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scaddenp at 18:20 PM on 26 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
Ashton - thanks for that. I looked it up here. I stand corrected. I did not know about the "compensation" scheme for the ETS in Australia. And frankly, I think it is absurd - especially the compensation for industries most effected. I would have thought the compensation aspect would largely negate the effectiveness of the scheme at actually reducing carbons. Sounds like too much horse-trading went on to get the scheme through.
Done properly, I would expect an ETS or cap-and-trade scheme to be effective if ramped up slowly but there must be real incentives to emit less emissions which compensation would seem to negate. However, I also think an ETS is an example of a market-creation scheme designed to appeal to Right wing ideology, not the Left.
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Ashton at 16:58 PM on 26 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
Tom Curtis To paraphrase Mandy Rice-Davies"You would say that wouldn't you". That Grrens and Labor supported compensation for the ETS is shown by the Gillard government's household assistance package via changes to the tax free threshold and direct payments into bank accounts to compensate for expenses incurred due to her "carbon tax". scaddenp apologies for not replying now, I'm a bit strapped for time.
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scaddenp at 11:11 AM on 26 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
Ashton, I am very interested to hear your views (in the topic I pointed to, not this one) though on what solutions you think would be acceptable to the Right assuming that there is no way to generate cheaper than coal and no argument that mitigating would be cheaper than adaptation. Ie you have to do something about the externality. Some discussion about Friedman's views here http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2014/10/12/what-would-milton-friedman-do-about-climate-change-tax-carbon/ I found this refreshing since in my experience, the conservatives will argue night is day rather than admit an externality exists let alone acknowledge that something should be done about it.
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Tom Curtis at 10:53 AM on 26 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
Ashton @51, it is quite clear from scaddenp's post @50 that he did not misrepresent you. His entire discussion was disputing your attribution to the left of views he considers to be held by the right. That is it was directly germain to the point you made, and in no way misrepresented your view. I will grant that he followed the unfortunate practise of quoting just a key phase to pick out the point being discussed (a practise that should at all times be avoided). That means his quotation was technically out of context, but his discussion was not and your accusation of misrepresentation is overblown.
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scaddenp at 10:18 AM on 26 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
Ashton, I apologize if I have misrepresented what you said. I found it utterly extraordinary that there is even a perception that "greens and labour believe they should be compensated by increased taxation". What policy by greens or labour could be the result of believing they should be compensated by taxation for not using FF? Who is articulating this misrepresentation? I am not Australia but I havent heard anyone, even from the looney right, suggest such thing here.
A ban on new coal-fired generation gives you 30 or 40 years to phase out coal. It provides the necessary market forces to drive new development. I have no problem with nuclear - IFR and thorium solutions are appealing and need investment.
What about the alternative? That everyone in world affected by climate change sends the bills for adaptation to those responsible for the excess CO2? Doesnt that seem fair? Would the cost of changing fuel seem so bad compared to forking out for that? Of course, there is no legal mechanism to enforce such appropriate justice, but I am stunned at the attitude of those who are usually extremely mindful of rights and responsibilities, are quite happy to fight for low FF fuel prices while mostly others pay the environmental costs.
Levelised costs of generation from various sources from US DoE in Jan 2014 can found here by the way. However, no externalities are shown in that price and that is the key to this problem.
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Ashton at 09:07 AM on 26 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
scaddenp Your omission of the words I wrote that precede your opening sentence which were "they should be financially compensated for these costs by the government with increased taxation providing the funds for this." totally misrepresents what I wrote. What I actually wrote was "Greens and Labor supporters are considered, whether fairly or not, to believe they should be financially compensated for these costs by the government with increased taxation providing the funds for this" Having totally misrepresented what I wrote you then add insult to injury by writing "When you say people should be "compensated for costs" I said no such thing and I deplore your tactics of distortion by misquoting what was actually written and having done so completely misquote what I actually.
With regard to energy, if people in the Western world, due to government fiat that banned or severely reduced the use of fossil fuels to generate energy, did not have ready and affordable access to reliable refrigeration or air conditioning or petrol, that government would not survive. Look at the clamour in Australia when Abbott reinstated indexation to the excise levy on petrol which added about 40 cents per week to the average fuel bill. Renewables at this moment do not supply constant power and to cope with that erratic supply. power stations burning fossil fuels are still very necessary. You ask for a solution-nuclear power. This of course is anathema to the Greens andf their fellow travellers but it provides energy without CO2 production. Capital costs are high but over time the cost of energy from nuclear power is around 5 cents US per KWHour with wind and solar at around 12 cents US per KWH (http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Economic-Aspects/Economics-of-Nuclear-Power/)
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scaddenp at 08:07 AM on 26 November 2014The latest global warming bill and the Republican conundrum
XRAY1961 - mouseover for magnifier, or just click on it to see it in its original context.
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r.pauli at 06:16 AM on 26 November 2014The latest global warming bill and the Republican conundrum
Republicans have boxed themselves in. They have no other choice but to repeal the Laws of Thermodynamics.
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scaddenp at 06:15 AM on 26 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
"they should be financially compensated for these costs by the government with increased taxation providing the funds for this."
While I am in NZ, I think this is a gross misrepresentation. The Left is definitely more inclined to look for collective solutions to problems (eg government) but a completely effective government-based solution is simply ban any new thermal generation (eg the Clarke government in NZ) and let market figure out the best replacement. Direct action like this is not acceptable to liberty-loving Right apparently. When you say people should be "compensated for costs", I can only assume you are referring to a Pigovian carbon tax? - a solution proposed purely to pander to the Right. In this set up, those who decarbonize, do effectively get a handout from those who do not. However, given the Right-wing aversion to tax, I would expect the Right to be the ones frantically avoiding the tax. As far as I can see, Right-wing supporters in Australia are just as happy as those in US accept government handouts (eg subsidies) so I would be surprised if they turned down the tax refund.I do agree that it is hard to think of way to solve the problem of CO2 emission by individualistic action. Faced with a problem they cant solve within their ideology, Right-wingers seem instead to prefer denial. If you have a better solution, then I have written about it here. http://www.skepticalscience.com/rightwing_solutions.html Please add comments. Depressingly, it seems that for many, if you cant find an energy solution that is cheaper than even unsubsidized coal, then Right-wingers would rather go to hell in a handbasket than accept any other solution. Better ideas are more than welcome.
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r.pauli at 06:13 AM on 26 November 2014Will New Climate Treaty Be a Thriller, or Shaggy Dog Story?
These talks are dealing with the political and economic challenges to climate changes - adaptation. Mitigation seems to be an afterthought.
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Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
Ashton - Curiously enough, in the US there is a very odd conflict between ideology and reality. From Slate:
With some exceptions, what we regard as red states are sent a whole lot more of your hard-earned tax dollars than the traditional blue states. In effect, supposedly indolent, “tax and spend” liberals actually subsidize the individualistic, pure, and hard-working lifestyle of our conservative countrymen.
Odd, in that those whose personal identities are most tied to individualism, self reliance, and small government are in fact those most benefiting from taxation, wealth redistribution, and government in the first place. They are led (by their own ideologies) into acting contrary to their best interests.
I can think of few better examples of the disconnect between rationality and behavior.
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Ashton at 04:12 AM on 26 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
As I live in Australia not the US, I can only speculate on the question "Do Democrats and Republicans actually experience the weather differently?". Physiologically probably not- at least only to the extent that physiological response may be determined by the particular environment and climate conditions usually experienced. Psychologically-probably yes. In Australia, Greens and Labor supporters are considered, whether fairly or not, to look to government for solutions and so prefer large government. Liberals and Nationals, with the same caveats, tend to rely on themselves and prefer small government. Moving from fossil fuels to other forms of energy incurs costs. Greens and Labor supporters are considered, whether fairly or not, to believe they should be financially compensated for these costs by the government with increased taxation providing the funds for this. Conversely, Liberals and Nationals, with the same caveats, are considered not to be in favour of increased taxation, do not expect government recompense and so are less inclined to support extra personal financial imposts. With the above caveats of course, Greens and Labor supporters are thought to be more sensitive to the environment whereas Liberal and National supporters are thought more in favour of increasing economic performance. This may impact on their psychological response to the weather with the Greens/Labor being more psychologically responsive than Liberal/Nationals. Whether this speculation is a) valid and b) applies to Democrats and Republicans is eminently debatable. There are, of course, many other possible differences but I think mental attitudes can impact on responses to physical conditions
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John Hartz at 02:51 AM on 26 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
In his Wonkblog post of Nov 24, 2014, Chris Mooney presents the findings of the new paper that Ashton #44 has referenced.
Mooney's post is titled, Do Democrats and Republicans actually experience the weather differently?
The citation for of the research paper under discussion is:
The impacts of temperature anomalies and political orientation on perceived winter warming, Aaron M. McCright, Riley E. Dunlap & Chenyang Xiao, Nature Climate Change (2014) doi:10.1038/nclimate2443
Received 28 Jan 2014: Accepted 20 Oct 2014: Published online 24 Nov 2014
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PhilippeChantreau at 00:31 AM on 26 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
Ashton, there is no doubt that the misinformation campaigns conducted by those who have a vested interest in the continuing unabated use of fossil fuels have been very effective, thank you for confirming that. There is also no doubt that the general population does not realize the level of agreement among specialists who actually know what they're talking about, hence the need to talk about the 97% consensus. I am personally convinced, however, that no matter how much evidence stares at them in the face (such as the various Australian weather event of these past years), the general population will believe what is most convenient, or most pleasing, as people are still nowadays very resistant to rational thinking.
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Ashton at 23:35 PM on 25 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
I am probably overly presumptuous in thinking there may be replies to this comment. Should there be please note I did not know before posting this paper had been put up on WUWT. Naturally I cannot prove this but am making this disclaimer to mitigate to some extent, the opprobrium with which comments such as this often engender.
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Ashton at 23:20 PM on 25 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
There are many portentous statements in the comments on this topic but recent polls suggest that the 97% consensus of climate scientists is not yet generally shared. A recent paper in Nature Climate Change (LINK) shows only 35% 0f Americans believe global warming was the cause of the warm winter in 2012. The lead author (Aaron McCright) made this comment about the study:
""There's been a lot of talk among climate scientists, politicians and journalists that warmer winters like this would change people's minds," McCright said. "That the more people are exposed to climate change, the more they'll be convinced. This study suggests this is not the case."
(LINK)
This seems in accord with the survey of Australians by Channel 9 which asked > 122000 people "Do you believe in man-made global warming?" and showed about 40000 did and about 82000 did not. And in accord also with a 91% response of "No" to the ABC (Australia) program Radio National question "Is the IPCC right that on current fossil use projectories, we are heading for a global warming of four or five degrees by century's end?" (LINK)
Moderator Response:[RH] Changed URL's to links. You can find the link tool on the second tab above the comments box.
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New study shows warm waters are melting Antarctica from below
dorje - Another collection of seemingly random facts, again lacking content or direction. What are you trying to say (if anything)?
Moderator Response:[RH] dorje's comments have been deleted for failing to indicate that they are actually just quotations from the papers he's citing without adding any additional original commentary.
[PS] Not to mention being totally off topic.
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Climate Bob at 07:20 AM on 25 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
There is only one way to curtail CO2 levels and that is to stop burning fossil fuels. We all know that. The problem is that the oil and coal companies have massive amounts of money to make sure they can continue their activities. Facts and science are not the issue, its the money that supports the program of misinformation, fully backed by the media and ploiticians of the big polluting countries. We need to move on without them as they are not going to change. http://www.climateoutcome.kiwi.nz/blog/un-climate-change-negotiations
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michael sweet at 04:15 AM on 25 November 20142014 SkS Weekly News Roundup #47B
Tom,
Thank you for the clarification. It is easy to confuse what is claimed with other claims.
On the other hand, many times the damages from a small increase in summer heat are greatly disproportionate to the measured increase in temperature. Frequently if the temeprature was 20% lower, compared to the mean, the damage from drought and heat would be greatly less. Similarly, the last nine inches of flooding from hurricane Sandy in New York caused disproportionate damage. That flooding was 100% due to AGW since it was sea level rise. When combined with the uncertainty with how much of the heat is caused by AGW it is very difficult to determine how much of the damage was from AGW, even when it is most of the damage.
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Andy Skuce at 02:56 AM on 25 November 2014President Obama's climate leadership faces the Keystone XL challenge
A recent peer-reviewed article argued that, because of basic economics, the extra supply of oil on KXL will lower world prices by $3 per barrel. US domestic prices are, to a large degree, controlled by world prices so, other things being equal, US retail gasoline prices should eventually fall a bit if KXL is OK'd.
I happen to think that this amount ($3/bbl) is too high (my arguments in an SkS post,here), but it is in the right direction. However, the oil market is very complicated and unpredictable and, although you can make predictions of the consequences of a single variable on the basis of everything else being equal, in oil markets everything else never is.
In any case, concerns about future small changes in the price of gasoline have everything to to do with US politics and not that much relevance to sound environmental policy. I'm against KXL for the same reason that Canadian governments and oil companies are in favour of it: because it will promote production from the oil sands.
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Tom Curtis at 02:27 AM on 25 November 20142014 SkS Weekly News Roundup #47B
michael sweet @8, when you say Hansen showed "extremely hot summers were 98% caused by AGW", you need to be careful clariffy what is meant. What is meant is that an extremely hot summer has a very low probability of occuring without anthropogenic forcings. The statement could be interpreted as saying that anthropogenic forcings caused 98% of the heat or 98% of the temperature difference from the mean. In both cases that interpretation would make the claim false. There are problems in determining the exact temperature contributions of anthropogenic forcings to a particular hot summer (or heat wave), but an intuitive approach is to simply take the zonal land temperature increase as being the contribution of anthropogenic forcings, on which basis the anthropogenic contribution generally resolves down to 20% or less of the difference from the mean. That is, without anthropogenic factors, what are experienced as extremely hot summers would have been very hot summers or at least hot summers (and ignoring butterfly effect complications). The small relative contribution of anthropogenic forcings, however, takes the actual temperatures into ranges very rarely experienced without anthropogenic factors.
(I am aware that you know this, but not all readers or this thread may, so it is worth clariffying.)
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tuhaybey at 00:53 AM on 25 November 2014Google It - Clean Energy is Good for the Economy
States with lower carbon emissions tend to have higher median incomes.
That may be because higher tech energy strategies create a lot of good jobs. It may be because wealthier states can afford to invest in the future more. And it may be external factors that cause both, such as urbanization. Realistically, it is probably a mix of the three. But, the fact is, states that are better for the climate are also doing better economically.
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michael sweet at 23:37 PM on 24 November 20142014 SkS Weekly News Roundup #47B
Continuing the dice analogy what do we think when a 7 or an 8 comes up?
Hansen showed several years ago that etremely hot summers were 98% casued by AGW. Hotter summers than that (+ 4-5 sigma) have such a low chance of occuring that they are almost certainly caused by AGW. This analysis does not address single hot days or weeks.
There is still the possibility, however small, that it could have occured without AGW.
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billthefrog at 22:58 PM on 24 November 20142014 SkS Weekly News Roundup #47B
@ 5 and 6
As Firgoose rightly points out, the nature of the beast is inherently non-deterministic. Let's examine this a bit deeper by putting some numbers into the dice analogy...
In an honest die, the chance of rolling any of the six numbers (1-6) is exactly 1 in 6, or about 16.7%. Consider what happens if a pair of dice are subtly loaded in favour of the 6, such that the numbers 1-5 now each only have a 16% chance of turning up. The chance of rolling a 6 is now 1-in-5, or 20%, and hence the chance of throwing a pair of sixes has increased from 1-in-36 to 1-in-25.
In a hundred throws of an honest pair of dice, one would expect (on average) that there would be just under 3 (or 2.77777.... to be exact) instances of a double 6 (i.e. an extreme event). With the loaded dice, this anticipated average number rises to 4 per hundred throws.
How do you even begin to say which 3 were "legitimate" and which one could, with certainty, be attributed to the changed conditions? It is only the persistence of average results outwith the expected range which raises the eyebrow.
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Stephen Baines at 15:56 PM on 24 November 2014It's not happening
59F tomorrow for Buffalo. 15F above the daily average. Should they now think that temperatures have risen >10 times faster than IPCC thinks? Fact is, winter is coming, and it gets cold and snows a lot in Buffalo in the winter almost every year. Sometimes it gets warm again.
Ironically, though, the large amounts of lake effect snow have been linked to the warming of the lake, resulting in more evaporation, convective lift and, therefore, snow than previously seen. It interacted with a large actic air mass, of the sort we've been seeing that last few years. That pattern has also been attributed to global warming, though the jury is still out.
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One Planet Only Forever at 15:51 PM on 24 November 20142014 SkS Weekly Digest #47
I am looking forward to Alexandre Lacerda's upcoming SkS item “Drought and Deforestation in Brazil”
The need to be able to reasonably predict things like El Nino/La Nina and resulting regional rainfall is highlighted by the current drought in Sao Paulo.
Even if El Nino could be more reliably predicted the potential rains in Sao Paulo would appear to be difficult to reliably forecast. The presentation of El Nino impacts summarized by NOAA here indicates that rainier conditions would be expected in southern Brazil but potentially not as far north as Sao Paulo.
An added challenge of the rapid climate change due to rapidly increased impacts like atmospheric CO2 appears to be that rapid short-term changes of climate patterns make it even more difficult to establish reliable short-term forecast models (models to regionally predict things like generally expected rainfall 3 to 6 months in advance) because what has happened in the past in the short-term is less likely to be what will happen in the future.
Sao Paulo appears to be at the mercy of whatever will come in the next few months. And a few years ago Tofino on 'reliably rainy' Vancouver Island had its reservoir almost run dry without getting warning several months in advance that it was likely to happen.
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tuhaybey at 15:14 PM on 24 November 2014CO2 limits will harm the economy
Check out how carbon emissions correlate to median income.
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Firgoose at 10:38 AM on 24 November 20142014 SkS Weekly News Roundup #47B
@5, localis: It's somewhat like loaded dice that have been fixed to increase the number of sixes. You can know that the dice are loaded and, given enough trials, you can determine an accurate percentage of sixes above the level that chance would produce. You cannot, however, say what exact balance of natural and unnatural factors influenced any particular six, nor can you predict whether the next roll will produce a six or not.
I have great respect for the scientific method but there has to be a time when reputations cease to be so important
It's not about reputation, it's about being scientific. The inability to definitively differentiate the random-roll factors from the dice-loading factors would still be the case with dice so loaded that they gave sixes 99.9% of the time. So any reticence to declare certainty about any given six is quite justified. On the other hand, with sufficient data there should equally be reticence to state that there won't be more sixes on average. And the longer the sequences of rolls that you record, the more certainly you can declare the influence of the loading factor for the sequence. Similarly you can make predictions for future sequences, the longer the better.
To me this is food for the deniers to thrive on.
I quite agree but unfortunately everything seems to be food for the deniers. I can't imagine how they'll do it yet but I fully expect them to spin the end of the hiatus as some kind of "proof" and a victory for their anti-science. ;o)
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HeisenIceBerg at 07:09 AM on 24 November 20142014 SkS Weekly Digest #47
The "Tropical Pacific Ocean moves closer to El Niño" link is not working. It links to a page with the address "http://www.skepticalscience.com/ov.au/climate/enso/" which gives a 404 error.
Moderator Response:[JH] Link fixed. Thanks for bringing this glitch to our attention.
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Rob Honeycutt at 03:19 AM on 24 November 2014President Obama's climate leadership faces the Keystone XL challenge
OPOF... The other bit I think Russ is missing is the fact that you can't just consider domestic economics relative to supply and demand. The issue is, refiners are going to sell their products where ever they can get the highest price, and any product they sell in the US market is going to be below world price for those products.
That is going to have the effect of pushing domestic prices higher.
Ironically, the Forbes article I linked is written by Tim Worstall, who is a UKIP supporter, and by no means a liberal.
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Stephen Baines at 13:50 PM on 23 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
Glad to see my horrible typing may serve a larger purpose! That way I don't have to learn how to correct it.
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One Planet Only Forever at 11:32 AM on 23 November 2014President Obama's climate leadership faces the Keystone XL challenge
Russ R.,
Specifically to your point regarding gas prices in the US.
In addition to the many articles referred to by Rob, here is another reference. It includes the following statements which are consistent with the sales pitches the Alberta Government and other promoters of the oil sands currently continue to proclaim, XL will increase the price they can get for Oil Sand Bitumen which is a key part of the mid-West US refining system.
"TransCanada’s 2008 Permit Application states “Existing markets for Canadian heavy crude, principally PADD II [U.S. Midwest], are currently oversupplied, resulting in price discounting for Canadian heavy crude oil. Access to the USGC [U.S. Gulf Coast] via the Keystone XL Pipeline is expected to strengthen Canadian crude oil pricing in [the Midwest] by removing this oversupply. This is expected to increase the price of heavy crude to the equivalent cost of imported crude. The resultant increase in the price of heavy crude is estimated to provide an increase in annual revenue to the Canadian producing industry in 2013 of US $2 billion to US $3.9 billion.”"
"Independent analysis of these figures found this would increase per-gallon prices by 20 cents/gallon in the Midwest."
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One Planet Only Forever at 09:39 AM on 23 November 2014President Obama's climate leadership faces the Keystone XL challenge
Russ R.,
The purpose of this discussion is the justification of XL.
There may be other reasons people may 'want' XL but XL is unjustified unless you or anyone else can substantively refute the points I provided. QED
Moderator Response:[JH] The first sentence of the SkS Comments Policy reads as follows:
The purpose of the discussion threads is to allow notification and correction of errors in the article, and to permit clarification of related points.
Russ R's commentary about a statement made in the OP is therefore legitimate. He/she is, however, skating on the thin ice of excessive repetition which is prohibited.
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Rob Honeycutt at 09:34 AM on 23 November 2014President Obama's climate leadership faces the Keystone XL challenge
Russ... Here's a study from Cornell.
KXL will divert Tar Sands oil now supplying Midwest refineries, so it can be sold at higher prices to the Gulf Coast and export markets. As a result, consumers in the Midwest could be paying 10 to 20 cents more per gallon for gasoline and diesel fuel. These additional costs (estimated to total $2–4 billion) will suppress other spending and will therefore cost jobs.
That 10-20 cents a gallon completely wipes out any gains we achieve from additional jobs within about a year. [LINK] -
Rob Honeycutt at 09:16 AM on 23 November 2014President Obama's climate leadership faces the Keystone XL challenge
Russ @40... May I ask, did you read any of the articles that I posted stating that KXL would likely cause gas prices to rise nationally?
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Russ R. at 08:55 AM on 23 November 2014President Obama's climate leadership faces the Keystone XL challenge
One Planet Only Forever,
Your comment @41 is not in any way a response to my argument @40.
Starting from my first comment in this thread @1, I've been solely focused on a single issue... whether or not KXL will raise gasoline prices in the US, as claimed in the original post.
I'm not discussing other arguments. There are many, many cases to be made both for and against the approval of this pipeline, but at least some of those arguments may be factual.
The claim that KXL will raise US gasoline prices is pure fiction, and I've laid out the facts refuting it.
Moderator Response:[JH] You are again skating on the thin ice of excessive repetition which is prohibited by SkS Comments Policy.
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One Planet Only Forever at 08:20 AM on 23 November 2014President Obama's climate leadership faces the Keystone XL challenge
Apologies in advance to the Moderator, but I find it difficult to resist responding to Russ R's recent elaborate presentation.
Russ R.,
Please substantively refute all of the following (previously pointed out points regarding this issue that your most recent comment does not address):
- The burning of buried hydrocarbons needs to be curtailed to meet a total global cap on the resulting emissions. Only a small percentage of the buried hydrocarbons currently located and able to be extracted can be allowed to be burned.
- It would be beneficial if a maximum amount of useable energy was obtained from the burning done within the global limit. It would be even more beneficial if the burning did not produce impacts reaching the global limit.
- The hydrocarbons planned to be shipped through XL are among the poorest sources of useable energy for the harm done to get that useable energy. The resource is not in the top half of the most beneficial to burn so it clearly is counter-productive to burn it.
Unless you can substantively refute all of the above (and there are more points against what XL would prolong and potentially expand that would have to be refuted), the XL pipeline is not justified. QED
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localis at 08:13 AM on 23 November 20142014 SkS Weekly News Roundup #47B
Thankyou for your replies but what I have difficulty with is the obvious evidence of climate change throughout the globe especially in the Artic and good evidence of melting glaciers elsewhere but when it comes to attributing any weather event to climate change there seems a reticence to do so by many scientists. To me this is food for the deniers to thrive on. I have great respect for the scientific method but there has to be a time when reputations cease to be so important if we are to escape the science itself becoming the millstone that condemns us to failure.
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Tom Curtis at 07:38 AM on 23 November 20142014 SkS Weekly News Roundup #47B
localis @3 anthropogenic climates forcings are a factor in every weather event that occurs (which I believe is what you are saying). However, just because it is sunny with a chance of showers in Brisbane today (made up example) does not mean that the probability of its being sunny with a chance of showers in Brisbane in November would have been low without anthropogenic forcings. In fact, given conditions over the range of holocene climate conditions, that would have been a reasonably common occurence in any event. So, while it is true that anthropogenic factors are a factor in every modern weather event, it does not mean that the probability of such weather events has been changed by anthropogenic factors. And it is such changes in probability that we are concerned with.
However, for some types of weather events there have been detectable increases in the probability of such events (particularly extreme warm weather, but also floods and droughts) which are potentially attributable to the influence of anthropogenic forcing. Typically such events are similar to events that are fairly common (or would have been) in any event, but small increments in temperature, or evaporation (for droughts) or precipitation (for floods and hurricanes) have increased the intensity of the event so that very intense events are occuring more frequently.
Further, some of the events are so intense that the probability of their occuring if their had been no anthropogenic forcing is << 1% (the 2010 Russian heat wave comes to mind; as does the proximate cause of the 2011 Brisbane floods, although the floods themselves were not unprecedented and have a magnitude with a return interval between 50 and 100 years).
So, as I understand your point it is valid - but it is not very interesting except to note that some pseudo-sketpics contradict themselves by insisting that (a) weather is chaotic, such that "the flap of a butterflies wings can cause hurricanes", but that (b) anthropogenic factors have not influence on weather.
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localis at 06:56 AM on 23 November 20142014 SkS Weekly News Roundup #47B
At what point do we accept that anthropogenic climate change is actually taking place? If we accept that it is actually occurring now (as many scientists seem to concur) then all weather events must be accepted as being influenced by that change unless it can be proved that any part of our climate system functions independently of the rest.
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Russ R. at 06:54 AM on 23 November 2014President Obama's climate leadership faces the Keystone XL challenge
Rob Honeycutt @25,
I'm going to take the time to break this down into components, and provide evidence where required. You're welcome to dispute any point, or the reasoning linking them together.
- The Keystone XL pipeline will not reduce the overall supply of crude oil to the USA.
- The pipeline's origin will be in Canada and its terminus will be in the United States.
- Unless the direction of flow were to be reduced, the pipeline could not possibly reduce the total US supply of crude oil.
- Any reduction of crude oil supply in one region of the US (i.e. the Midwest) must necessarily result in an equal increase in crude oil supply further downstream (i.e. the Gulf Coast).
- The pipeline will reduce the cost of transporting crude oil.
- Transporting crude oil by pipeline is generally cheaper than by rail, at a cost of about $5 a barrel compared with $10 to $15 a barrel.
- Canada is currently exporting 163k bpd of crude oil by rail because existing pipelines are already at capacity.
- Additional pipeline capacity will reduce the volume of crude being shipped by railcar, reducing average costs.
- The pipeline's crude oil payload is not "earmarked for export".
- The refineries in the US Gulf Coast are specialized for the processing of heavy crude oil, having invested in complex secondary conversion equipment that breaks down long-chain hydrocarbons to produce greater volumes of higher value light fractions (gasoline, kerosene and diesel) relative to lower value heavy fractions (residual fuel oil, lube oil, asphalt and pet coke). (Background reading. Disclosure... I previously worked at McKinsey and advised clients on matters relating to refineries, pipelines, and many other things).
- The US currenly imports heavy crude from Mexico (919k bpd) and Venezuela (806k bpd).
- The pipeline will have capacity of 830k bpd, which is less than the amount of Latin American heavy oil currently being imported.
- The pipeline will displace crude oil imports, but is too small to result in crude oil exports.
- The pipeline will not increase exports of refined products.
- The US Gulf Coast refineries are operating at full capacity.
- Given the option of procuring cheaper fuel via pipeline, refiners will substitute it for more expensive Latin American heavy crude oil, but this will only lower their costs, not increase their output of refined products.
- That Latin American crude oil will, in turn, find its way by tanker to refiners in other foreign markets, contributing to foreign supply and lowering foreign prices for both crude oil and refined product.
- Since the Keystone pipeline will in no way reduce US demand for refined products, there is no reason that more refined product would be exported, especially since foreign markets would already see increased supply and lower prices.
Conclusion:
If the Keystone XL pipeline will result in:
- No decline in US crude oil supply,
- A reduction in transportation costs,
- No increase in exports of crude oil, and
- No increase in exports of refined product,
then, the pipeline will not cause the average price of US refined products (i.e. gasoline) to rise.
NB. The above is not an argument that US gasoline prices will fall. In all likelihood, the lower costs of inputs and transportation will result in higher profit margins for refiners, with no significant change in the price at the pump.
This phenomenon was already observed in the Midwest, as a regional glut of crude oil (caused by insufficient pipeline capacity) brought down the price of crude oil but had no impact on retail gasoline prices. Where did all the savings go? To the refiners.
Read about it for yourself: The Incidence of an Oil Glut: Who Benefits from Cheap CrudeOil in the Midwest? Borenstein & Kellogg (2014)
Regarding Keystone XL, the authors conclude:
"The merits of these capacity expansions—particularly the Keystone XL project—have been a matter of public debate on both environmental grounds and the extent to which it will impact U.S. gasoline prices. While this paper is silent on environmental impacts, it does imply that the impacts on gasoline prices will be extremely limited. Because expanding Midwest crude oil export capacity will have only a minimal impact on Gulf Coast and world oil prices, U.S. consumers outside the Midwest will not experience a decline in gasoline prices. As for Midwest consumers, our results imply that capacity expansions that increase the Midwest crude oil price will not increase the Midwest gasoline price. This price is already being set by gasoline refined using Gulf Coast rather than Midwest oil, despite the depressed Midwest oil price. Resolving the Midwest crude oil transportation bottleneck will not affect this situation, thereby leaving Midwest gasoline prices unaffected as well."
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John Hartz at 05:46 AM on 23 November 20142014 SkS Weekly News Roundup #47B
localis: From the SkS Climate Science Glossary:
Extreme weather event
An extreme weather event is an event that is rare at a particular place and time of year. Definitions of rare vary, but an extreme weather event would normally be as rare as or rarer than the 10th or 90th percentile of the observed probability density function. By definition, the characteristics of what is called extreme weather may vary from place to place in an absolute sense. Single extreme events cannot be simply and directly attributed to anthropogenic climate change, as there is always a finite chance the event in question might have occurred naturally. When a pattern of extreme weather persists for some time, such as a season, it may be classed as an extreme climate event, especially if it yields an average or total that is itself extreme (e.g., drought or heavy rainfall over a season).
Definition courtesy of IPCC AR4.
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localis at 04:22 AM on 23 November 20142014 SkS Weekly News Roundup #47B
Surely all weather events that are now occurring, extreme or otherwise, are linked to climate change. Weather systems are all connected so it seems nonsense to isolate a particular event and state it is or isn't connected to climate change. We argue for scientific accuracy about what is happening to the climate and classifying individual weather events as "yes or no" seems a matter of opinion rather than accurate science.
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Old Mole at 01:31 AM on 23 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
Stephen Baines @40
"econcomically" ... a shining example of "in typo veritas". It has always struck me that those who dismiss climate models are so certain about the predictive power of economic models forcasts of financial devastation when their track record is, to put it charitably, less than robust.
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MA Rodger at 18:13 PM on 22 November 2014New study shows warm waters are melting Antarctica from below
dorje @7.
Further to Rob Honeycutt @8, the temperature profile of Greenland shows only static heat fluxes from below. The changes are all from above and their impact can be used to plot Greenland surface temperatures at the summit of the ice cap back into the last ice age. And this would not be possible if the flux from below were changing with time.
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Stephen Baines at 17:32 PM on 22 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
ubrew12. From I remember, having lived through it as a yong person, frankelfkin is actually correct, for the most part. The oil embargo by OPEC created a huge increase in gas proces and shortages at gas stations that led to a large recession. Energy independence was considered a key national security and economic issue by Carter. His stated energy policy pretty clearly asserts this. He was also interested in controlling environmental damage, but he was mostly thinking about atmospheric and water pollution by power plants and strip mining — including effects of acid rain.
By the time Reagan entered the white house OPEC had adopted a far less econcomically destabilizing pricing scheme - possibly due to competition from other sources. The issue of energy independence had stopped being a political winner, and he claimed he was interested in market solutions that did not involve government intervention. Acid rain and ozone would be the major environmental battles of the 80s in the US.
One thing Carter did do in his policy was have money set aside to study effects of CO2 on the climate.
"--The President will request almost $3 million to study the long-term effects of carbon dioxide from coal and other hydrocarbons on the atmosphere (budget)."
It's down the list a bit though. Doesn't seem like it was the major priority, and I (having lived through it all) don't remember it being mentioned as being important in the political landscape of the time.
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ubrew12 at 14:08 PM on 22 November 2014Why we need to talk about the scientific consensus on climate change
franklefkin@24: you are suggesting that American conservatives don't care about energy independence. Carter cared: hence-renewables. Reagan didn't care: hence-no renewables. Nope. In American politics, energy independence from the Middle East is a major political talking point among conservatives. That's been true since the OPEC embargo. But, if true, why did Reagan nix research that would have led to just such an energy independence? The result indicates that neither side cares as much about energy independence (the subsequent push for 'Globalization' underscores this point). What then, spurred Carter's investment? I say Global Warming.
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Rob Honeycutt at 10:24 AM on 22 November 2014New study shows warm waters are melting Antarctica from below
dorje... Do you understand that these paper are not claiming that heating from below the ice sheets has changed any time in recent history, that would explain what we attribute to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations? They are merely quantifying the effect, which has likely been unchanged over the past century.
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dorje at 10:12 AM on 22 November 2014New study shows warm waters are melting Antarctica from below
Abstract/Summary of "Heat flux variations beneath central Greenland's ice", 2013:
At the Earth’s surface, heat fluxes from the interior1 are generally insignificant compared with those from the Sun and atmosphere2, except in areas permanently blanketed by ice. Modelling studies show that geothermal heat flux influences the internal thermal structure of ice sheets and the distribution of basal melt water3, and it should be taken into account in planning deep ice drilling campaigns and climate reconstructions4. Here we use a coupled ice–lithosphere model driven by climate and show that the oldest and thickest part of the Greenland Ice Sheet is strongly influenced by heat flow from the deep Earth. We find that the geothermal heat flux in central Greenland increases from west to east due to thinning of the lithosphere, which is only about 25–66% as thick as is typical for terrains of early Proterozoic age5. Complex interactions between geothermal heat flow and glaciation-induced thermal perturbations in the upper crust over glacial cycles lead to strong regional variations in basal ice conditions, with areas of rapid basal melting adjoining areas of extremely cold basal ice. Our findings demonstrate the role that the structure of the solid Earth plays in the dynamics of surface processes. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/503004/ -
Rob Honeycutt at 10:04 AM on 22 November 2014New study shows warm waters are melting Antarctica from below
dorje... Neither of these papers say anything that would suggest that heat from submarine volcanoes is responsible for the warming of the past 50-100 years.
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