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Comments 8601 to 8650:

8601. One Planet Only Forever at 04:04 AM on 3 January 2020
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Nick Palmer @31 (also applicable to swampfoxh),

      Michael Sweet may not have explained in detail why it is correct to refer to IPCC reported summaries of the science as 'low-balling' how serious the problem is. However, it is true that the IPCC methodology for finalizing the wording of its reports, particularly the Executive Summary, results in 'low-balling of the negative seriousness'.

      The science continues to be clear. Human impacts beyond 1.5C warming are likely very negative for the future generations. That has not changed. Politicians who have less concern for future generations decided that a 1.5C limit was 'too hard on the current generation' and tried to say 2.0C would be OK. And some extremist economists, extreme in their lack of concern for future generations, have determined and declared that 3.0C would not only be OK, it would be a generous restriction of the harm done to future generations. They say that to be fair the warming limit could be even higher than 3.0C, depending on how much less concern for the negative future impacts (discounting of future costs) is acceptable (even though it is patently absurd to believe that it is acceptable to benefit from actions that create, or risk creating, negative impacts on Others).

      The IPCC report writing methodology is for an 'absolute consensus' to be reached among the participants in the authorship of a Report. And each science contributor has a 'political minder from their nation' influencing the way the report is worded. The 'absolute consensus' wording has to meet the desires of the political minders, but can only be pushed to the limit of scientific legitimacy. The result is reports that are pushed to the 'low-ball end' statements of what can be scientifically supported. (Based a my listening to a CBC Radio interview from long ago of a Canadian Scientist who was a participant in the process).

      That process has resulted in almost every subsequent Report 'stepping-up' its statement of 'negative consequences'. When you start from a position of 'low-balling how bad things are' it is almost certain that increased investigation will result in a 'higher low-balling of how bad things are'. Even the incredibly frightening most recent IPCC Special Reports regarding Climate Change impacts on Oceans and Land could be understating the severity of the future impacts.

      Compromising expanded awareness and improved understanding of climate science has not been helpful at all, from the perspective of the future generations. But nobody 'has to look at things that way' these days do they? - which is the real problem, especially when leaders don't have to see how unsustainable and harmful their choices actually are.

      It is correct to understand that some people will rigidly dig-in when faced with an attempt to correct something they developed a liking for believing. But some people are open to continued learning, even as they get older.

      The future of humanity requires Sustainable Development, the sooner the better, no matter how angry that makes the 'learning resistant'.

      The future will only be better without the 'learning resistant'.

      The 'learning and correction resistant' who fight against any of the pursuits of Sustainable Development corrections need to understand that their harmfulness will not be missed by Others. And their collective fading into impotent angrier irrelevance will be an improvement for global society and the future of humanity. Their lack of significant impact on Others would be a welcome improvement. I would prefer that they choose to learn to be more helpful, less harmful, and have their impacts be more welcomed and sustainably admired by Others.

      Once a person's basic needs are met, any improvement of their circumstance increases their ability to be helpful to Others. The choice is theirs to make. Hopefully more of them will resolve to become more helpful, less harmful, people.

8602. Evan at 03:41 AM on 3 January 2020
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Nick@31. I like your statements of caution and your presentation of the centrist view. Whereas I agree with your assessment of Guy McPherson as being on the fringe, I respect Kevin Anderson as one of the few researchers willing to call people's attention to just how serious the situation is. He is also addressing the engineering challenges to tackling the problem. Whereas I don't encourage people to listen to Guy McPherson, I do encourage people to listen to Kevin Anderson. I think he has a good message and one worth hearing.

      In addition, he is trying to walk the talk, which is also rare these days.

8603. Nick Palmer at 02:07 AM on 3 January 2020
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Michael - it's getting tedious hearing your defence of extremist views. Yo just repeatedly used then term 'lowballing' which shows you do not have a good grasp of the science. The figures from the IPCC represent MIDBALLING, being the most likely figures.  Lowballing would be using the figures, again least likely, at the other end of the probability graph.
      
      If you havent seen the clear evidence from psychology that overstating risks not only turns people off, but reduces the credibility of the 'consensus' middle ground of science in the publics' eye then you need to read a bit wider.
      
      Most people, if they have memories, have seen extremist science predictions - or rather how the media report such predictions - fail before. The textbook example is that of Paul R. Ehrlich who famously, in 1968 wrote a book and the original edition of The Population Bomb began with this statement: "The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now. At this late date nothing can prevent a substantial increase in the world death rate ..."[20] Ehrlich argued that the human population was too great, and that while the extent of disaster could be mitigated, humanity could not prevent severe famines, the spread of disease, social unrest, and other negative consequences of overpopulation."
      
      I think you will find that although he was a top person in his field at the time he was essentially completely wrong. The inheritors of his mantle today are such as Guy McPherson, Pete Wadhams, Beckwith, Kevin Anderson, Carana, Scribbler etc who all take the far-end-of-the-probability-graph most unlikely forecasts and, in their public interviews, talk as if the least likely is pretty certain. It's just not scientifically valid to do that.
      
      Alley, of course, is a top notch scientist but people have to remember that he is speaking as a scientist using very precise language which unfortunately can be very prone to misintrepretation when reported on by interviewers of lesser scientific appreciation.
      
      Similarly the Hallam of E.R.  activist types who spout extremist definitive statements such as  "six billion people will die as a result of climate change in coming decades" need to be told to shut up because they are are seriously damaging the credibility of the actual climate science in the public arena.

8604. michael sweet at 22:15 PM on 2 January 2020
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Nick Palmer:

      The IPCC AR5 Executive Summary  gives an expected sea level rise of 65 cm by 2100 for BAU.  Media reports often claimed a range of 26-82 cm by 2100.  This range was only an 83% expectation.  Most scientific papers give 95% confidence intervals which increase the top end to 180cm.  Is the public really served by low balling problems this way?

      The rules for the IPCC reports were written by fossil fuel lawers.  The summaries reflect the lowest end of possible problems.

      Lowballing problems as you suggest has not motivated anyone to take action in the past 30 years.  Extinction Rebellion has organized numerous rallies world wide since it was formed.  I attended my first rally a month ago and Extinction Rebellion helped organize it.  Low balling has not achieved anything.  Where is data to support your claim that low balling problems gets more people to take action?  This is simply opinion.  Peoples opinions differ.  

      In the end I think people only respond when they see disaster actually occur that affects them.  The fires in Australia, California and Europe (gigantic wildfires were not predicted by scientists for 2019) will change more minds than any scienttific discussions.  Extraordinary heat waves (not predicted) are convincing.  Dead trees in my neighborhood are convincing.

      I do not support frightening people with 15 feet (Alley actually mentioned 30-40 feet as a maximum in his talk, listen to it again), but having 65 cm in the Executive summary, which is the most you expect people to read, is not accurate.

8605. michael sweet at 21:03 PM on 2 January 2020
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Nigelj,

      At 17 you claimed:

      "you can't argue every issue by pointing to what an expert or two said and leaving it at that. Sometimes experts are dead wrong. You are using the "argument from authority fallacy," and also doing exactly what the denialists do when the point at a couple of denialist experts."

      at 23 you said"

      "You are just doing the same thing again. Emphasising the extreme estimate from a small group of scientists, while criticising denialists who do the same. Nothing has happened in the real world to date to suggest 5 metres this century is possible. The very recent trends in the Antarctic and Greenland suggest 2 metres is possible from what I have read."

      At 23 you posted a link to a press release.  The actual paper is here.  It is clear you have not read it.  It states that the consensus of experts is a long tail of very high sea level rise just as described in the paper I cited with 18 authors, not "an expert or two".  It is not my problem if you are uninformed about the subject we are discussing.  You must withdraw your suggestion that I have cherry picked my citations.

      We started this discussion because at 17 you claimed 2 meters was an extreme estimate of sea level and at 23 you say:

      "I admit I didn't provide a reference for two metres. Yes you are right there are a few scientists predicting far more than two metres sea level rise per century. I forgot that. However its somewhat beside the point I was making, and the thinking of the wider communiry seems to be converging on 2-3 metres per century as a plausible worst case scenario"

      Your paper actually supports my posts: 2 meters is a high estimate but within 95%  estimates of high sea level rise and 5 meters is within the long tail.  You did not read the paper.  The paper also states that the consensus of experts has significantly increased since 2013.  For sea level rise the consensus always increases every 5-10 years.

      In 18 you said:

      "Regarding 2 metres per century sea level rise. Although this is possible to me, its not going to happen within a couple of years. It will still be a decades to centuries process, so if it causes food shortgages inland forests will be felled to supply extra land. Duh!"

      Farmers raise crops on all the good land.  Only poor land is allowed to go to trees.  Virtually all farmable land is already occupied by a farmer.  Your gross insensivity to farmers on good, delta land being forced to move to cities is disgusting.  Lost good land is not replaced by poor land in the mountains or melted permafrost.  All the estimates I used were for 2100.  You refer to multiple time periods so it is unclear what you mean.  It is clear that you are not up to date on the amount and consequences of sea level rise.

      You do not advance the conversation if you criticize my posts without reading your own citations.

      You should not comment strongly on subjects you are not up to date on.  Duh!  If you wonder why land does not exist to replace delta land ask a question.   I did not comment on dessertification because I do not follow that topic.   I note that your references on Hadley cells are over 10 years old and only indirectly relate to dessertification.  Did you read them?  You have not cited a reference that directly supports your claims there either.  The fires currently in Australia indicate to me that dessertification is expanding rapidly and you were incorrect (although I am not current on dessertification).

8606. michael sweet at 11:34 AM on 2 January 2020
      Is Nuclear Energy the Answer?
      

      John ONeill,

      Do not deliberately insult me on my handle.

      In post 120 you claimed: 

      "Beryllium is not used in any current reactor, or in any presently being assessed for licensing in the USA or Canada, including proposed molten salt designs."

      I produced an example to show that your claim was false.  Now you have provided additional examples of beryllium use in nuclear reactors to prove your claim was false.

      Why should I believe anything you post when you make obviously false claims??

      In addition to critical shortages of uranium, there are many other rare and exotic metals used in the construction of a nuclear plant.  The nuclear industry has made no attempt to show the materials exist to build out a number of plants, because the materials do not exist.  It has been proven that all materials exist for a renewable energy build out.

      It currently costs more for operation and maintenance of a nuclear reactor with no mortgage than to build a new solar or wind plant including mortgage.  As you point out, nuclear is not economic.

8607. Nick Palmer at 09:41 AM on 2 January 2020
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Alley said '"we don't have the - pound on the table - this is the published refereed literature - that says this rate, but they have not done the worst case scenario." (15-20ft).
      He does say that would be the worst case and suggests the probability is low but not zero.
      This is a good scientist speaking. Bear in mind that Reece's article said this  "But on Aug. 15, in a memorable session of the BBC’s HardTalk, Hallam irritated multiple cultural nerves by claiming, on the basis of “hard science,” that six billion people will die as a result of climate change in coming decades."
      
      Nowwhere does he point out the deceit or delusion in Hallam's words inherent in "will" and that is the problem when figures like Reece over represent the chances of low probabilit events happening. This 'fear porn' is very counter-productive to getting the public on side nad it give enormous quantities of easy 'ammunition' to the denialist movement so those who exaggerate and mislead should not be praised or given airtime but should instead be castigated.

8608. swampfoxh at 09:10 AM on 2 January 2020
      Statistic of the decade: The massive deforestation of the Amazon
      

      SteveW. It"s a tough world. The behinders, those poor that you speak of in your post, are just out of luck. You may think it immoral to tell them they cannot pursue First World goodies, but the game changed in the second half if the twentieth century as a result of the Industrial Revolution's egregious exploitation of the planet and the uncontrolled population explosion after about 1901. You can, however, rest in the comfort that the rich and the poor will be marched off to oblivion together and their graves will be erased by an Earth on the mend in about 10,000 years...by then, there is unlikely to be a need for a moral judgement on anything since it is very likely the repositories of morality will be extinct.

8609. John ONeill at 08:42 AM on 2 January 2020
      Is Nuclear Energy the Answer?
      

      Michael Sweetman - The use of beryllium you cite is just for about 35% of the welding flux ( with zirconium ) to attach tags to fuel rods, and that only for Candu reactors, which make up less than 5% of the global fleet - hardly a serious resource demand. I believe the reference was in regard to finding alternatives for beryllium, because of stricter safety standards for manufacturing. Aluminium, together with other metals, was considered a possible alternative. I knew that the British Advanced Gas Cooled Reactors were originally planned to have beryllium fuel tubes, but technical difficulties prevented this. As a result they were not able to use unenriched uranium, which severely affected the economic rationale for using gas cooled rather than water cooled plants. 

      World beryllium production in 2018 was only 230 tons, so it could be a constraint on the proposals for molten salt reactors with beryllium as part of the salt mix - 'Flibe' ( Fluoride-Lithium-Beryllium) is even registered as the brand name for Kirk Sorenson's company. However, I think the requirement for Lithium to be isotopically enriched to 99.995 % Li7 is a bigger hurdle, and as far as I remember, most other molten salt startups are proposing different salt mixes.

        Your argument for metal shortages preventing large scale nuclear use relies on once-through use of fuel, as at present. If reactors breeding fuel from U238 or thorium are used, fuel recycling will also be able to recycle associated metals. The recycled fuel will have to be handled remotely, so some induced radiation in any tubes or other fittings, or salt, would make little difference. In the short term, which is what we should be focussing on to cut increasing CO2 emissions, the argument is irrelevant. There are enough uranium reserves to replace coal power production for a generation at least; the main roadblock is reactor cost. Costs of manufacture are not set in stone, even for current designs, as shown by the experience in Sweden, France and Belgium - half to ninety percent of electricity supply, built in twenty years, with power costs comparable to coal. Don't tell me those aren't safe enough, they've yet to kill anyone in forty years.

8610. Tom Dayton at 06:30 AM on 2 January 2020
      Sea level rise is exaggerated
      

      See also Tamino's demonstration of acceleration in global sea level rise.

8611. apiece at 20:27 PM on 1 January 2020
      Statistic of the decade: The massive deforestation of the Amazon
      

      So it is obvious the majority of humanity will never change,  we have half the world burning with forest fires, then big cities like Sydney and Delli complaining about the smoke and pollution from the fires but then themselves creating even more pollution by having new year firework shows. Hav'nt they noticed anything. I find it disrespectfull to the people who suffered and died from the disasters.

8612. One Planet Only Forever at 14:05 PM on 1 January 2020
      Statistic of the decade: The massive deforestation of the Amazon
      

      The best way to state the required solution that I am aware of is 'Sustainable Development'. And the first step is already established - achieving all of the Sustainable Development Goals, the sooner the better. And there is a MOOC for that. “The Age of Sustainable Development” MOOC, (Development of MOOC led by Jeffrey D. Sachs, initially offered in 2014). And there is a book that was developed as part of the development of the MOOC: “The Age of Sustainable Development”, by Jeffrey D. Sachs, 2015 Columbia University Press.

      A significant problem to be overcome to achieve Sustainable Development has already been mentioned by many others in the comments, over-coming the powerful resistance to being corrected that can be expected from many of the Status-Quo winners. And a powerful weapon of the correction resistant current day Winners is their ability to use the Science of Marketing to get away with misleading marketing, making-up appealing passion-triggering claims that delay the increased awareness and understanding of how unjustified many developed impressions of status actually are.

      There is a MOOC to address the misleading marketing problem. The learning from the Denial101x MOOC can be extended to other misleading marketing efforts that attempt to delay the corrections of the many other unsustainable harmful developments that need to be corrected to achieve Sustainable Development.

      And the solution is not replacing Freer Capitalism with Socialism or Communism. Any socioeconomic-political system can be compromised by successful misleading marketing that makes unsustainable and harmful actions appear to be desirable and defensible. And a diversity of socioeconomic-political systems is probably a good idea. Competition between systems that are fully governed by the shared pursuit (common objective) of Sustainable Development improvements would be very helpful.

      The solution is developing ways of ensuring that everything is governed by the norms (ethics) of the pursuit of expanded awareness and improved understanding and the application of that learning to help develop a robust diversity of ways of being human that sustainably fit into the robust diversity of life on this amazing planet without using up finite resources (reusing them endlessly).

8613. Eclectic at 11:34 AM on 1 January 2020
      Sea level rise is exaggerated
      

      Dr Marohasy is also conflating modern times (the last 200 years) with the sea level changes of the mid & later Holocene (the last 10,000 years).  She is confusing the picture, by using deceptive rhetoric to suggest (to the casual reader) that the observed global sea level fall of around 1 - 2 meters is part of the overall pattern of sea level fall and is a continuing fall today (despite all those incompetent mainstream scientists providing all that fake evidence of a 20+ cm rise during the past century).

      Despite common sense indicating that current global warming & ice-melt must be causing a rise in mean sea level [as modern tide gauge & satellite measurements do indeed demonstrate] . . . Marohasy is trying to gloss over the reality of modern climate change.

      Her comments are quite bizarre actually ~ this confusion of short- & long-term sea level changes.  Yes, the MSL fell by 1 - 2 meters [ see Clark et al., 2016 ] in the roughly 10,000 years since the peak of the Holocene warm period (as the world continued to cool very slightly) . . . but nowadays the circumstances have produced rapid global warming, with resultant MSL rise.   A rise which Marohasy seems to be trying to conceal with vague & confusing wording.

      The  more interesting question is :- Why  is she undertaking such propaganda-style mendacity?

8614. Daniel Bailey at 10:21 AM on 1 January 2020
      Sea level rise is exaggerated
      

      Marohasy conflates local/regional sea levels with global, a fatal error.  

      "She appears to be also claiming that sea levels could be falling at the moment"

      Not without the copious usage of mind-altering substances.  SLR is accelerating as land-based ice sheet mass losses accelerate.

      Read the previous dozen comments.

8615. Peter Cook at 09:32 AM on 1 January 2020
      Sea level rise is exaggerated
      

      Jennifer Marohasy has posted a recent blog which claims large sea level falls around Australia over several thousand years.  She appears to be also claiming that sea levels could be falling at the moment.  I would be grateful for any insights the Skeptical Science team can provide about the validity of these arguments. 

      See the post at: https://jennifermarohasy.com/2019/12/what-can-you-see-indicating-sea-levels-are-rising/

8616. nigelj at 09:13 AM on 1 January 2020
      Statistic of the decade: The massive deforestation of the Amazon
      

      The core problem is capitalism is based on the profit motive, which doesn't leave much over for environmental concerns. I doubt things will change until companies adopt a wider range of motives, either in a voluntary way or forced by government legislation. Likewise a lot of the onus is on individuals to widen their motives. Its going to be a tortuous path.

8617. Bob Loblaw at 07:52 AM on 1 January 2020
      Statistic of the decade: The massive deforestation of the Amazon
      

      SteveW seems to think that buying the land will prevent deforestation. I don't know about Brazil specifically, but in Canada (and I think the US) public land is often not for sale - only the rights to harvest trees are up for sale.

      And if you buy the rights to cut trees, it is for a limited time - and you'll probably lose those rights if you don't harvest. (The same goes for mineral rights - use it, or lose it. And owning the land doesn't mean you own the mineral rights - a land owner often can't prevent mining when someone else has bought the mineral rights.)

      Now, if governments were willing to create laws that allowed people to buy land and permanently remove it from logging or mining, I'm sure people would step up. Current laws usualy create a huge bias in favour of development, though. Changing that requires governments that are wlling.

      One measure that is possible is a Conservation Easement. The Wikipedia article talks about the US, but they exist in Canada, too.

8618. Bob Loblaw at 07:40 AM on 1 January 2020
      Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas
      

      pbezuk:

      You've managed to bring at least four errors into a four-line paragraph. That's impressive.

      1. NOAA publishes many studies. As the moderator has suggested, you aren't going to be believed unless you can point us to at least one NOAA study that says what you claim. Empty assertions don't count for much here. Try this post to read more.
      2. The 3-dimensional general circulation models that the IPCC summarizes most certainly do not assume that humidity rises in response to CO2. They estimate evaporation into the atmosphere, and they estimate precipitation back to the surface, and they move atmospheric moisture (in all forms) from one geographic location to another (n three dimensions) in response to atmospheric motions. Local (and therefore global) humidity levels are a response to the physics incorprated into the models. Its an output, not an input.
      3. Refering to the "tiny part of CO2..." is a fallacy. Try reading the following page to see the error in your statement: CO2 is a trace gas.
      4. "It is all based on humidity" is also wrong. If models are forced to keep constant humidity (yes, this has been done as far back as the 1960s) then warming still occurs. If humidity is allowed to change (not assumed - allowed), then the temperature rise is roughly doubled due to feedback. Try this post for more information.

      Please place any follow-ups to any of these points on the appropriate pages.

8619. Philippe Chantreau at 07:04 AM on 1 January 2020
      Statistic of the decade: The massive deforestation of the Amazon
      

      Doug is right on many aspects. We are in a closed system but our basic primate make-up does not equip us, as a group, to deal with that idea.

      I have talked to people who have been in business at fairly high levels, and have solid economic backgrounds; the dominant idea is that one does not have to worry about the fact that commodities are finite. I don't know if anyone has ever raised the objection that it is the equivalent of saying that economics is not constrained by thermodynamics.

      At any rate, contrarily to what some suggest, commodities are in fact the root of all and every aspect of the economy. Just like the most advanced thought processes in philosophers or scientists heads can not happen without the physical support of that organ called the brain, and the oxygen and energy to make it function, economies can not run without food and water for people, energy for their machines, and materials for their activity.

      As removed as some parts of the economy may be from resources and commodities, they are still entirely dependent on them for their very existence because they are the physical support of it, nothing can happen without them. Economies like that of Singapore rely on resources exploited elsewhere. Economies that rely too heavily on resource extraction have their problems too.

      All resources and commodities indeed exist in limited supply in our closed system. This places constraints on the total possible number of people at a given standard of living. That is a physical, inescapable fact. No amount of handwaving from macroeconomics can change it. We are just starting to grapple with that fact, as globalization is a phenomenon less than 100 years old. Some very powerful actors with enormous vested interests in the status-quo do not want this reality to be acknowledged and dealt with in accordance with its importance. We are continuing to act like the standard issue primates while we are confronted with a situation demanding we get to the next level: a true cooperative global economy. 

      Going to the next level means that we must integrate all factors in products' costs, consider full life cycle, generalize the circular models, and quantify the full extent of ecosystem services that we take for granted. It implies, among other things, being cogniscent of the fact that burning coal spreads mercury, other toxic substances and adds CO2 to the atmosphere, which itself has radiative effects. The total cost of doing it should be reflected in the commodity's price. It means that exploiting ocean floor metallic nodules should require operators to return the sludge at the depth it came from. It means that all the costs associated with the complete life cycles of single use plastic products should be reflected in the products' price. It means that we must reconsider our agricltural models, destructive of their own support systems, made possible at the cost of ever increasing energy inputs, and spreading by-products causing serious adverse effects. It means that we have to re-examine the dogma of ever increasing efficiency, which take the human eventually out of every activity. It means that profits, in any line of activity, will be constrained and that no activity will yield very large ones. It means that reducing humans to their exclusive dimension of consumers must be dealt with like the dead end that it is.

      There is no sign that we are going to head this way on a scale large enough any time soon. Things will run their course.

8620. Philippe Chantreau at 05:25 AM on 1 January 2020
      Statistic of the decade: The massive deforestation of the Amazon
      

      Brazil is the 9th largest economy in the World with a nominal GDP of $1.87 trillion. Its GDP per capita is close to $9,000, which is rather plush for a so-called emerging nation. It is likely feasible to have a fairly sustainable society with this kind of per capita GDP, but that would require a re-organization of a size impossible to impose to the actors who benefit the most from the current model. 

      Of course, the reality behind that number consists of vast masses of people in poverty and a few obscenely rich ones. It would probaly be possible to organize the economy in ways that rely less on resource exploitation but resource exploitation is a readily available, easy way to make money, so it will be used until it's no longer available; that's how humans function. Brazil's main problem is corruption. There are signs that Bolsonaro is probably worse than its predecessors concerning corruption.

      Brazil will continue to be corrupt and to destroy the forest and its people will continue to be poor because resource extraction does not translate into real economic betterment of the ones doing the extraction; it does, however, enrich the select few who control it. 

8621. Doug Bostrom at 04:57 AM on 1 January 2020
      Statistic of the decade: The massive deforestation of the Amazon
      

      We're in a closed system. At some point we'll need to confront facts such as Brazil's bad luck to be freighted with a significant component that is necessary for continued successful operation of the system. It's a legitimate, open question as to whether Brazil has the right to degrade the entire planet, unfair as that may be.

      Thinking of the ISS, if the American portion of the station were to see the American astronauts running that part decide to sell off the water reclamation system because "they needed the money" there's a real argument as to whether they'd have the intrinisic right to do so. Loss of the WRC would mean a knock-on deficiency in oxygen, this in turn affecting the health of ISS owner/occupants from other countries. The situation down here on Earth is more stringent— we can't receive replenishment from down below. 

8622. nigelj at 04:33 AM on 1 January 2020
      Statistic of the decade: The massive deforestation of the Amazon
      

      Steve W, do you realise Brazils rainforest is one billion acres, so an organisation would have to raise one thousand billion dollars? Not very realstic.

      And do you think someone like President Bolsanaro would let foreigners buy even parts of the rainforest only to put them completely off limits for development?

      And there are many other pathways to wealth other than cutting down rainforests. Singapore is wealthy and it has almost no natural resources.

8623. apiece at 02:41 AM on 1 January 2020
      Statistic of the decade: The massive deforestation of the Amazon
      

      Its all very well to think you can just go to a country and buy up the land, just because every rag tag and bobtail can buy land in your country does not work the other way, even if it did there are governments who would hapily confiscate the land if they felt like it, and then do whatever they pleased with it.

8624. SteveW at 01:29 AM on 1 January 2020
      Statistic of the decade: The massive deforestation of the Amazon
      

      Well if the land is only worth $1000 an acre then why not organize a movement to buy it all and leave it as jungle rather than just shout about how much you disapprove of these people trying to improve their economic situation? 

      Brazil is not a rich country and for wealthy 1st world people to tell the poor they must stay poor by not developing their main economic asset is not only ridiculous it is immoral. 

      Put your OWN money where your mouth is! 

8625. Evan at 00:52 AM on 1 January 2020
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      With all of this reassuring discussion, please remember that CO2 concentrations continue to accelerate upwards. Not just increase, but accelerate.

      It is difficult to emphasize how far we are from any kind of optimistic projections. Even if we bound the worst-case scenario to RP6 as a more rationale approach to risk management (I am not making fun of your very well-stated arguments MattSq), that is still an unimaginable future.

      Let's make our New-Year's resolutions for each of us to continue rapidly cutting our carbon emissions.

      Happy New Year and hoping for a brighter tomorrow.

8626. pbezuk at 23:48 PM on 31 December 2019
      Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas
      

      The levels of water vapor has decreased since 1948. See studies of NOAA. This is a serious flaw in the models used by IPCC as they assume that humidity increases when CO2 levels increase. This has not been shown. The tiny part of CO2 can't by itself increase temperature it is all based on an increase in humidity. 

      Moderator Response:

      [DB] In this venue, claims must be accompanied by citations to credible sources.  Please support your claims with those citations.

8627. MattSq at 16:12 PM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Not a climate scientist, my background is in managing technology risk, but I'd observe from parallels in the issues:

      1. Deciding what's the worst 'credible' risk scenario is invariably contentious because it drives policy debate and usually also has an associated high degree of uncertainty. However you do need to bound it otherwise you start dealing with risk that is effectively infinite. 

      2. Using a worst possible scenario that is not credible is generally counter-productive due to the so called anchoring cognitive bias. Once you've stated it becomes very hard to argue people away from this scenario (just ask the nuclear safety community) when you figure out that it's not going to be that bad. 

      3. Retaining RCP 8.5 because it addresses/covers as yet undetermined uncertainties in the physical models about carbon feedbacks is not (I think) a good practice. Better to explicate those uncertainties in the physical model and explore their effects there.

      4. If there's uncertainty about the worst credible RCP scenario then model it as a family with associated epistemic degrees of belief and run a monte carlo simulation on them. 

8628. nigelj at 14:45 PM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Evan @24, and I dont want to nitpick either, but meltwater pulse 1a happened during a period with vast ice sheets over much of the planet so its not directly comparible with todays conditions. Two metres makes more sense to me.

8629. Evan at 13:53 PM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Nigelj@23

      I don't want to nitpick too much, but I'm sure you're aware that during the last deglaciation that an increase of 1 ppm/100 years was enough to drive sea level up 5m/century for about 3-4 centuries (i.e., meltwater pulse 1A). We are now driving up CO2 at 1 ppm/5 months. It seems to me that 5m/century is very much in line with the paleo record given how hard we're pushing the climate.

8630. nigelj at 12:26 PM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      michael sweet @21

      "You appear to be arguing that your opinion is more valuable on any topic than experts in the topic that you deem "dead wrong". On this board you need to post links to support your wild claims."

      I did supply a reference to the wikipedia article on Hadley Cells, which in turn quoted:

      Xiao-Wei Quan; Henry F. Diaz; Martin P. Hoerling (2004). "Changes in the Tropical Hadley Cell since 1950".

      Dian J. Seidel; Qian Fu; William J. Randel; Thomas J. Reichler (2007). "Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate". Nature Geoscience.

      I try to provide as many references as I can in the time I have, and I think I do quite well on the whole, and I wont be doing more.

      "For example sea level rise. So far you have provided no support for your claims that 2 meters of sea level rise this century is "worst case" or will take "decades to centuries". Evan has provided a link that shows actual scientists think 15 feet is possible (although not the most probable event). "

      I admit I didn't provide a reference for two metres. Yes you are right there are a few scientists predicting far more than two metres sea level rise per century. I forgot that. However its somewhat beside the point I was making, and the thinking of the wider communiry seems to be converging on 2-3 metres per century as a plausible worst case scenario, and that was in my mind, for example here:

      phys.org/news/2019-05-metre-sea-plausible.html

      Its absurd to suggest we could ramp up from current rates of sea level rise to 2 metres in the space of a couple of years, even Hansen didn't claim that. It misses the point anyway. My point was  that there will at least be some time to adapt regarding finding more farm land. It will be harder to adapt  in terms of physical infrastructure

      Yes the IPCC worst case of 1 metre sea level rise looks far too conservative, a "keep everyone happy" sort of estimate and very frustrating. I've thought for ages that 2 metres / century is a very distinct possibility and needs to be in fornt of the public. I think I'm entitled to my opinion. There is good evidence in the paleo climate record for 2 metres per century at around  2 degrees of warming so nobody has to model anything, its a matter of historic record. But when people with a science degree start waving thier arms and saying 5 metres is possible by the end of this century,  and that half the world could become a desert I wonder if thats plausible and helpful.

      "Fast forward to 2016 and 18 coauthors backed a 5 meter top projection "
      You are just doing the same thing again. Emphasising the extreme estimate from a small group of scientists, while criticising denialists who do the same. Nothing has happened in the real world to date to suggest 5 metres this century is possible. The very recent trends in the Antarctic and Greenland suggest 2 metres is possible from what I have read.

      "This is a perfect example of what William Reese was arguing against. I do not think 6 billion people will die by 2100, but there are legitimate scientists who do support that claim. They are left out of the discussion. How can we come to proper conclusions of what path we should choose if we leave out the worst projections because we do not like them?"

      They have not been left out of the discussion, because we are discussing them right now! Not that my opinion counts for much.

      "You say "[William Reese's] views do not stand the test" but you provide only your opinion to test his against. You must provide data to support your wild claims."

      I've provided some data that Reeses claims on vast areas of deserts are nonsensical, as mentioned above. That was my main point and appeared to be his main point. I concede I provided no reference when I mentioned sea level rise (:

      "If 600 million people are displaced by sea level alone, along with destruction of prime, irreplaceable farmland, it is not much of a strech to see billions threatened by all of AGW's effects."

      Arm waving and speculation. I agree billions would be threatened, but being threatened is not the same as being killed. Some precision is importrant, is it not?

      I'm applying the mission statement of this website. "Scepticalscience". Are you?

      I was born in 1958 as well.

8631. michael sweet at 11:23 AM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Nick Palmer:

      You quote William Reese's article's references to Ken Calderia and Amber Reese to argue against him.  He is arguing that extreme views need to be considered.  The example of sea level discussed above is a perfect example where 15 years ago scientists argued that Hansen's 5 meter projection should not be considered because it was too extreme.  Today 5 meters is accepted as a possibility (hopefully a slim possibility).  It will not make the IPCC report because the rules for the IPCC mean all estimates are low balled.

      I note that Caulderia qualifies his comment as "quality" peer reviewed.  Presumably he does not consider 5 meters of sea level rise a possibility because he deems the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics as not "quality" enough.  Daniel Bailey's report of his discussion with Alley is very bad news.  Hansen has long argued that a fresh water lens could focus heat on the ice sheet.

      The example of sea level alone suffices to demonstrate that billions are at risk.  We must all work as hard as we can to prevent these disasters from occuring.  Leaving out the high end projections while keeping in denier low balls means nothing ends up getting done.

      From where I sit, I hear that projections of how much it would heat up have been accurate.  Projections of the effect of that heat have often overestimated the amount of heat needed to cause destructive changes.  Who predicted widespread wildfires, massive coral bleaching, killer heatwaves and dramatically increased storms at only 1.2C warming?

      I have a strong recollection from around 2005 I wondered it I would live long enough to see dramatic effects from AGW before I died of old age (I was born in 1958 so I was about 50 years old, I expect to live to 85 years old).  I am now 61 and see dramatic effects all around me.  These effects were not described in the IPCC reports in 2005.

      10 years ago deniers taunted scientists with descriptions of CAGW (catastrophic AGW).  Scientists bent over backwards to say they were not making catastrophic projections.  Today catastrophy is in everyones mouth: fires, storms, sea level rise, coral bleaching, forrest death, farm failures.  Deniers never mention CAGW anymore.  Changes have exceeded expectations.

8632. michael sweet at 10:55 AM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Nigelj,

      You appear to be arguing that your opinion is more  valuable on any topic than experts in the topic that you deem "dead wrong".  On this board you need to post links to support your wild claims.

      For example sea level rise.  So far you have provided no support for your claims that 2 meters of sea level rise this century is "worst case" or will take "decades to centuries".  Evan has provided a link that shows actual scientists think 15 feet is possible (although not the most probable event). 

      If you had followed sea level rise over the past 15 years you would be aware that long ago James Hansen projected 5 meters of sea level rise to protest the IPCC projection that around 0.4 meters was the highest likely.  He was roundly criticized for that projection by people like you.  Fast forward to 2016 and 18 coauthors backed a 5 meter top projection .  The Richard Alley link above shows their argument convinced some other scientists.  Read the background before you make wild claims.

      In the USA currently 8 feet (2.4 meters) of rise by 2100 is recommended for engineering purposes.  Two meters is so 2014!!

      Your claim that 2 meters sea level rise is a worst case analysis is false and your repeating it without any support is sloganeering which is against the posting policy here at SkS.  Your unsupported, uninformed opinion is not a valid scientific argument.

      This is a perfect example of what William Reese was arguing against.  I do not think 6 billion people will die by 2100, but there are legitimate scientists who do support that claim.  They are left out of the discussion.  How can we come to proper conclusions of what path we should choose if we leave out the worst projections because we do not like them?

      You say "[William Reese's] views do not stand the test" but you provide only your opinion to test his against.  You must provide data to support your wild claims.

      I switched to sea level rise because I think it supports Reese's argument better.  I have provided data to support my claim of 2 meters sea level rise (actually a possible 5 meter rise which would be much worse).  If 600 million people are displaced by sea level alone, along with destruction of prime, irreplaceable farmland, it is not much of a strech to see billions threatened by all of AGW's effects.

8633. Daniel Bailey at 10:42 AM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      I spoke with Alley at the AGU this year.  He indicated as much because of coming research showing that the ongoing melting of the ice sheets and thinning of the glacial tongues in Antarctica is causing the surrounding ocean to have a freshwater lens on the top. 

      Why this matters is becuase the upwelling warm water at depth can no longer reach the surface and instead is being redirected like a "blowtorch" at the base of the adjacent ice sheets. 

      Because the models treat the ice sheet like a "white painted rock" (the models do not feature coupled, dynamic interconnections between the ice, atmosphere and the sea) they therefore miss a great deal of the interplay driving the acceleration of ice mass losses there.

8634. Evan at 09:51 AM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      While we're on the topic of sea level rise, Richard Alley is on record as saying sea level rise could be more than 15ft this century. Not saying it will be, but saying it could be.

      I think the readers of SkS will acknowledge that Richard Alley is one of the most respected voices on this topic, and he is also not given to exaggerations. I feel it is pointless to predict how many people would be affected with that level of sea level rise, but needless to say it would throw the world into chaos. Here is the link.

8635. nigelj at 06:15 AM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Regarding 2 metres per century sea level rise. Although this is possible to me,  its not going to happen within a couple of years. It will still be a decades to centuries process, so if it causes food shortgages inland forests will be felled to supply extra land. Duh!  But it will obviously wreck good farmland and lead to massive deforestation and infrastructure damage. The costs will be horrendous.

8636. nigelj at 06:01 AM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      michael sweet @12, you can't argue every issue by pointing to what an expert or two said and leaving it at that. Sometimes experts are dead wrong. You are using the "argument from authority fallacy," and also doing exactly what the denialists do when the point at a couple of denialist experts.

      Reese argument is that 6 billion would die this century. The worst case is 2 metres sea level rise this century, but obviously that would only develop much later this century. Its simply not logical to conclude this would so devastate farmland to cause 6 billion deaths this century. I do not need to do calculations to see what is self evident.

      6 billion might die 'eventually'. That would have been a more defensible argument.

      You have not addressed the point I made about deserts. Instead you have shifted the goal posts to sea level rise. But nobody is telling me Im wrong about the deserts issue. I do not need to publish a paper on something that straightforward. I did support my comments with a reference to what the research says about changes in the Hadley cells.

      Nobody advocates the precautionary principle more than me, but coming up with more and more extreme scenarios simply because we can't definitively rule them out is a process that has no end point, so next week it will be complete human extinction by 2100, then by 2050 etc, and this may just alienate the public and feed the denialists as others point out above. We already have enough sensibly based extreme case scary scenarios with wide support in the scientific community to use as communication tools, without having to go further into things that are wildly speculative.

      Or put it this way, speculation is valuable for obvious reasons, and I do respect Reeses views and courage, but his views do not stand the test so shouldn't become the received wisdom and be put in front of the public too much.

8637. nigelj at 05:29 AM on 31 December 2019
      Statistic of the decade: The massive deforestation of the Amazon
      

      This is the article to read on the Amazon: Can Fire Destroy the Amazon?

8638. Evan at 04:12 AM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Nick@15. Thanks for your balanced comments. Personally I don't care about the dramatic "6 billion people will die by ..." arguments, because there are so many factors beyond science that will affect the course of human civilization, and which we cannot guess nor control.

      The point I am trying to express is that I think there is too much optimism being generated by focusing on emissions scenarios. I am all for being optimistic, but not if it causes us to let down our guard. I am trying to hone my arguments for non-technical people, who will not be following the technical discussions at any level, and the message I like to provide to them is to watch the Keeling Curve, because in one curve we have all natural and human effects reflected in one plot. The message is to make your response and preparations on the basis of what the Keeling Curve is doing. To me that is realistic and rational preparation. Getting optimistic about targets set in Paris or elsewhere is not responsible planning. It is more wishful thinking.

      So whether RCP8.5 or RCP6 is more indicative of business-as-usual is somewhat of a moot point. Either one spells big problems. I appreciate ATTP's article and clarifying current thinking and research, because it is good to keep up to date with the latest research and where we're headed.

8639. Nick Palmer at 03:38 AM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      "How many times have you heard reputable climate scientists say "Things are proceeding more rapidly now than we thought 5 years ago?"
      
      Quite a few. Those remarks get publicised whereas the majority saying  'things are proceeding at about the rate we thought' or even ' some aspects' are proceeding slower than we thought' get less publicity. That's the point. Within the peer reviewed literature one will find all of those - don't cherry pick what you think supports your stance.  Also, bear in mind that apart from the literature, climate sceintist are in constant communication with each other on Twitter etc keeping each other up to date with the latest findings. When such as Ken Caldeira says the 6 billion scaremongering is crap you should listen.

8640. Eclectic at 03:30 AM on 31 December 2019
      Flaws of Lüdecke & Weiss
      

      Pbezuk @10 ,

      you raise an interesting question, for us back-of-envelope calculators.

      2 watts per meter squared, over 510 million square kilometers of planet, divided into 5.5 quadrillion tons of atmosphere . . . works out to just under 0,2 watts per ton of air.

      Multiply by 31 million seconds in a year . . . rounds off to 5 watt-seconds per gram of air.  Allowing for specific heat ~ you would expect that the atmosphere would rise in temperature by around 7 (seven) degrees per year.  Horrifying, eh.

      Fortunately, the lion's share of that heat is not going into the air, but is going into the ocean, the ice-melt, and the soil.

      So it is hardly surprising that a fraction of 0,04% can have a vast planetary heating effect over a few decades.  Not so?

      Pbezuk, if you are meaning that you don't really understand the so-called "greenhouse effect", then you can find plenty about it here on this website.

8641. Evan at 03:16 AM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Nick@13. I don't want to get into the discussion of whether 6 billion people will or won't die by 2100. Even 1/10th of that would be disasterous.

      Peer-reviewed research is typically 5 years out of date, due to the time delay between research, analysis, submission, review, and publication.

      How many times have you heard reputable climate scientists say "Things are proceeding more rapidly now than we thought 5 years ago."?

      Models still fail to explain why the arctic is warming as fast as it is. I've watched enough videos of reputable scientists to know that they routinely say they don't know how things will unfold and how fast.

      Peer reviewed means the research is well documented and well reviewed by peers. Reputable scientists are having a very difficult time keeping up with the pace of climate change and making projections. This should make all of us skeptical of any arguments we read, whether apocolyptic or arguments meant to put our minds at ease.

      Can we agree on the message that until CO2 concentrations stabilize we are in trouble?

8642. Nick Palmer at 01:51 AM on 31 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      michael sweet@12

      You're playing into the hands of those mirror images of denialists, the doomists.

      Reese's spin depends on Earth getting to at least 4°C+ and the article in which he makes the 6 billion speculation is full of the 'usual suspects' - Roger Hallam, Kevin Anderson and the various Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research people.

      These people are the inheritors of the mantle of Paul R Ehrlich, who severely damaged the credibility of 'sustainability' science in the 1970s with his predictions (made in 1968) that in "the 1970s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now"

      When assessing the likelihood of things happening ONLY the peer reviewed science should be looked at. Nothing else. If the various risks to society are being assessed, then and only then, should all the rest of the speculative projections be taken into account for likelihood. The two separate things should not be blurred in the minds of the public as they are being done today by various public facing individuals

      Here is what highly credible and well known climate scientists said:

      "UC Davis research scientist Amber Kerr dismisses Hallam outright. The idea that six billion people are doomed to die by 2100 “is simply not correct. No mainstream prediction indicates anywhere near this level of climate-change-induced human mortality, for any reason.”

      Similarly, Ken Caldeira, senior scientist, Carnegie Institution, points out:

      "There is no analysis of likely climate damage that has been published in the quality peer-reviewed literature that would indicate that there is any substantial likelihood that climate change could cause the starvation of six billion people by the end of this century"

8643. michael sweet at 22:41 PM on 30 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Nigelj,

      William Reese is an acknowledged expert commenting on the carrying capacity of the Earth.  He quotes at least 6 other experts to support the claim of 6 billion deaths.  Your unsupported word is not a strong argument against multiple experts opinions.

      The point of Reese's essay is that public discussion is completely centered on the best case.  Bad cases are dismissed without evidence.  A worst case of 6 billion deaths is as likely as 10 billion healthy people in 2100.  He is addressing your attitude exactly.

      A large fraction of the best farmland worldwide will be covered with only 2 meters of sea level.  600 million people displaced with no new farmland available.  That is only damage from sea level rise. Possible downsides are very large.  The precautionary principle indicates we must seriously consider these scenarios.

8644. pbezuk at 22:40 PM on 30 December 2019
      Flaws of Lüdecke & Weiss
      

      I read in comment of Douglas "The radiative forcing from the changes we have made in atmospheric CO2 alone are almost +2 watts per meter squared". How is this measured or calculated. Also I would like to understand with some calculations how a fraction of 0,04% CO2 could heat up 5.5 quadrillion tons of atmosphere with several degrees. Maybe you could refer me to some books where this is all explained. 

8645. Ignorant Guy at 15:11 PM on 30 December 2019
      2019 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #52
      

      Regarding the 'Editor's Pick': The post says that "level of ice to melt in Antarctica in one day [...] on Christmas Eve" was "the highest melt extent in Antarctica in the modern era, since 1979." But beware of the phrase "since 1979". It doesn't mean that the melt was higher in 1979. It means that the data set covers the time since 1979. If you say "highest since 1979" you run a considerable risk that some denialist ( - I didn't say "denier" - ) will pop up and say "Aha! So you admit that it was higher in 1979!" No, I don't admit that.

8646. HBrandt at 10:28 AM on 30 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      NOAA recently posted this animated data. It’s a good graphic to share because it grabs people’s attention. Even those who are familiar with the data, find it is dramatic and convincing. “History of atmospheric carbon dioxide from 800,000 years ago until January, 2019.”  www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/history.html

8647. nigelj at 08:45 AM on 30 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      "Yes, the Climate Crisis May Wipe out Six Billion People"

      There is without doubt compelling evidence the the IPCC are conservative in their conclusions, and climate change could kill huge numbers of people, but this number of 6 billion is off the scale, and looks like it needs a little bit of healthy scepticim. It's just that we can't call ourselves educated people with some healthy proper scepticism, if we just accept any old claims at face value. I'm not an expert and happy to be told if I'm wrong somewhere below.

      This claim of 6 billion people being wiped out appears based mainly on a 4 degree world where huge areas of the world become deserts (from their map). But deserts aren't caused primarily by heat but by low rainfall. My understanding is the subtropical deserts either side of the equator are caused by the equatorial hadley cell, and thus high pressure air forcing down high altitude low pressure air with its low levels of moisture, and this low pressure air also a tendency to heat up the ground more than normal, so the combination that creates deserts. Deserts have other causes like air flow over mountains but again this is a thing not hugely affected by climate change.

      It's hard to see why climate change would push these circulation patterns so far north and south to so hugely expanding the deserts. According to Hadley cells on wikipedia climate scientists think the hadly cell would expand this century by 2 degrees of latitude, so not very much. And overall climate change increases the atmospheres absolute humidity and rainfall.

      That said, there will clearly be more deserts not less, and the tropics are going to get really hot, and heatwaves will become a deadly serious problem for survival and agricultural production will be affected, and temperate zones will have their own problems. Mortality will increase, a lot.

8648. Evan at 06:57 AM on 30 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      John@8. Nice summary of the problem. Thanks.

      I would prefer that we message to people that we must, absolutely must stabilize the Keeling Curve. If people follow the Keeling Curve, rather than emissions curves, they will have a much better idea of what to expect. 

      I'm not for scaring people needlessly, but I assume that anybody reading SkepticalScience.com is already in the elite class of people trying to make a difference and would prefer to know the truth. Stabilizing emissions will not stabilize the Keeling Curve. Not even close.

8649. John Hartz at 04:15 AM on 30 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      The big picture context of ATTP’s OP and this discussion thread is encapsulated in the following…

      But keep in mind that scientists are reluctant, for professional reasons, to go far beyond the immediate data in formal publication. Moreover, organizations like the United Nations, including even its Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, are so dominated by economists’ concerns and bent by political considerations that extraneous noise obscures the scientific signal.

      Prominent climate scientist Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, director emeritus of Germany’s Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, argues that, in these circumstances “a trend towards ‘erring on the side of least drama’ has emerged” and “when the issue is the survival of civilization is at stake, conventional means of analysis may become useless.”

      Exploring this argument, policy analysts David Spratt and Ian Dunlop conclude, “Climate policymaking for years has been cognitively dissonant, ‘a flagrant violation of reality.’ So it is unsurprising that there is a lack of understanding amongst the public and elites of the full measure of the climate challenge.”

      Yes, the Climate Crisis May Wipe out Six Billion People by William E Reese*, The Tyee, Sep 18, 2019

      *William E. Rees is professor emeritus of human ecology and ecological economics at the University of British Columbia.

8650. Evan at 21:54 PM on 29 December 2019
      The never-ending RCP8.5 debate
      

      Human emissions are only one part of the problem: natural emissions and natural sinks are the other important parts. The Keeling curve (plot of monthly CO2 concentrations) is the best indicator of how we're doing, and it's still accelerating upwards (Ralph Keeling himself uses the words "accelerating upwards").

      I will gain hope not when our emissions stabilize, but when the Keeling Curve stabilizes.

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