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Will_Power at 06:01 AM on 20 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
It seems one of my comments didn't go through. RH, I have read the paper. I don't disagree with anything you say about it. You say "only categories 1 and 7 'quantify' human contribution." If only Categories 1&7 quantify the human contribution, Categories 2&3 cannot quantify the human contribution.
That means I accept with everything you say about the paper.
Moderator Response:[RH] Your previous statement was, "I read through 200 abstracts today. There are tons in Categories 2&3 which acknowledge AGW but don't quantify the human contribution. They are silent on the issue."
Papers that are in 2&3 are not expected to quantify AGW. They only need to implicitly endorse the consensus position.
Please re-read Cook13 more carefully before proceeding to comment.
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Tom Curtis at 05:38 AM on 20 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Well said KR @337.
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Tom Curtis at 05:37 AM on 20 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Will Power @355, by the definitions of the rating categories, any paper rated 2 or 3 that does quantify the contribution explicitly and rated 2 or 3 is a mistake. Pointing out that those papers do not explicitly quantify the contribution is therefore not a criticism of the paper, and if you think it is it shows you have not understood it.
With regard to the two papers you consider, it is quite clear that they implicitly endorse the consensus. That is, their statements together with reasonable background knowledge strongly implies that the paper endorses the consensus.
That implication is inductive. It may be wrong. However, error analysis first conducted by Richard Tol, and then done correctly by Cook and others in their response to Tol clearly show that there are more errors in the opposite direction. Ie, if we corrected all such probable (or plausible) errors, more rating 4 abstracts would be rerated as 3 or higher, than rating 3 or higher abstracts rerated as 4. The net result would be to strengthen the consensus finding.
You are welcome to disagree with that finding, but if you do you need to quantify the proportion of such mistakes in both directions (and also as related to rejection papers). Failure to do so renders your critique merely rhetorical. Ideally you would replicate the paper, but make sure your replication includes the element of author self rating as a check on your abstract rating bias.
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Tom Curtis at 05:20 AM on 20 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Dikran Marsupial @328, there is a defacto exclusion of papers that are not related to climate by the inclusion of category 4:
"(4) Not climate-related Social science, education, research about people's views on climate"
Presumably the intention is to exclude opinions by non-physical scientists who are not only not necessarilly expert in a particular area of climate science, but do not necessarilly have the scientific background to assess the evidence adduced by the IPCC in support of the concensus position. Therefore we can conclude that a limited number of Duarte's very small list do represent genuine errors of classification.
What Duarte (or Russ R) have not established is the relevance of that. Of course there are errors of classification. The classifiers were human, and humans make mistakes. In so large an excercise with the classification of 12,465 papers there are bound to be a number of mistakes. It is well known, and easilly established that the largest single group of such mistakes is classifying rating (1-3) articles as rating (4) due to simple error or insufficient information in the abstract and title, something we know by comparison with the author self ratings. There are in the order of 3500 such "mistakes".
Given that there are bound to be such errors, both increasing and decreasing the consensus value, the only significant question is what is the effect of correcting those errors. For one class or errors (internal rating errors) it is now well established that it has no significant effect by Cook et al's response to Richard Tol's flawed critique. Duarte, and Russ R acting as Duarte's puppet, raise a different category of mistakes. They make no attempt to quantify relative proportions of such mistakes, either by count or statistically, and cherry pick mistakes only in one direction. However, simple analysis as above shows it is highly implausible that such mistakes will impact the result.
Another approach is to note that only 283 out of 12280 abstracts were rated as not climate related, ie, just 2.3%. Assume that twice that number escaped correct classification and all were rated as endorsing the consensus. With these utterly implausible assumptions, "correction" of the results would reduce the consensus rate from 97.1% to 97%.
Again this underlines the fact that simply finding an error of classification or rating does nothing as regards a scientific critique of Cook et al. With out quantification of the relevant ratios, and a projection of those ratios to determine the impact on the concensus rate, listing cherry picked examples of such errors is simply propaganda, haveing nothing to do with science.
Of course, I have laid out these points before @322. Russ R firmly established which side of the science/pseudoscience divide he is on by brushing them aside with an inane comment. Other than pointing that out, I will leave it there lest I also become guilty of excessive repetition. -
Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Stepping back a bit from the repeated attempts to post hoc redefine the criteria actually used in the Cook et al paper (absurd), I find it utterly fascinating how stridently any expert consensus on AGW is being denied.
Look at other consensus objections: as with creationism, anti-vaccines, the entire tobacco industry campaign, ozone, acid rain, and now anthropogenic global warming - a repeating pattern of minority opinions trying to convince the public that the experts are not in agreement (when they actually are). Possibly because people without a relevant background will trust the majority opinion of the experts as being meaningful, and that shapes policy.
So - nit-picking on tiny aspects of papers that don't, that cannot, change the base conclusions of the science, fake experts (the 3%), the ad hominem attacks on authors in attempts to discredit their work, the contradictory counter-explanations du jour (the sun, cosmic rays, cycles, it's not happening, anything but us), on and on and on. And claims that the consensus doesn't exist, despite 'skeptic' attempts to claim a skeptical consensus does (the OISM petition). But a distinct lack of science - of attempts to examine the data and see if those minority opinions have any support from the evidence.
So why is consensus on AGW fought so much by the 'skeptics'? IMO it's because if 95-97% of those studying a topic agree, yet you vehemently disagree, you just might be fooling yourself... and people seem to find that intolerable.
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factotum at 05:08 AM on 20 September 2014Deciding who should pay to publish peer-reviewed scientific research
let me add that any person who thought a paper had value could donate some money to the author, his listed projects, his institution etc.
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factotum at 05:05 AM on 20 September 2014Deciding who should pay to publish peer-reviewed scientific research
There is a method to determine the ranking of chess players that might work here. http://www.chess.com/article/view/chess-ratings---how-they-work
We can assume that all places of publication are the same since everything on the internet is, for all practical purposes, in the same place.
It will require some refinement since there is not likely to emerge as objective a method as who has won the most games against other players. One could possibly get google could add their expertise in ranking things. The strength of a ranker might start off with some combination of Years of post graduate education, number of papers published, number of patents, prizes won in the relevant area. There might be a table constructed of relevancies. Other factors might be the global ranking of the unuversity or institution for which the author / critic works or derives primary income.
Surely with all this intellectual horsepower around the people who care could come up with come consensus as to how this would work, at least to start. And then maybe once every couple of years, revise the system. Again, you may wish to start by asking google to advise.think of it as a mashup between wiki and google GW Call it sciub. A person posts a paper to scipub. It gets reviewed and that review goes at the bottom of the paper along with the ranking of the reviewer who also ranks the paper. The first 5 reviews are posted in order of their publication, after that they are listed in decending order by the ranking of the reviewer, but can be re-sorted by date, authors name, institution with whom author is affiliated -— other stuff.
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Will_Power at 04:53 AM on 20 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
RH, why would I ask myself that? I never said those papers "[imply] humans have had a minimal impact on global warming." I said they don't quantify the human contribution. Accepting AGW without quantifying the human contribution means the papers could accept any value between 0 and 100%.
I read through 200 abstracts today. There are tons in Categories 2&3 which acknowledge AGW but don't quantify the human contribution. They are silent on the issue.
Moderator Response:[RH] Clearly you have not read the Cook13 paper, because only categories 1 and 7 "quantify" human contribution. Please re-read the paper more clearly before continuing to comment on this issue. Any follow up comments need to acknowledge this and move forward. Any comments re-stating this error will be deleted.
Edit: If you do not like the methods used by Cook13 then you are highly encouraged to create your own research and submit to peer review. We would be eager to see your results.
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Will_Power at 04:31 AM on 20 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
This page was linked in a page I found on Reddit. I don't understand how there can be arguments about this. Categories 2&3 have tons of papers which don't quantify the human contribution. One such paper only says:
The efficiency of N use in flooded rice is usually low, chiefly due to gaseous losses. Emission of CH4, a gas implicated in global warming, can also be substantial in flooded rice.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00336375
Another
Examines the possibility of global climate change due to the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The problem can be ameliorated by reducing fossil fuel consumption through conservation and expanded use of nuclear and solar power. In particular, major reductions can be achieved if fossil fuels are replaced in electricity generation and if electricity assumes a larger role in the overall energy economy.
http://iopscience.iop.org/0741-3335/33/13/004/
Methane is "implicated in global warming." Global warming a "possibility." How can anyone claim these quantify the human contribution? They don't. Neither do hundreds of other papers in these categories.
Moderator Response:[RH] Ask yourself if either of these papers "[Imply] humans have had a minimal impact on global warming..." per the category definitions stated in Cook13. There are 8 "baskets" in which you can place a paper. Read them and see which basket you would put these papers in.
Better yet, look at the menu bar above and you can start rating papers for yourself and see what results you come up with.
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Dikran Marsupial at 04:22 AM on 20 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Sorry Russ, too little, too late. I am not interest in discussing science with someone who appears out to deliberately antagonise, even if they occasionally intersperse their bad behaviour with more sensible comments.
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Russ R. at 04:18 AM on 20 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Dikran Marsupial,
"AFAIK the stated methodology does not require the papers concerned to be on climatology,"
No, but it does require them to be climate-related. Papers deemed to be "Not climate related" were supposed to be excluded.
"so if you question the potential inclusion of papers in phsychology, why not also question the inclusion of papers that are known to be incorrect."
I agree it would be ideal to exclude all the "known to be incorrect papers". You'd need to build that into the screening and rating process, (and I don't know how that could be done objectively). But that quality filtering was not done here.
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Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Yes, that's true, Russ. y = 1.6%. And z = the number of papers that quantify and find less than 50%. z = ~.03% (and a mighty sketchy 0.03% at that). What's your point?
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Dikran Marsupial at 04:13 AM on 20 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
RussR, there was no justification whatsoever for posting the text of a private discussion, you could have made your point perfectly well in your own words. It seems to me that your purpose here is simply to be an irritant, rather than to discuss the science in good faith. I see no point in trying to discuss anything with you any further.
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Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
DM beat me to it.
Russ, you're evading the question. Here it is again, in a different way: if we want to improve Cook et al., should we get rid of questionable papers (e.g. papers that are a stretch for the criteria, papers that are fundamentally flawed, papers that were "reviewed" by non-experts, etc.)? This doesn't add subjectivity into the calculation; it reduces it.
I'm surprised you don't know who Chilingar is. You found (or copied from Duarte) something to quibble with in the marginal papers that supported the consensus, yet you didn't spend the time to investigate the 3%. You simply trusted the method of Cook et al. where those were concerned. -
Russ R. at 04:06 AM on 20 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Perhaps the final answer on whether Level 2 ratings endorse >50%:
"We can't assume that just because a paper says "anthropogenic global warming" that they agree the human contribution is >50%, but they have explcitly endorsed that humans are contributing. Thus they go in category #2.
The way I see the final paper is that we'll conclude 'There's an x% consensus supporting the AGW theory, and y% explicitly put the human contribution at >50%'."
2012-02-16 05:51:23
dana1981It would appear that x = 97.1 and y = 1.6
(snip)
Moderator Response:[RH] Reposting from material hacked from the SkS forum is way over the line.
Final warning.
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Dikran Marsupial at 03:58 AM on 20 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Russ, AFAIK the stated methodology does not require the papers concerned to be on climatology, so if you question the potential inclusion of papers in phsychology, why not also question the inclusion of papers that are known to be incorrect. You can't have it both ways, the inclusion criterion were objective, which is important for replicability. If it includes a small number of studies of tangential relevance that seems a small price to pay, in my view.
If you want to perform a study that you feel in hindsight to be more informative, then go for it, replication is what science is all about. Quibbling over small details, without looking to see whether they affect the conclusions, is rather less productive.
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Russ R. at 03:43 AM on 20 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
DSL
"Russ, if you were shown sound evidence strongly suggesting that the work of the Chilingar group was based on fundamental errors of physics and/or method, would you be critical of Cook et al. for including that work?"
I've never heard of the "Chilingar group", but if the papers:
- were climate-related and peer-viewed,
- have not been retracted, and
- contained an abstract which could be rated.
Then yes, they should be rated and counted (along with whatever rebuttals have been published).
That was the study's stated methodology, wasn't it? I don't recall there being any test for fundamental errors in the papers prior to rating them.
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Dikran Marsupial at 02:11 AM on 20 September 2014Deciding who should pay to publish peer-reviewed scientific research
A more efficient approach would be for the research funding councils to fund their own high quality journals, so the publication charge need only cover the bare costs of publication. The journal I mentioned earlier (JMLR) apparently only costs a few tens of thousands of dollars a year to run, which shows this can be done. Then tax payers money would not go to commercial publishers profits, and could be spent on more science.
I have no objection to people wanting to make money, but at the same time, I do want to see taxpayers money spent wisely.
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Russ R. at 01:49 AM on 20 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Tom Curtis,
Thank you for your long reponse @322 to my question @320. A simple "yes" would have been sufficient.
(BTW, as I've mentioned before, my personal position would be Level 2, "Explicit endorsement without quantification". I've never disputed the paper's results, so telling me that these issues don't change the result does nothing to address the issues. I don't care if elimating the non-climate papers makes it a 99.8% consensus. That's not my point. The paper's methods and findings are my point, and that's specifically what I'm addressing.)
Now that we've establised that non-climate papers were indeed counted toward the consensus (contrary to the authors claims that these papers were excluded), let's address the claim that 97.1% of the papers which take a position endorse that "most" or ">50%" of warming is manmade, or that human activity is the "main cause", "primary cause" or "dominant cause" of warming.
Do all 3,896 abstracts that counted toward the 97.1% "Consensus" endorse anthropogenic warming as "most", ">50%", "main cause", "primary cause", "dominant cause' (or some similar majority concept), as opposed to merely stating that CO2 or human activity causes global warming? Again, a simple "Yes" or "No" will suffice.
As a tangible example, perhaps someone could explain how this paper which was included as "Mitigation" and rated Level 3 ("Implicit endorsement"), makes a case for the majority of warming being anthropogenic?
Cattant, F; Crusset, D; Feron, D (2008) Corrosion Issues In Nuclear Industry Today, Materials Today, Volume 11, Issue 10, October 2008, Pages 32–37
And while you're looking at it, could you also explain how it is "climate related"?
(snip)
Moderator Response:[RH] Snipped for excessive (to the extreme) repetition. This issue has been fully and completely explored and you have been more than conclusively shown that the issues you're bring up are not sufficient to challenge the paper.
For the 100th time now, if you or Duarte or anyone else believes the results of Cook13 are not robust, then you should take the time to do what researcher do: Produce your own research testing the scientific consensus on climate change. We would all be excited to see your results. The track you are on now suggests that you are only interested in obfuscating the truth rather than revealing it.
Edit:
Please note that posting comments here at SkS is a privilege, not a right. This privilege can and will be rescinded if the posting individual continues to treat adherence to the Comments Policy as optional, rather than the mandatory condition of participating in this online forum.
Moderating this site is a tiresome chore, particularly when commentators repeatedly submit offensive or off-topic posts. We really appreciate people's cooperation in abiding by the Comments Policy, which is largely responsible for the quality of this site.
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Rob Honeycutt at 01:31 AM on 20 September 2014Deciding who should pay to publish peer-reviewed scientific research
Kernos... You do have access to the research, through a subscription. There happen to be costs that come into play regarding the publishing and distribution of research. That's what subscriptions pay for.
Perhaps you would be in favor of raising taxes to underwrite those costs so all research can be made freely available to the public.
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Kernos at 01:00 AM on 20 September 2014Deciding who should pay to publish peer-reviewed scientific research
If taxpayers are paying for a researcher's research, then taxpayers should have open access to that research.
The concept of for profit journals is as egregious to me as for profit hospitals. Noth have an obvious conflict of interest.
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Tom Curtis at 00:37 AM on 20 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
Given that jwalsh has confirmed a reliance of Mann et al, 2008, I have determined the global CRU-EIV trends from 1700 and 1730 to 1850 (ie, commencement of the CRU instrumental record) as being 0.011 C per decade, and 0.007 C per decades respectively. To 1880 they are 0.013 and 0.011 C per decade respectively. The CRU and EIV reconstructions were chosen because EIV shows a larger trend than the CPS, and CRU is the land only, and again shows greater trends.
So, even with these exagerated trends we have a "trend" warming from 1951-2010 of between 6.4% and 12%. With no evidence that the trend in question is not forced, or even not anthropogenic, jwalsh concludes from that the IPCC attribution should be reduced by 38%, from 108 to 70%. That is, he exagerates the influence of his basis for his non-expert attribution by at least a factor of 3, without bothering to have showed that it is even a basis for a change in the IPCC estimate.
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Tom Curtis at 23:07 PM on 19 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
jwalsh @63, like MA Rodger, I am curious as to which longer term trend you have found in the Paleostudies. The Paleostudies I am aware of show virtually no trend between 1730 and the commencement of the (GISS) instrumental period in 1880:
The overall NH temperature trend over that period amounts to 0.003 C per decade. It is likely that the global trend is less. Assuming that global trend is the same, and that it represents a natural cycle of internal variability rather than a consequence of forcing (which is already accounted for) gives a 0.018 C of 0.65 C temperature increase over 2.7% of the 1951-2010 warming. Both assumptions (ie, that global temperatures increased at the same rate, and that the increase is a consequence of internal variability rather than forcing) stretch credulity.
I suspect you want to include the period from the greatest temperature resonse associated with the maunder minimum (approx 1700). That, however, sill only gives a NH trend of 0.018 C per decade, for a total 1951-2010 warming of 0.11 C, or 16.8% of warming. Further, the trough in temperatures at 1700 is known to be a forced response both to solar variations (from sun spots) and especially to the volcanic record. Both factors are already included in the IPCC attribution, such that counting them again would be double dipping.
The data in that image can be discussed here.
All of this furhter begs the point as to why the long term cooling trend visible in the paleo record only (slightly) reversed itself in the early eighteenth century, ie, after the invention of the steam engine and the widespread use of coal for domestic heating:
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jwalsh at 22:45 PM on 19 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
MA Rodger @64
It would improve your message immeasurably if you could in some way indicate what "longer-term trends and paleo-climate studies, most (but not all) show cooling or warming over centuries long periods" are you asking us to "look at"?
Oh, as I said, there are many. But Mann, M.E., Zhang, Z., Hughes, M.K., Bradley, R.S., Miller, S.K., Rutherford, S., 2008 contains as good a graphical representation as any. http://www.meteo.psu.edu/~mann/shared/articles/MannetalPNAS08.pdf
At least visually, a better way to look at it, I think is to remove the instrumental portion. I am not a fan of stapling temperature records to data that is considerably smoother as a result of method. But it doesn't really matter. (snip) Depends on which you pick, but I think most people agree that it was cooler in the LIA than in the 19th century or early 20th.
Moderator Response:[RH] If it "doesn't really matter" then you won't mind if I remove thinly veiled and inaccurate accusations against Dr Mann's work.
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MA Rodger at 21:13 PM on 19 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
jwalsh @57 & before.
You seem to be struggling with the classification of Juduth Curry. I would suggest this may be because there is more than one Judith Curry.
Judith Curry-Scientist tends not to express wild theories which would not easily pass scientific review. For instance take Wyatt & Curry (2013) (PDF here). This is rather tame, saying nothing very controversial. Rather it proposes a hypothesised mechanism that allows "numerous observations of climate behaviour" to be seen as part of a larger mechanism, a hypothesis called the Stadium Wave. Although the writing is bad, you will see that nowhere does this work say NHT wobbles as a result of this Stadium Wave mechanism. It only shows that NHT wobbles in step with it given present data and that there is a mechanism for warming certain NH lands. Although a coded message could be perceived by those looking for it, the paper actually goes no further than to say about "numerous observations of climate behaviour":-"We suggest that the stadium-wave hypothesis holds promise in putting in perspective the numerous observations of climate behavior; offers potential attribution and predictive capacity; and that through use of its associated proxies, may facilitate investigation of past behavior that may better inform our view of future behavior."
You will find Judith Curry-Hypothesist synthesises her talk at the APS using language that is much stronger. "The stadium wave hypothesis provides a plausible explanation for the hiatus in warming and helps explain why climate models did not predict this hiatus."
However, the fully-powered message is only apparent when presented by Judith Curry-Blog-Mom. "The stadium wave and Chen and Tung papers, among others, are consistent with the idea that the multidecadal oscillations, when superimposed on an overall warming trend, can account for the overall staircase pattern."
jwalsh @63
It would improve your message immeasurably if you could in some way indicate what "longer-term trends and paleo-climate studies, most (but not all) show cooling or warming over centuries long periods" are you asking us to "look at"?
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Dikran Marsupial at 20:36 PM on 19 September 2014Deciding who should pay to publish peer-reviewed scientific research
Mike, such journals already exist. One of the top journals in my field is the Journal of Machine Learning Research. This runs on volunteer effort (most reviewers and editors for commercial journals are also unpaid, so that isn't much different). The difference is the journal is published online and the papers are open access and neither the authors nor the readers pay. A print-on-demand version is made available for libraries that want it. It is not completely clear that there is any need for commercial journals, given the success demonstrated by JMLR.
HOWEVER, I suspect the success of JMLR is largely due to the support of the very top researchers in the field that form the editorial board and panel of action editors etc.
Most journals, even the commercial ones, tend to allow authors to distribute pre-prints of their papers from their websites or institutional websites, so the papers are still available to the public. You can find out the journals policy using the Sherpa/Romeo database. However, if all else fails, sending an email to the corresponding author asking for a pre-print of the paper will usually be successful, most authors are only too pleased to hear somebody wants to read their work!
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Glenn Tamblyn at 18:18 PM on 19 September 2014Climate sceptics see a conspiracy in Australia's record breaking heat
Yeah scaddenp, very interesting stuff. Some folks sure must hate that pesky real information stuff
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jwalsh at 17:55 PM on 19 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
Tom Curtis@60
jwalsh, to reduce the probability of anthropogenic factors contributing 50% or less of observed warming from 1951-2010 to 4.99%, you have to increase the uncertainty shown in Fig 10.5 by 208%, and the uncertainty relative to model uncertainty by 419%.
What evidence beyond hand waving do you have that the uncertainty is understate by such a large margin? What evidence beyond handwaving do you have that the IPCC's original increase of uncertainty by 201% relative to the innate uncertainty of the models is insufficient?
First, If you water-board me to come up with a figure for AGW since 1950, I'd probably say 66-75%, so I am arguing from a position "within" the 97% (if I had published something on climate). If I had strong evidence that the figure 10.5 uncertainties were off in a publishable manner, I'd probably point you to my peer-reviewed paper on that! Heh.
I don't know if the CMIP5 models inputs or outputs correctly characterize uncertainties or not. However I do know that the outputs regarding temperature have been "running hot" for a couple decades now. Something must be wonky, without knowing precisely "what". And yes, I know there is no shortage of potential explanations. But it may not be the uncertainties that are wrong, but the underlying assumptions. Figure 10.5 shows natural variation as effectively "nil" with a small uncertainty. I don't believe the evidence points that way.
When I read Gavin Schmidt's statement from the realclimate discussion, I did a bit of a double-take.
"It is worth pointing out that there can be no assumption that natural contributions must be positive – indeed for any random time period of any length, one would expect natural contributions to be cooling half the time. " - Schmidt
He's right of course. You can't assume that the net natural contributions must be positive. But the same argument can be made about assuming them to be "zero" or negative over a short time frame. And I think the models make that assumption (and 10.5). I'd dearly love to be able to play with a super-computer for a while and test out various things myself, but I can't be certain I wouldn't use the computer time to mine Bitcoins or pick stocks instead...
But if you look at longer-term trends and paleo-climate studies, most (but not all) show cooling or warming over centuries long periods. So to me, it seems at least plausible that we're still (since 1600 or so) in an upward natural trend that would shift the value for the natural component up in figure 10.5.
I don't think those arguing for 50% or less are completely off-base, or unscientific, for thinking as they do.
Moderator Response:[RH] "I don't think those arguing for 50% or less are completely off-base, or unscientific, for thinking as they do." But they are putting forth a position that holds the same likelihood as >160% man-made contribution, and completely ignoring that fact as well.
While I appreciate you staying on topic here, the discussion doesn't seem to be moving forward, and is only circling back on to previous themes. Please find a way to advance the conversation so that it doesn't become repetitive.
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scaddenp at 15:19 PM on 19 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
jwalsh - then try for something less noisy in the models. The attribution statement equally well for total OHC. Not much in way of pesky natural cycles operating there. Do you accept that pdf is accurate representation of cause of increase in OHC - or do you have some other source of energy that might do?
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Tom Curtis at 14:57 PM on 19 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
jwalsh @57:
"My quibble was with deciding her opinion (alone) was representative of a larger group."
Thankyou for your quibble (=def "small complaint or criticism usually about something unimportant") that Curry, being a borderline member of the 97% cannot be taken as representative of the 3%. The corrollary, that the position of the 3%, is even less rational or evidence based than hers is duely noted.
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Tom Curtis at 14:50 PM on 19 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
jwalsh, to reduce the probability of anthropogenic factors contributing 50% or less of observed warming from 1951-2010 to 4.99%, you have to increase the uncertainty shown in Fig 10.5 by 208%, and the uncertainty relative to model uncertainty by 419%.
What evidence beyond hand waving do you have that the uncertainty is understate by such a large margin? What evidence beyond handwaving do you have that the IPCC's original increase of uncertainty by 201% relative to the innate uncertainty of the models is insufficient?
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jwalsh at 14:10 PM on 19 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
Do you think that model failure to have any skill at short term prediction, especially ESNO/PDO variability affects the way in which models are used in attribution studies?
I am going to assume this is on topic. It's getting hard to tell. :) I don't know that it does affect the attribution studies, but I see no reason why it can't affect the attribution breakdown picture. Could be anything at issue, stratospheric aerosols, transient carbon dioxide sensitivity estimates, etc.. We might not really know without model enhancements, better computers, and a couple of decades of new (or better) data. I have seen some commentary about employing better and more modern statistical analysis techniques to get a better handle on uncertainties as well.
Moderator Response:[RH] Please move any further discussion of climate modeling to a more appropriate thread.
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scaddenp at 12:27 PM on 19 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
jwalsh, " And I would not do that. I merely made the observation that the 10.5 graph was primarily derivative of CMIP5 models."
The repeated issue here would appear to be some confusion between how the models are used for attribution as opposed to forecasting long term climate. Do you think that model failure to have any skill at short term prediction, especially ESNO/PDO variability affects the way in which models are used in attribution studies?
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jwalsh at 11:57 AM on 19 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
I suspect that the moderator will remove your post on the grounds of excessive repetition, and given the warning you have recieved they would be quite justified in doing so. That will not preclude your posting on this thread on topic - ie, attempting to show why the IPCC assessment is wrong beyond your mere say-so (your only evidence todate); or why Curry is right, or why some third explicitly stated position is right.
I'll try not to mischarecterize your arguments, but please do me the courtesy of the same. I no more think the IPCC assessment is fully "wrong" any more than I think it's fully "right". On balance, I think the assessment is much more right than wrong though. And even if I did, why should my opinion matter a whole lot? To do so is improperly pretending that the complexites are simple. And I would not do that. I merely made the observation that the 10.5 graph was primarily derivative of CMIP5 models. The CMIP5 model assumptions (educated ones) about variables may indeed be correct or very close to it. I was a bit questionable about placing an inordinate amount of focus on models. Reliance on models and their outputs is one of the major criticisms of climate science in general. But I fully understand why they are used. We can hardly experiment with altering the variables of the planet (although some would argue that we are in an unguided way). Therefore models are used as a proxy. And they get better and better with time, and increased computational power.
FYI: I think Curry is right about some things and wrong about others. My quibble was with deciding her opinion (alone) was representative of a larger group.
You keep complaining that I haven't responded to things like the 10.6 graph. There's a reason for that. I looked at it again (not the first time I have read the entire chapter), but I have not yet found or read, any of the referenced papers. So I didn't comment on it (yet). I am not going to flat out be forced to make an uneducated opinion. When I get a chance to I'll probably take a look.
As a side observation, I think the denigration of a "side", any side (doesn't matter), online or otherwise, does not serve a useful purpose. It's more about the human tendency to form "tribes". As such, probably of interest to anthropologists, but not climate science.
Moderator Response:[RH] This is continuing to drift far off topic. Please bring it to a close or locate a more appropriate thread.
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Tom Curtis at 11:28 AM on 19 September 2014Climate sceptics see a conspiracy in Australia's record breaking heat
scaddenp @5, very interesting. I notice one of the documents (Fig 5) notes that the station is "about a mile south east of Rutherglen". The current station is well over two miles from the town. That suggests the "office" in 1958 was one of the farm houses, and the site to have been where the BOM suggests, or even further north.
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scaddenp at 10:58 AM on 19 September 2014Climate sceptics see a conspiracy in Australia's record breaking heat
Just noticed this - BOM have gone into archives and showed evidence for the move which was obvious from the record. I wonder if they got an apology from Dr Jennifer Marohasy (perhaps they should have sent her a bill for wasting their time). I wonder if Ashton still thinks "it may be that those questioning the integrity of the BoM might, just might, not be miisguided conspiracists". Looks to me like BoM integrity intact - conspiracy theorist - not so much.
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Tom Curtis at 10:51 AM on 19 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
jwalsh @56:
1) I have twice explicitly stated that Curry just falls inside the 97%. There is no basis for your misrepresenting me as saying otherwise. I do share the moderator's (RH) belief that she argues as though she thought the value was lower, and suspect she states her position as 50/50 merely to position herself as "in the middle" and by implication "fair and balanced" when neither of those are in fact true.
2) I left several discussions in my preceding comment to which you are responding explicitly dealing with the actual attribution studies. True to form you totally ignore them, concentrating solely on the trivial (whether or not Curry falls just inside or just outside the 97% when it is blindingly obvious that she does not fall within the IPCC concensus), and the off topic.
3) The two Curry papers endorsing the consensus were both written prior to 1996. It is well known that she has had a major shift in position since then, and it follows that they are irrelevant to determining her current position. I find it difficult to believe that you did not know this, and if you did you have deliberately and knowingly presented irrelevant evidence in the hope that it will be mistaken as relevant. Perhaps, however, it was a mere accident. Doubly so because you present that as an argument for removing those papers from the consensus when by her own statement she accepted the consensus at the time.
4) There is no "much larger third side of the coin" either as determined by Cook et al (2013) or Verheggen et al (2014). My comments under (3) above apply.
5) One of the features of trolling is the repeated concentration on trivial or off topic points, a feature that describes your behaviour perfectly. I stand by my assessment.
I suspect that the moderator will remove your post on the grounds of excessive repetition, and given the warning you have recieved they would be quite justified in doing so. That will not preclude your posting on this thread on topic - ie, attempting to show why the IPCC assessment is wrong beyond your mere say-so (your only evidence todate); or why Curry is right, or why some third explicitly stated position is right. If they remove your post they will, of course, remove mine as well, as responding to a deleted post (and are welcome to do so). Just remember when you go of to other boards, if your posts are deleted, you clearly brought it on yourself.Moderator Response:[RH] The moderator is in agreement.
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Tom Curtis at 07:48 AM on 19 September 2014Deciding who should pay to publish peer-reviewed scientific research
John Abraham, recently during discussion of a very poorly referreed article by Ross McKittrick, I had reason to look up Jeffrey Beal's list of predatory pubishers. The journal that published McKittrick's paper was part of the Scientific Research group, and indeed, Scientific Research appears as number 405 on Jeffrey Beal's list. You, however, recommend it, or at least indicate it is going to be a successful academic publisher. You may want to reconsider that judgement, or alternatively give your reasons for disagreeing with Beal.
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Mike3267 at 07:37 AM on 19 September 2014Deciding who should pay to publish peer-reviewed scientific research
I'd like to see a system were non profit journals get grants and then go all open access. Now tax payers and college tiotion money goes to libraries and then to journals in sub fees. Just fund journals directly and have open access for all.
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Climate_Wisdom at 05:32 AM on 19 September 2014There is no consensus
Link is broken:
13 countries have signed a joint statement endorsing the consensus position:
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Philip Shehan at 04:42 AM on 19 September 20142014 SkS Weekly Digest #36
As a follow up to my comments above and the helpful replies, I finally got around to sending Ross McItrick an email on the subject as his blog does not appear to have a comment section. I mentioned on Jo Nova that i intended to do so and got the usual go on we dare you responses.
I will let you know if I get a reply, but here is the business end of my email after the introductory para introducing myself:
Anyway, I have previously said on skeptic blogs that the requirement for statistical significance for warming or cooling (the error margins do or do not cross the zero trend line) is "unfair" as far as a hiatus is concerned.
By definition, a hiatus means that the trend is (or is very close to) zero, so any error margins no matter how small will include positive and negative trend values. It is difficult to see how you can get a "statistically significant" pause by this criterion.
So I was wondering whether your calculations are a way of dealing with this problem.
I would like to point out similarities and difference in your results from those obtained using Kevin Cowtan’s algorithm for the calculation of trend and 2 sigma error margins, which take into account autocorrelation of the data. For Cowtan’s trend calculator I have input the year from your tables (inclusive) for the start date and 2014.25 (up to but not including April 2014) as an end date, which I understand to be the period you are covering.
http://www.skepticalscience.com/trend.php
The data in tables 1-3 appear to be very similar to the results returned by Kevin Cowtan’s trend calculator, which calculates the 2 sigma values taking into account autocorrelation of the data. The results here use the year and the endpoint of 2014.25 (up to but not including the month of April).
I will examine the years you have put in bold on tables 1-3 of your paper, which are the years furthest back in time for which the CI lower bound includes negative trend values.
Table 1 of your paper deals with Hadcrut 4 data:
19 1995 −0.0063 0.0925 0.1913 36.8666 19.8734
Which to 3 decimal places give the trend and error margins as
0.093 ±0.0.99 °C/decade
Which is essentially the same result as Cowtan’s algorithm:
Trend: 0.093 ±0.100 °C/decade (2σ)
Table 2 of your paper (UAH data):
16 1998 −0.0586 0.0609 0.1804 10.9176 5.6454
0.062 ±0.120 °C/decade
Cowtan’s algorithm gives essentially the same trend but almost twice the error margin:
Trend: 0.062 ±0.221 °C/decade (2σ)
Table 3 (RSS):
26 1988 −0.0005 0.1184 0.2373 41.6345 35.4573
0.118 ±0.119 °C/decade
Cowtan:
Trend: 0.121 ±0.109 °C/decade (2σ)
The trends and error margins are very close.
Again the years for which Cowtan’s 2 sigma error margins cease to include a cooling trend for Hadcrut4 and RSS are 1995 and 1990 (your dates 1995 and 1988) but Cowtan’s year for which this occurs for UAH data is 1994, commensurate with his larger error margin (your date 1998).
So, are you able to explain why Cowtan’s and your results are very close for Hadcrut4 and RSS, but UAH data has almost twice the error margin?
How are the results of your analysis different from saying that when there is no longer statistically significant warming, there is a statistically significant pause?
Thank you if you have the time to answer.
Phil Shehan
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Andy Skuce at 04:15 AM on 19 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Critics of the Consensus Project seem to have two rather contradictory arguments:
- Everyone agrees with the consensus as defined by Cook et al— even prominent contrarians accept it.
- Cook et al's survey exaggerated the extent of the consensus.
Of course, the author self-ratings proved that the first objection is invalid. Some 28 scientists said that their papers rejected the consensus. That's 2.4% of all the authors who responded and 3.6% of the responders whose papers expressed an opinion on the AGW consensus.
As for the second one, it would be easy to show that the 97% estimate is too high, simply by finding consensus rejection abstracts that we missed. You don't have to slog through 12,000 abstracts (twice) like we did, just make a list (hint, ask Poptech) of the most prolific contrarians and search for their papers. Richard Tol performed some statistical alchemy that predicted that 300 such papers should exist, so there is surely some basis for expecting success here, unless of course you think that Tol's analysis is bunk.
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Tom Curtis at 02:01 AM on 19 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
I have responded to a couple of jwalsh's comments about Cook et al on an appropriate thread.
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Tom Curtis at 01:59 AM on 19 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Elsewhere, jwalsh quotes Stranger, who says:
"I don't know if anybody asked jwalsh why the skeptics don't do their own survey and present it for peer review?"
(My emphasis)
To which jwalsh responds:
"As far as I know, the Cook 2014 study was replicated by others, using the same papers. If you're interested you can find them."
In fact, AFAIK no AGW "skeptic" has replicated the study (or even a portion of the study) and posted the results on the internet. jwalsh can prove me wrong by posting a link. Even Tol's well known, and failed critique, which is often misdescribed as a replication only replicated the document search, and did not replicate either the abstract ratings nor the author ratings, and hence is not a replication of Cook et al 2013.
More importantly, jwalsh's response is a simple evasion of Stranger's question. "Replications" that pass muster in the denier blogosphere but stand no chance of passing peer review (typically because they are just short lists of cherry picked examples) are irrelevant. They just underline yet again that while deniers are very good at carping, they rarely bother to do science, still less quality science.
Two posts further on, jwalsh responds to me, writing:
"I have a science degree, but I don't think I could confidently rate a whole lot of papers not in my field based on that criteria by abstract alone. Would be a bit of a crap-shoot to be honest."
While a refeshing admission of his own incompetence, this point totally ignores that Cook et al was a test of the accuracy of that method by comparison of the results with author self ratings, and that the author self-ratings also showed a 97% consensus. It is getting so you can tell the troll criticisms of Cook et al by their apparent complete lack of awareness of the author self ratings.
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Tom Curtis at 01:35 AM on 19 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
jwalsh @53:
"Do I?"
Yes you do. In fact you wrote:
"Because unquestionably, Curry's beliefs would fall under the 97% and not the 3% under the Cook 2014 methodology. And in the Verheggen methodology, we're not sure. At 50/50 or "middle tercile" it's unclear whether Curry would have put herself at 26-50% or 51%-75% under that method."
That clearly indicates that you consider the Cook et al criteria to be >0% anthropogenic contribution rather than the 50%+ also used by Verheggen et al. Further, you are simply rehashing a trivial point with regard to Curry. As I have already noted:
"As labels they are not ideal in this case, in that Curry does (barely) accept that 50% of recent warming has been anthropogenic with a very large error margin. As such, she nominally falls inside the consensus position as categorized by Cook et al (and more directly relevant, Doran et al, 2009). She is, however, clearly a challenger of the IPCC consensus position."
How much a challenger is seen by the fact that she assigns a 50% probability to a possibility (anthropogenic contribution <50%) that the IPCC assigns a 5% or less probability to in its exectutive summary, and a <0.1% probability in its formal attribution (Fig 10.5). Even using the purely empirical data from Fig 10.6 (which you steadfastly refuse to discuss), and inflating the (Fig 10.5) uncertainty by 50%, there is still a less than 5% (3.7%) probability of an attribution less than 50%. If we consider the probability of less than 40%, or less than 30% the comparison would likely be still worse for Curry, who, however gives us no estimate of uncertainty dispite he many criticisms of the IPCC for inadequately stating uncertainty.
Given this vast discrepancy, the detail of whether or not Curry just scrapes into the 97% or the 3% is trivial, and your obssession with looks exactly like evasion of more substantive discussion. Indeed, having been shown that you were wrong about Fig 10.5 being purely model based; and being directly shown that purely empirical methods of attribution yield a mean result scarcely distinguishable from that for Fig 10.5 you suddenly went completely silent on the substantive points of the post, and started of on misrepresenting Cook et al 2013 and obsessing about whether Curry was just in, or just out of Verheggen's consensus category.
People who have nothing to of substance to say about the main points of the article often obsess about the details, especially when they don't want people to pay attention to the substance of the article.
Which reminds me:
But they sure can tell when your a troll:
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jwalsh at 17:11 PM on 18 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
Tom Curtis @52
jwalsh @51, you continue to pursue off topic discussion; and continue to push the deceptive misinterpretation of the Cook et all classification as indicating only some of recent warming is anthropogenic.
Do I? Curry as representing the "3%" seems very much on topic. Let me see after having read that link that I now understand it correctly then. It sounds like your suggesting that Curry should be rated a "7", and part of the 3% based her belief about it being approximately 50/50. If Curry had simply gone that extra 1%, and quantified anthropogenic as at least 51%, she'd be a "1"? Curious, since the vast majority of those taking a position as endorsing, were rated as either the 2 or 3 part of the 97% simply because they didn't sign up to a numerical value that could be inferred from the abstract. It was never my intent to get stuck into the paper that hard, since, as I said, I would do it differently. I have a science degree, but I don't think I could confidently rate a whole lot of papers not in my field based on that criteria by abstract alone. Would be a bit of a crap-shoot to be honest.
However, we don't need to do that at all. Turns out Judith Curry is actually in the 97%. Two of her papers were rated "3" in Cook 2014. And a couple were "4's". So she either speaks for some aspect of the 97%, or speaks for the vast majority of papers taking no position, or she speaks for herself! :)
Moderator Response:[RH] You and Russ have had this explained to you several times now. Curry continually argues minimal influence <50% from man-made sources, which is consistent with rating levels 5, 6 and 7.
As stated to Russ, you and others, if you believe Cook13 results are not robust, you are more than encouraged to produce your own research and submit to peer review. Posting comments of the same ilk as this one will be deemed as excessive repetition and deleted, per policy.
- Comments should avoid excessive repetition. Discussions which circle back on themselves and involve endless repetition of points already discussed do not help clarify relevant points. They are merely tiresome to participants and a barrier to readers. If moderators believe you are being excessively repetitive, they will advise you as such, and any further repetition will be treated as being off topic.
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Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Of those papers that do quantify (73), 9 (12%) find less than 50%, and 64 (87%) find greater than 50%. I feel the authors of the study are being exceedingly generous in including most, if not all, of those nine. Four are from the same group of authors. The method and/or physics has been soundly debunked on most if not all (S&W 2011 isn't even a proper attribution study--just a curve-fitting exercise. Actually, I'm not aware of any comprehensive attribution study performed by anyone associated with the position that AGW accounts for less than half of the observed warming.). If we look at attribution studies that have not had serious claims against their methods, the number is not going to end up at 97%. It's going to end up at 100%.
Russ, if you were shown sound evidence strongly suggesting that the work of the Chilingar group was based on fundamental errors of physics and/or method, would you be critical of Cook et al. for including that work? -
sauerj at 12:53 PM on 18 September 2014Thousands of ‘Nameless Short-Lived Lakes’
sidd, Thanks! Very helpful!
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Tom Curtis at 11:59 AM on 18 September 2014The 97% v the 3% – just how much global warming are humans causing?
jwalsh @51, you continue to pursue off topic discussion; and continue to push the deceptive misinterpretation of the Cook et all classification as indicating only some of recent warming is anthropogenic. I have discussed why that is deceptive, and a misinterpretation here, where it is on topic. I suggest you take the discussion there.
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Tom Curtis at 11:51 AM on 18 September 2014Skeptical Science Study Finds 97% Consensus on Human-Caused Global Warming in the Peer-Reviewed Literature
Russ R keeps on trying to push Duarte's list of abstracts he claims should not have been included in the results. For much of the list, Duarte's argument is weak, apparently presuposing that only articles dealing with attribution (and possibly climate sensitivity) are relevant. That represents a category error. Cook et al looked at the extent of endorsement of AGW in the scientific literature. A paper endorses a view if it states it, but also if it accepts it as the basis for further study. Duarte (and many AGW "skeptics") treat Cook et al as a survey of papers which provide evidence for attribution of 50% (or greater than 0% based on their misrepresentation) of recent warming to anthropogenic factors. Endorsing, and providing evidence for, are two very distinct things. The apparent inability of many supposedly intelligent AGW "skeptics" calls into question their knowledge of basic english. Cook et al, of course, was about endorsement as a proxy for acceptance of the theory by scientists. It had no need to survey evidence for the theories in that we have a set of comprehensive surveys of that evidence already, the most recent having been released by the IPCC last year.
Still, there are a few papers where the endorsement may be considered tenuous as an indication of the opinions of physical scientists. For the sake of argument, let us supose that they should not have been included in the survey. What difference would removing them make?
I have listed below key words that can be found in the titles of all articles identified by Duarte that might come under that category. After each key word, I have indicated the number of titles in his list in which the word appears, and the number of titles and/or abstracts in the Cook et al database in which they appear. (I have added Duarte's list at the end of this post, with relevant search words or word stems highighted. Titles with no words highlighted are in my opinion appropriately included, or have no convenient keyword that will not pick up a vast majority of obviously relevant abstracts.)In all, 10 out of 19 of Duarte's list are covered by my search words, and another 2 were rated 4, and hence did not contribute to the consensus percentage in any event.
I then recalculated the consensu result on the assumption that all abstracts found by the searches using the key words should have been excluded. That is an absurd overestimate of the number that should have been excluded even if we grant Duarte's case because many of those found in the searches were categorized in categories that were not counted, rated at 4 and hence not counted, or clearly are appropriate for inclusion.
Despite bending over backwards to exclude papers based on Duarte's criticisms, the end result is that it adjusts the consensus rate down from 97.1% to 96.8%. That is right, even grossly inflating the figures for papers that should be excluded on Duarte's criteria only reduces the consensus rate by 0.3%
Duarte (and Russ R), of course, never make that calculation. Nor do they do a mini survey to estimate the rate of papers that should be excluded in their opinion. They do not do so because they have seen enough to know that the effect will be miniscule. Therefore they trump up a few cherry picked examples and hope the question of proportions never arises, all the better to decieve their readers.
The failure to determine ratios, and the failure calculated estimated effects of their "corrections" shows their criticism to not be science but pseudo-science.
I understand the moderator to have excluded several attempts by Russ R to introduce discussion of this material in comments, and will understant if the moderator considers even my discussion of topic and deletes it. However, it is trivially easy to show how pathetic is Duarte's criticism of Cook et al, and it seems a shame to me not to show that. Shoudl Russ R attempt to use this post a a springboard for more pseudo-science, I recommend that he only be permitted to discuss this list if in fact he determines ratios (making clear how he does so), and from that calculates the effects of his "corrections" on the headline result of the paper.
***********************************************************************
Opinion: 3, 50
Television: 1, 4
Perception: 2, 74
Promoting: 1, 97
Informing: 1, 6
Motiv: 1, 117
School: 1, 33
Total: 10, 381
(3896-381)/(4014-381) 96.8%
Chowdhury, M. S. H., Koike, M., Akther, S., & Miah, D. (2011). Biomass fuel use, burning technique and reasons for the denial of improved cooking stoves by Forest User Groups of Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 18(1), 88–97.
Mitigation, 4
Boykoff, M. T. (2008). Lost in translation? United States television news coverage of anthropogenic climate change, 1995–2004. Climatic Change, 86(1-2), 1–11.
Mitigation, 2
De Best-Waldhober, M., Daamen, D., & Faaij, A. (2009). Informed and uninformed public opinions on CO2 capture and storage technologies in the Netherlands. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 3(3), 322–332.
Mitigation, 3
Tokushige, K., Akimoto, K., & Tomoda, T. (2007). Public perceptions on the acceptance of geological storage of carbon dioxide and information influencing the acceptance. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 1(1), 101–112.
Mitigation, 3
Egmond, C., Jonkers, R., & Kok, G. (2006). A strategy and protocol to increase diffusion of energy related innovations into the mainstream of housing associations. Energy Policy, 34(18), 4042–4049.
Impacts, 3
Gruber, E., & Brand, M. (1991). Promoting energy conservation in small and medium-sized companies. Energy Policy, 19(3), 279–287.
Mitigation, 3
Şentürk, İ., Erdem, C., Şimşek, T., & Kılınç, N. (2011). Determinants of vehicle fuel-type preference in developing countries: a case of Turkey.
Mitigation, 2
Grasso, V., Baronti, S., Guarnieri, F., Magno, R., Vaccari, F. P., & Zabini, F. (2011). Climate is changing, can we? A scientific exhibition in schools to understand climate change and raise awareness on sustainability good practices. International Journal of Global Warming, 3(1), 129–141.
Methods, 3
Palmgren, C. R., Morgan, M. G., Bruine de Bruin, W., & Keith, D. W. (2004). Initial public perceptions of deep geological and oceanic disposal of carbon dioxide. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(24), 6441–6450.
Mitigation, 3
Semenza, J. C., Ploubidis, G. B., & George, L. A. (2011). Climate change and climate variability: personal motivation for adaptation and mitigation. Environmental Health, 10(1), 46.
Mitigation, 3
Héguy, L., Garneau, M., Goldberg, M. S., Raphoz, M., Guay, F., & Valois, M.-F. (2008). Associations between grass and weed pollen and emergency department visits for asthma among children in Montreal. Environmental Research, 106(2), 203–211.
Impacts, 3
Lewis, S. (1994). An opinion on the global impact of meat consumption. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59(5), 1099S–1102S.
Mitigation, 3
De Boer, I. J. (2003). Environmental impact assessment of conventional and organic milk production. Livestock Production Science, 80(1), 69–77
Mitigation, 3
Acker, R. H., & Kammen, D. M. (1996). The quiet (energy) revolution: analysing the dissemination of photovoltaic power systems in Kenya. Energy Policy, 24(1), 81–111.
Mitigation, 3
Vandenplas, P. E. (1998). Reflections on the past and future of fusion and plasma physics research. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 40(8A), A77.
Mitigation, 4
Gökçek, M., Erdem, H. H., & Bayülken, A. (2007). A techno-economical evaluation for installation of suitable wind energy plants in Western Marmara, Turkey. Energy, Exploration & Exploitation, 25(6), 407–427.
Mitigation, 2
Gampe, F. (2004). Space technologies for the building sector. Esa Bulletin, 118, 40–46.
Mitigation, 3
Ha-Duong, M. (2008). Hierarchical fusion of expert opinions in the Transferable Belief Model, application to climate sensitivity. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 49(3), 555–574.
Methods, 3
Douglas, J. (1995). Global climate research: Informing the decision process. EPRI Journal.
Mitigation, 3
Moderator Response:[RH] One can also assume that the reverse is true, that there are papers that were included in the "no position" category that should have been included with an endorsement level, thus rendering Duarte's objections null and void. He's arguing statistical noise.
Once again, if they doubt Cook et al results are robust, Duarte, Tol, Russ and others are enthusiastically invited to perform their own ratings analysis and submit to peer review.
I believe this horse (as aptly noted before) has been flogged... to... death. Let's please lay it to rest lest it stink up the place any further.
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