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Comments 111001 to 111050:

  1. Climate change: Water vapor makes for a wet argument
    scaddenp (#12), you stated: "TOP - the point about water vapour is that it is a feedback not a forcing." Though we often disagree, you generally make sense. However, I am scratching my head over this one. Both CO2 and water vapor absorb Infra-Red radiation.
  2. Ocean cooling: skeptic arguments drowned by data
    The acceleration of Greenland ice loss is NOT based purely on the records from GRACE. There are records going back to the 1950s. http://www.skepticalscience.com/Greenland-rising-faster-as-ice-loss-accelerates.html
  3. Ocean cooling: skeptic arguments drowned by data
    •that one symptom is indicative of the state of an entire malaise You don't really state the importance of OHC. From memory 80-90% of the energy in the system is entering the oceans. You really need to quantify the importance of that symptom. This isn't shortness of breath, this is a shadow on an x-ray. •that one can claim significance about a four year period when it’s too short to draw any kind of conclusion On this website I see no such reluctance to call accelerating Greenland ice loss on the basis of a 7-8 year GRACE record. Consistency across all metrics would be a good start. •that global warming has not been occurring on the basis of ocean temperatures alone I'd go back to my first answer. If we could get this right it would probably be the best measure of heat build up in the system. It seems well worth making this an important metric.
    Moderator Response: I think the acceleration is rather different. In the first place, I've been following the GPS studies (embedded in bedrock), physical studies, satellite data and other sources for a while now, so it is not just the Grace record we're looking at. And an 8 year acceleration is a very clear signal. What it means overall needs more time to get a better and more appropriate trend line, but it is pretty indicative of one thing - that negative mass balance has been consistent and growing over most of a decade - and longer when you look at other records. But mainly, my point would be that I'm not attaching claims to the mass balance record, merely reporting the data. Pielke takes a single short period and pronounces AGW not happening. He does it again in a little defence he's written (link is below). You say "global warming has not been occurring on the basis of ocean temperatures alone" and I agree. Evidently, Pielke thinks differently. And one other thing - if the oceans have not been warming, what is causing all the Arctic ice to melt?
  4. Sea level rise: the broader picture
    DW #79 We can agree on the most important point then: Its unlikely that the 'missing heat' has found its way into the deep oceans quickly with no known mechanism.
  5. iPhone app version 1.1 - now with search, image viewer and Twitter!
    What a great idea and a great app. Deniers like to use ridiculous oversimplifications (like - "it snowed today so global warming isn't real"), but the real world isn't so simple. This app presents real facts, and gives detailed explanations, so you are informed. Every denier should have to read through this app, which debunks every one of their unsubstantiated arguments. It has helped me in many situations when I didn't have quick internet access to use search on mp3 or any other SE. The information is kept up-to-date and is easy to read and understand for most people. I like how both sides are presented... what the skeptics claim and what the science actually says. Nice work! Too much of the American public is pretty ignorant of science and this app helps with the task of hopefully educating the masses!
  6. Spanish and Catalan translation of the Scientific Guide to 'Skeptics Handbook'
    I laud the use of Catalan - they are a proud nation who would be pleased to have their separate linguistic needs recognised. However, I note the language denoted as Spanish is in fact 'Castilian' which is but one of several languages spoken in Spain - Galician is a notable example. Moreover, the 'Spanish' of the Iberian peninsula differs in significant aspects from Latin American Spanish. Many a war has been fought over lesser slights! As Ambrose 'Bitter' Pierce famously said, 'A language is a dialect with an army and a navy.' ;-)
  7. Plain english rebuttal to 'Global warming isn't happening' argument
    CBW, I’ve taken out the part about the stratosphere – it doesn’t really matter because I do mention it in the “It’s not us” rebuttal anyway. I’ve left point #1 as is because I think that structure works.
  8. Plain english rebuttal to 'Global warming isn't happening' argument
    Re: chriscanaris (10) People that live in the Upper Peninsula (the UP) of Michigan are known as Yoopers. The Upper Peninsula of Michigan is connected to the Lower Peninsula of Michigan by the Mackinac Bridge, a 5-mile long suspension bridge. Yoopers refer to those from the Lower Peninsula as Trolls, as they live "below da bridge". Ethnically, most are from Finno-Scandinavian stock, with some German and Cornish (England) thrown in. If you've ever seen the movie Grumpy Old Men than you've seen a typical Yooper, both in attitude and accent. Few Yoopers my age or older will be found on Internet science commenting sites (because that takes away time from deer camp), so I'm comfortable with the tag "The Yooper". Probably more than you ever wished to know, eh? ________________________________________________________________ Re: VoxRat (5): I well understand flippancy and it's twin sister snark. And have dated both frequently. :) ________________________________________________________________ Nice job, James. I second CBW's comments, as that will aid in clarity. The Yooper
  9. Plain english rebuttal to 'Global warming isn't happening' argument
    Off topic, but I don't want to die wondering: What does 'The Yooper' signify?
  10. Hurricanes And Climate Change: Boy Is This Science Not Settled!
    Living in Florida as I do it is clear that the Pew Center's plot of hurricanes is a case of torturing the data to suit an agenda. Thank you Berenyi Peter (#16 & #27) for injecting some facts into the discussion.
  11. Urban Heat Islands: serious problem or holiday destination for skeptics?
    David, Go to the link at post 39 for a recent summary of UHI data compared to rural stations. The whole paper is available (free) at Dr. Hansons web site if you want to read it. It appears that UHI was overestimated 20 years ago. The adjustments made for UHI probably resulted in underestimation of the warming to date- the opposite of what the deniers claim. Current data indicate that the UHI effect is small. There are significant heat budget changes due to albeido effects when forest is changed into farms. These exceed UHI because farms are much bigger than cities. On the other hand, all these effects are anthropogenic changes in the Earth weather system. In the end the sum of all changes is what matters. The IPCC considers all known changes in its reports.
  12. Plain english rebuttal to 'Global warming isn't happening' argument
    Since satellite measurements don't actually cover all 50 years, I think it would be safer to mention radiosondes in #4. Lower troposphere temperature as measured by radiosondes (weather balloons) for around 50 years and satellites for around 30 years
  13. Climate change: Water vapor makes for a wet argument
    I make no bones about where the energy for evaporation comes from - solar radiation but largely by atmospheric radiation (back radiation). BOTH heat the water - the water molecules dont care which is which. At the fundamental level, evaporation depends on a/ partial pressure water in atmosphere, and b/ temperature difference. Evaporation takes energy away, cooling the water - but not much. The water must radiate according to its temperature (much of which comes back as back-radiation). Radiation and evaporation are both temperature-dependent phenomena and its best to think of them in those terms. Consider what happens when you reduce GHG. Less back-radiation so temperature drops, so it radiates less till new equilibrium found. Cloud cover etc are dealt with in diagram in terms of average global cover.
  14. Climate change: Water vapor makes for a wet argument
    Johnd: Carefully read the chart and the paper. Do not try to explain to me something you do not understand. The chart clearly shows that 168 w/m2 arrives at the surface from the sun. 324 w/m2 arrives at the surface from back radiation. The surface radiates 390 w/m2 as IR. 78 w/m2 is removed from the surface by evapotransportation (evaporation of surface water and the subsequent release of energy in clouds when the water changes back to liquid). 24 w/m2 is removed from the surface by thermal transportation. Total arriving = 168+ 324 = 492/m2 Total leaving = 390 + 78 + 24 = 492 w/m2 The energy to evaporate the water comes from the sun and the backradiation. What is so hard to understand?? The amount of water evaporated is determined by the temperature. The temperature is a function of the backradiation, caused by greenhouse gasses. The energy balance in this example is closed. There is no imbalance in the radiation budget as you suggest. The amount of energy radiated greatly exceeds the amount transported by evaporation and thermal transfer, although those processes are important. As greenhouse gasses increase, the backradiation increases and that heats the surface. Cloud cover has been considered in making the chart.
  15. Climate change: Water vapor makes for a wet argument
    scaddenp at 07:04 AM, you are also avoiding the original point. That was where energy required for evaporation originates from, and thus how this affects the amount of water vapour that enters the atmosphere driven by factors that are not driven by the temperature, but instead are the primary drivers. All you have shown so far is that of the solar energy that has been absorbed by water as thermal energy in the case of evaporation, some of it is transferred into water vapour by the evaporation process which requires an energy input, and some is radiated off into the atmosphere, two completely different processes. It should be obvious that if thermal energy is being radiated off, it is not being utilised for evaporation, nor is it adding to the heat content of the water, it cannot be assumed to be in different places at the one time, or being used by concurrent processes. Radiation only occurs when an actual transfer of energy occurs, which in the case of water, any energy content of the water will be reduced by an amount that is the difference between outgoing and incoming thermal radiation as shown on the budget chart. It is already clear that what is radiated off is energy that is not being used in the evaporation process so why would the evaporation process then be able to utilise the lesser back radiation when part of the solar radiation is required to add additional energy to the outgoing radiation leaving even less energy available to drive evaporation. Varying cloud cover has an direct effect on evaporation, and even in an environment of above average air temperatures, evaporation will fall below average levels as cloud cover increases above average levels, not just at any particular point of time, but as a general response over a period of time.
  16. Urban Heat Islands: serious problem or holiday destination for skeptics?
    Ned #46 Fair enough. However I will note that BP has posted here since I flagged his cop out in #42, and since then I've decided that it was worse than a mere cop out. So I'd figure I'd flag him to follow it up properly when he's back, or ignore it at his peril.
  17. Empirically observed fingerprints of anthropogenic global warming
    Fair point Chris. I started out writing about correct climate model predictions, but most of them turned out to be anthropogenic signals, so I switched gears. But you're right that several of these are *consistent with* AGW rather than "fingerprints". I'll adjust the rebuttal accordingly.
  18. Climate change: Water vapor makes for a wet argument
    Johnd- as we continue to tell you - the surface is radiated by both the sun AND the back radiation. Once you get this, then you really understand the greenhouse gas effect. While you continue to misunderstand this, then you continue to talk nonsense. Take a while to understand that whole chart. Read the paper.
  19. Urban Heat Islands: serious problem or holiday destination for skeptics?
    Whoops, "decreases it locally" it should say. I would have to say that I am assuming that UHI is largely air heated by dark surfaces rather than waste heat.
  20. Urban Heat Islands: serious problem or holiday destination for skeptics?
    Well as is usually the case, the IPCC WG1 has a good index to the data and literature. Overall though it appears that land use change is (eg forest to farm) increases albedo though urbanization with it asphalt surfaces obviously increases it locally. Some discussion
  21. Urban Heat Islands: serious problem or holiday destination for skeptics?
    michael sweet, -you're probably right. was just wondering, and where can i find some data on this particular subject (UHI)?
    Moderator Response: One relevant post you can find by typing "It's Waste Heat" into the Search field at the top left of this page.
  22. Climate change: Water vapor makes for a wet argument
    michael sweet at 04:37 AM, I think it was clear that the discussion was focused on back radiation and the evaporation process, not the whole energy budget. Perhaps read back through the thread and pick up on that particular theme again instead of diverting away from it. In the meantime, regarding how the energy radiated from the surface can be larger than the energy from the sun alone, in forming a budget it is the nett result that determines a surplus or a deficit. Clearly the combination of radiation and back radiation shows a nett deficit, which is a cooling process, not warming. If that process is unable to sustain itself, losing energy, how is it able to give up energy to drive evaporation? If it hasn't been given up to evaporation when the water releases it as thermal radiation, a lesser amount of returning thermal radiation is not going to provide extra energy to drive a process that required more energy than was available originally. Evaporation releases excess energy over and above what is being lost by thermal radiation.
  23. Is climate science settled? Especially the important parts?
    thingadonta wrote: A completely opposite way of looking at it (the skeptical one, by the way), is that you should actually never 'cast aside' one's 'doubt of climate science'; such is the road to ideology, blind faith, and false certainty as a means to social power and control. The Aztecs and Mayans discovered it, and now 21str century ‘scientists’ have discovered it (but not the sceptical ones). The pre-Columbian peoples of America did not have "blind faith" in their religions - they followed them because they seemed to work. They offered sacrifices, the Gods responded with rain, good crops and victory in war. A year of drought could be cured by more sacrifices, and the Gods would be appeased. Unfortunately, the series of good years were accompanied by expansion in populations and farming (slashing and burning hill areas, for example) that were unsustainable in prolonged periods of drought. These were followed by revolutions, overthrow of the city elites, population collapse, desertion of the large cities, and (sometimes) mass murder and cannibalism. These societies were essentially conservative, led by elites who aggrandized themselves with buildings, temples, expanded populations for bigger armies and personal display. If there were a few Mayan radicals they might have said "We have enough large temples - let us build granaries to store grain and resevoirs to retain water. Let us limit our wars to defence only. Instead, we should be limiting our population growth and ensuring our agriculture is sustainable. We know from history this region endures catastrophic droughts every few centuries - let us plan to mitigate those because one will surely happen, maybe in the times of our children or grandchildren." The elites would have replied "The Gods will punish us if we do not build larger temples. Other cities will have bigger temples, and the Gods are fickle. We need a bigger population to provide us with the young men to fight and win wars to bring back slaves to build those temples. And droughts? If we please the Gods, they will not punish us with droughts. We must expand our agricultural base to please the Gods and our wise rulers." Which one was exercising "social power and control"? Which one was offering the solution most likely to work in the long term?
  24. CO2 has a short residence time
    Doug Mackie wrote: "The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries." This conclusion does not follow from the presented arguments. It could be true if the bulk atmosphere is a nearly isolated reservoir. It is not. Since the CO2 is considered as "well mixed" gas, it will mix well with the atmospheric boundary layer as well, the layer which supplies the estimated source of 200GT/y. Therefore, the relaxation time of CO2 perturbation must be still the same as the turnover time, 4-5 years. This estimation of characteristic time is consistent with global observations after Pinatubo eruption.
  25. Urban Heat Islands: serious problem or holiday destination for skeptics?
    david: The urban areas of the world only add up to a few percent of the earths surface. Farms, forest, wiild areas and ocean account the bulk of the surface. Careful measurement of urban effects show the effects of UHI are very small.
  26. Climate change: Water vapor makes for a wet argument
    Johnd, It is you who cannot read the chart. Incoming radiation from the sun=342 reflected (sun) radiation=107 outgoing longwave=235 reflected + outgoing longwave=incoming as required by physics. The energy radiated from the surface is a combination of energy from the sun and backradiation so it is larger than either. The chart is an accurate summary of the energy balance, if you know how to read it. No energy is counted twice. Some energy is lost from the surface by evaporation and convection. Read the chart more carefully before you try to explain it to others.
  27. Climate change: Water vapor makes for a wet argument
    michael sweet at 21:47 PM, it appears that some of your points are being made without reference to the chart. On the point of back radiation, the chart clearly shows that the back radiation value is 324 whilst the value of energy radiated off is 390, a deficit of 66. Any nett loss of energy is a cooling effect not a warming, it is dissipating into the atmosphere through radiation a portion of the energy transferred to the surface by solar radiation. Now remembering that thermal radiation is a transfer of heat energy, in this situation, if it is being lost from the surface through thermal radiation, then it is simply not available to be lost to the surface through evaporation. The processes in practice are vastly more complex than the chart indicates, however the energy cannot be assigned to two different processes simultaneously or accounted for twice when compiling the budget, which is what seems to be suggested.
  28. Plain english rebuttal to 'Global warming isn't happening' argument
    I, for one, am happy that the Fact that our world has been warming has at last been Found. Else all the Red Herrings of the sea would disappear like Deleted Comments are wont to do. The Yooper
  29. It's satellite microwave transmissions
    For what it's worth, I was shocked to hear such a ridiculous argument for global warming! In my not so humble opinion, this smacks of desperation on the part of the skeptics. Rather than explaining the science to a contrarian who came up with this argument, I would be more tempted to laugh. Bob Guercio
  30. Plain english rebuttal to 'Global warming isn't happening' argument
    James, good post. I agree with m. sweet's point, though. The inclusion of the stratosphere in #4 is confusing. I'd suggest dropping it from #4 and adding it as a parenthetical after the list, or as a footnote to #4. Also, I'd suggest dropping the comments about skeptics from #1, and put them with your discussion of the "bricks" at the end. If you do those two things, your list will be clean and uncluttered and pure evidence, and will serve to support your comments below. If you decide to take any of this editorial advice, feel free to delete this comment.
  31. Is climate science settled? Especially the important parts?
    First, why is anyone taking thingadonta seriously? Come on, people. Climate scientists are the equivalent of Aztec or Mayan priests sacrificing thousands of people? The goal of climate science is world domination? It's funny. Second, why didn't the moderator delete that post? It has zero science content, is off-topic, and entirely political. If it's real, it's evidence of a paranoid psychosis, and if it's fake, it's pure trolling. Either way, it has no place here.
  32. New presentation debunking Monckton's critique of IPCC predictions
    Roy #7, you've just done the same thing Monckton does... rewrite things to a false narrative which you can 'disprove'. The "refutation of Monckton" in the linked video and writeup is that he took a formula for "long term" warming for a given rise in CO2 and treated it as IMMEDIATE warming once that level of CO2 was reached. He calculated that an assumed level of CO2 at 2100 would result in the formula's warming result immediately in 2100 (thereby misapplying the formula) and then took a linear slope towards getting to that point over the past ten years (thereby ignoring that warming is predicted to be, and thus far has been, increasing in rate, rather than linear). The rest of your analysis is equally inaccurate, and if you are really going to argue that a seven year 'trend' means anything in the face of a hundred year trend in the opposite direction on either side of those seven years then this stops being about any kind of reason.
  33. Urban Heat Islands: serious problem or holiday destination for skeptics?
    uh, i'm no scientist, but if you have a world full of "urban heat islands", wouldn't that in itself warm the earth?
  34. Plain english rebuttal to 'Global warming isn't happening' argument
    VoxRat, the IPCC has a good explanation of choice of baseline in the Working Group I report from the TAR back in 2001. Sorry I've not got a more recent one; I'm lazy, and that popped up at the top of a Google search.
  35. Plain english rebuttal to 'Global warming isn't happening' argument
    "BTW, what exactly did you mean with your use of the word "halcyon"?" Sorry. It was a flippant allusion to the notion that there was once a Golden Age, when the climate was what it's "supposed to be". And I understand the concept of "anomalies"; I'm just curious as to what the (arbitrarily chosen) baseline period is in each of these cases; whether it's the same in each; and if there's any particular reason for choosing one period over another. (And, BTW, I share your enthusiasm for this site as a great resource.)
  36. Hurricanes And Climate Change: Boy Is This Science Not Settled!
    gpwayne @ 42 - "As mentioned in the post, models predict a reduction in frequence but increase in energy. This will lead to greater landfall if correct." Is that true?. The graphic above, indicates the more intense hurricanes seem to have less likelihood of making landfall (well major land masses anyway). Granted, it's only "eyeballing" & I've only skimmed through a handful of papers so far.
    Moderator Response: [Graham] - check out the intermediate, the paper is referenced there. (As I understand it, the argument is that greater intensity will lead to increased duration, so more will make landfall before blowing themselves out).
  37. How we know an ice age isn't just around the corner
    GC @ 58 - "it is nonsense to suggest that CO2 is driving global temperatures over the periods of time covered by the ices cores." I agree with you. Cavemen, woolly mammoths and sabre tooth tigers did not drive SUV's and build industrial smokestacks. Given the limits of scientific certainty that is. No, back then, CO2 acted as a feedback, responding to the temperature change, caused by changes in the Earth's orbit -out gassing from the oceans as the Earth warmed thereby amplifying the warming effect, then being absorbed back into the oceans as the Earth cooled. This was all in the "argument" I referred you to earlier.
  38. Plain english rebuttal to 'Global warming isn't happening' argument
    Re: VoxRat (3) In any trend analysis one has to deal with noise in the datasets. In climate science, anomalies are used to reduce noise in the data, enabling better discernment of whether or not there is change in the data. See here. Reference baselines typically consists of periods of 30+ years for statistical robustness. BTW, what exactly did you mean with your use of the word "halcyon"? If you genuinely seek to improve your knowledge, or have knowledge you wish to share here, that is why John created this resource for all. As far as coffee, my preference is Papua New Guinea, fresh roasted and ground. Cheers, The Yooper
  39. How we know an ice age isn't just around the corner
    Dapplewater (#54), Thanks to much improved time resolution, the Vostok ice core studies convincingly demonstrate that temperatures lead atmospheric CO2 concentrations. It is nonsense to suggest that CO2 is driving global temperatures over the periods of time covered by the ices cores. However, the hypothesis that falling global temperatures are associated with increasing glaciation, falling sea levels, reduced precipitation, widespread arid conditions and falling CO2 concentrations looks plausible.
  40. How we know an ice age isn't just around the corner
    Daniel Bailey (#50), The link you site assumes that CO2 concentration in the atmosphere drives global temperature whereas the exact opposite is more plausible. Looking back hundreds of millions of years we still lack the time resolution to put this matter to rest once and for all. It seems likely that what is true for the last 700,000 years is also true for the earlier Ice Ages. See my response to Dapplewater.
  41. Plain english rebuttal to 'Global warming isn't happening' argument
    Most of those graphs are presented in terms of "anomalies"... I.e. deviations from some arbitrarily chosen reference period. Is it the same reference period for all of them? Is there some reason to pick one over another? My first reaction was "Oh! the ordinate value is rising! But it's not so bad, because it's only about as far above what it's 'supposed' to be, as it was below for a few decades!" (What can I say; I just got up and haven't had coffee.) But then I realized they all seem to be relative to a period somewhere around 1980, not some halcyon period when all was right with the world.
  42. Urban Heat Islands: serious problem or holiday destination for skeptics?
    I wouldn't read too much into a lack of response, kdkd. People go away on vacations, or they get busy and don't have time to follow up. There have definitely been times when I've posted things here but been too busy to follow the site for a week or so afterwards -- if people had posed a bunch of challenging questions to me they would have mostly gone unanswered.
  43. Hurricanes And Climate Change: Boy Is This Science Not Settled!
    An interesting graphic of 150 years of tropical storm tracks, clear to see which region gets hammered the most.
  44. Plain english rebuttal to 'Global warming isn't happening' argument
    I meant the stratosphere was the exception in that it wasn’t warming. I didn’t mean that it wasn’t consistent with AGW – which it certainly is.
  45. Quantifying the human contribution to global warming
    Thanks for the answer Chris. In a nutshell my view is "all climate is local". Here's one particular location where the seasonal variations were examined and could not be explained by a temperature-SVP link. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JHM484.1 But your answer is that the WV feedback is controlled by the aggregate large scale dynamics in tropical convection. If I have that right, do you also add the likelihood of an increased tropical region size as the world gets warmer? Are there estimates for that? Also I can not see how an energy flow equilibrium can govern water vapor. The ocean temperature buffering means that it takes years for an increase in CO2 forcing to raise global average temperature without feedback. But water vapor feedback takes hours or days at the most. The time scales are off. Just for the record, there is no such thing as conservation of energy other than over the long run at the top of the atmosphere. When there is concentrated heat somewhere like we saw this summer, there is not lack of heat elsewhere to make up for it.
  46. Sea level rise: the broader picture
    KL @ 77 - This seems to be a recurring theme with you. You have done this to death on other blogs as well I see. So the repetition is all your doing. Yes, I agree, the media and skeptic beat up of the stolen e-mails was indeed a travesty, but global warming continues, despite the "current"uncertainties in the analysis of the global energy budget. As, for the missing heat, seems unlikely to me that's it's found it's way down in the deep ocean, so quickly (no known mechanism for starters) , more likely an "accounting" error, or errors. But sure is strange how it shows good agreement until about 2005. I am genuinely curious to see how this issue is resolved though.
  47. Sea level rise: the broader picture
    Ken #77 While you insist on bringing up old arguments, perhaps you can explain why you haven't been able to deal with people's rebuttals of such adequately, for example here. Also you have completely failed to ever acknowledge issues surrounding measurement error.
  48. Anne-Marie Blackburn at 21:53 PM on 5 September 2010
    How we know an ice age isn't just around the corner
    johnd, I still don't see the relevance of your point. Natural factors would probably have led to cooling. Yet global temperatures are increasing, most probably because of increased greenhouse gas concentrations. The rate of removal of these additional greenhouse gas emissions or seasonal variations in CO2 levels do not change the fact that an ice age is unlikely. Nor does the capacity to remove additional CO2. The analysis is based on past and current observations, not hypothetical scenarios.
  49. Climate change: Water vapor makes for a wet argument
    Johnd, If you don't read what the experts explain you don't understand the basics. The chart shows all the energy comes from the sun. Other sources of energy like volcanos and waste heat are negligable. The outgoing radiation equals the incoming radiation as required by conservation of energy. The increase in greenhouse gasses increases the back radiation. Increased back radiation increases surface temperature. Increased temperatures increases evaporation of water. When CO2 was lower the back radiation was lower and surface temperatures were lower. As temperature increases, humidity increases. This is a positive feedback, since water is a greenhouse gas. When do you expect solar radiation to cease? At night energy dissipates to space, during the day it accumulates. The chart shows the average for the whole day.
  50. Hurricanes And Climate Change: Boy Is This Science Not Settled!
    Thanks for all the comments. A few responses: HumanityRules: you were right - Holland and Landsea. Berényi Péter: As mentioned in the post, models predict a reduction in frequence but increase in energy. This will lead to greater landfall if correct. Dappledwater: nice one. David Horton: Thank you. I quite agree - it is strange how the burden has been shifted. More energy into a system must have an effect, and if the effect isn't the obvious one (or the slightly less obvious but logical PDI increase) it is encumbent on those promoting the disssent to validate it with data. Ned: so, to sum up then - nobody's got a bloody clue! :)

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