept that "threat to civilization" is a political fallout from the scientific reality of climate science. Can you? And, once accepting that, I can accept that dynamic problem solving could be applied. But it seems a bit late. I have noticed that hungry people and people in pain find logic and long term problem solving quite challenging (I am here thinking of my immediate family). I always find it easier to feed first, then discuss the future. What do we do when that is not possible? It is possible that "dynamic problem solving" will carry the day when food supplies are dramatically less than that required to feed the people. But is it likely?

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