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All IPCC definitions taken from Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Annex I, Glossary, pp. 941-954. Cambridge University Press.

Suggested supplemental reading:

Climate Change and Conservative Brain Death by Jonathan Chait, New York Magazine, Mar 14, 2016

BBHY at 22:21 PM on 15 March 2016

Sanders, Clinton, Rubio, and Kasich answer climate debate questions

Seems like only one candidiate has a serious plan to address climate change,

The problem with American politics is we have 1) people who do not beleive in climate change and are very lilely to vote, 2) people who feel that half-hearted measures to address climate change are good enough and are moderately likely to vote, and 3) people who agree that it is a serious proplem that needs serious solutions but are not likley to actually vote.

Tristan at 21:09 PM on 15 March 2016

After 116 days, MIT fossil fuel divestment sit-in ends in student-administration deal for climate action

A few things:

I'd suggest than individuals are far more likely to go beyond their legal responsibilities than corporations are. I don't have any shareholders, and I don't have to account for my time to anyone. The opportunity costs of 'benevolent' behaviour are different.

We are not waiting on technology. We can already achieve a huge chunk of the transition with existing, proven, cost-competitive industry. However, those industries are presently disadvantaged by a combination of massive FF subsidies and the lack of carbon pricing.

Which statements from the MIT activists suggest that they are not "thinking outside the blaming box"?

Elmwood at 16:52 PM on 15 March 2016

Sanders, Clinton, Rubio, and Kasich answer climate debate questions

sounded like hillary supports "clean coal" as a bridge or something like that. everything i've read about clean coal shows it's either not clean or it's completely uneconomic.

hillary is status quo, much like obama, which is probably worse than just saying you are not going to do anything about it like rubio.

One Planet Only Forever at 14:54 PM on 15 March 2016

Sanders, Clinton, Rubio, and Kasich answer climate debate questions

bozzza,

When a 'Marketplace' deliberately fails to act on the development of better understanding of what is really going on to advance humanity to a lasting better future for all, what should 'That Marketplace' expect? To be left alone? To be encouraged to be 'Even more Daring'? To be able to drum up support through appeals for the defense of 'Its Freedom to do more of what it pleases'?

denisaf at 13:46 PM on 15 March 2016

Why We Need to Keep 80 Percent of Fossil Fuels in the Ground

This discusses policies that should be adopted to reduce fossil fuel usage. It is aimed at the decisions that the coal, oil, and gas industries should make. It does not take into account the fact that there is a vast range of infrastructure (machines, cars, planes, ships, etc) that irrevocably uses fossil fuels. these cannot possibly be shut down rapidly. The most that is possible is policies be adpoted to reduce the demand of the infrastructure while encouraging the industry to power down. This process can only happen slowly despite the policy decisions by those aiming to reduce the impact of climate change. 90000 ships, thousands of airliners and millions of cars will not be scapped rapidly.

bozzza at 12:42 PM on 15 March 2016

Sanders, Clinton, Rubio, and Kasich answer climate debate questions

..talk about government intervention into the marketplace!

Tom Curtis at 08:23 AM on 15 March 2016

Volcanoes emit more CO2 than humans

Ybnvs @266, it is ironic that somebody trumpeting that "science is based on fact" provides no evidence if the CO2 vents "just recently" found of New Guinea - something I can find no evidence of either by searching google, or google scholar.

However, science is not founded on 'fact' as you put it, but on fact and reasoning. It follows that if you are to criticize a scientific finding, you must be at least aware of the scientific reasoning behind the result. In this case, the total volcanic CO2 flux is determined not just be adding up sources, but by detecting atmospheric (or sea water) concentration of tracer gases from volcanoes, such as H3 - determining the total flux from that concentration, and from that and knowledge of the ratio of CO2 to the tracer gas from volcanic emissions, determining the total CO2 flux.

A third approach is to determine the rate at which CO2 is naturally sequestered. Given that CO2 concentrations have been stable for 10 thousand years, and (once temperature fluctuations are accounted for, over millions of years), the total geological flux of CO2 must be very close to the rate at which CO2 is sequestered - given a third method of determining the total geological CO2 flux.

As the rate of geological CO2 flux has been determined by two methods in addition to the simple inventory method you assume, we have good reason to think that changes in that inventory will not substantially revise the current estimates, and certainly not by two orders of magnitude required for geological flux to equal anthropogenic flux. That is particularly the case given that your uncited new source consists of a CO2 vent, ie, a type with a much lower overall flux than is typical of direct volcanic sources.

Ybnvs at 05:19 AM on 15 March 2016

Volcanoes emit more CO2 than humans

"Counter claims that volcanoes, especially submarine volcanoes, produce vastly greater amounts of CO2 than these estimates are not supported by any papers published by the scientists who study the subject" ... this statement inferes that the scientists who study the subject know everything there is to know about the subject. The inconvenient truth is that the ocean occupies two thirds of the planet and the ocean floor isn't mapped as nicely as the streets of Manhattan. Just recently a vast area of underwater vents emmitting CO2 like a glass of champagne were accidentally found near sea coral off New Guninea. Science is not based on consensus, it is based on fact. Before we can determine cause and effect as it pertains to global warming we must identify all of the CO2 emmitting sources then measure their variance against the change in global temperature. We are a long way from knowing how many CO2 emmitting sources are under the sea.

Sharon Krushel at 04:39 AM on 15 March 2016

After 116 days, MIT fossil fuel divestment sit-in ends in student-administration deal for climate action

#12 - Tristan
It seems to me most of us take as much "responsibility" as we are required by law. But some individuals and companies do indeed go above and beyond.

I agree with the carbon tax because it is being paid by industry and by consumers, which is fair. We do need to pay what it truly costs.

I do admire the passion and perseverance of the MIT students. They certainly have brought attention to the global warming problem and the need to take action. And they have sparked some very important conversation.

I would challenge them to think outside the blaming box and focus energy on innovation that would facilitate the transition to renewables. They are probably already doing that, but wouldn’t it be cool if one of those rich people Philippe mentioned could respond to their enthusiasm by funding research at MIT so they could come up with better storage and management of energy developed by renewables, or contribute some other technical innovation to this quest for a healthier planet.

Someone here commented on a Facebook post about Alberta's carbon tax, saying that there should be X-prizes for defined tech advances in renewable energy.

shoyemore at 02:03 AM on 15 March 2016

Sanders, Clinton, Rubio, and Kasich answer climate debate questions

An anecdote from journalist Michael Tomasky in this month's New York Review of Books:

Not long ago, I talked with Democratic Senator Al Franken of Minnesota, who explained how the Republicans’ fear of facing a Koch-financed primary from the right, should they cast a suspicious vote on climate change, prevented them from acknowledging the scientific facts.
And what percentage of them, I asked, do you think really accept those facts deep down? “Oh,” Franken said, “Ninety.”
He explained that in committee hearings, for example, witnesses from the Department of Energy come to discuss the department’s renewable energy strategy, “and none of them challenge the need for this stuff.”
This fear of losing a primary from the right is the third factor that has created today’s GOP, and it is frequently overlooked in the political media.

The Dangerous Election

Tristan at 01:33 AM on 15 March 2016

After 116 days, MIT fossil fuel divestment sit-in ends in student-administration deal for climate action

I appreciate your response, Sharon.

Corporations of all stripes tend to take as much 'responsibility' as they are required to by law. I don't think Oil/Coal/Gas companies are meaningfully different to the other members of the Fortune 500* - The ramifications of the actions different industries take may be different however. It is these ramifications which are stimulating the divestment movements.

The intention of divestment of any sort, is to generate greater corporate responsibility via societal pressure on either the legislators or the industry itself. In the instance of FF energy generation, one response trumps all others - the adoption of an appropriately implemented carbon tax, such that the deadweight loss incurred from fossil fuel use is offset.

---

*rent-seekers who do whatever they can to pay less tax, reduce regulation and otherwise gain competitive advantage over their competitors while delivering the majority of their profits to people who already have significant wealth.

Sharon Krushel at 16:11 PM on 14 March 2016

After 116 days, MIT fossil fuel divestment sit-in ends in student-administration deal for climate action

#9 - Hello Philippe,
I'm sure you would not be prejudiced toward any individuals. What I'm suggesting is that we need to offer the same justice to companies, that we grant to individual people, and refrain from basing our decisions on stereotypes.

You say, "The overall behavior in the fossil fuel world is of the sort that has already proven so many times to lead to catastrophic failure. The same mode of operation chosen by tobacco. The attitude of utilities spreading cancer-causing chemicals in the water. The denial and irresponsible handling that caused a more recent water quality crisis in Flint. The same mind set that led VW to cheat. The attitude that consists of acknowledging that something is wrong but going on with it, developing all sorts of methods to cover, protect, hide, avoid."

This isn't much different from saying, "The overall behaviour of (this ethnic group) is bad; therefore, (this person) is bad. They're all the same."

I totally agree with the most important of your points. You're right about the dishonesty of Exxon and the damage this causes. I am not suggesting we continue to invest in companies that have been proven to be guilty of willful wrongdoing (but then we need to apply this standard to every company we invest in, not just fossil fuel companies).

What we must recognize is that Exxon is not Syncrude nor Shell nor any of the other oil companies. They may all be in the same "ocean" or industry, but they are each responsible for their own boat.

It is also unjust to project the behaviour and attitude of VolksWagon onto companies that have not in fact displayed such dishonesty and deceit.

Contrary to your accusation that "the overall behavior in the fossil fuel world" is to acknowledge that something is wrong but go on with it, there are companies that respond responsibly. In fact, some aim to exceed environmental laws and champion excellent work (e.g., see the above referenced report regarding reclamation of tar sands land).

I agree that coal is a big problem, but even in regard to coal, the Boundary Dam CCS project in Saskatchewan demonstrates a significant positive response from government and industry to the truth about global warming. The CCS project at the Scotford Complex in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta is another responsible response to the truth. And information will be shared online about the project's design, processes and lessons learned to help make CCS technologies more accessible and drive down costs of future projects.

Managers, engineers and others who have poured their heart and soul and ingenuity into projects like this, who work for the sake of the environment within the industry, are shaking their heads at the demonization and divestment craze, especially when they see miles of vehicles lined up on multiple-lane highways in Montreal, and other cities where the criticism originates. The burning of fossil fuel in Montreal

The extraction and production of fossil fuel is not, in itself, wrong while we're still driving our cars, tractors are still working farmland, diesel trucks are still bringing food to us, and various forms of energy are keeping us warm in the winter, etc. And I too travel to visit family, which requires a seven-hour drive south. I use the fuel carefully and gratefully. I’ve had to stop speeding to increase fuel efficiency, and for me that’s a big sacrifice. Northern highways are so beautiful and open. :)

Considering all of the above, this is what I believe: We need to recognize that we are in transition and work together to reduce consumption and move toward renewable energy and a low carbon economy without resorting to scapegoating.

Indiscriminate divestment from fossil fuel companies is, in my opinion, a form of scapegoating that distracts us from the changes we need to make as consumers.

I agree we need public policies, but they must not be based on half truths, hypocrisy or prejudice. Dishonesty or tunnel vision on anyone’s part will be equally damaging.

Moderator Response:

[RH] Reduced image size that was breaking page formatting. Please keep your image width down to 500px.

Christopher Gyles at 15:39 PM on 14 March 2016

2016 SkS Weekly News Roundup #11

The Skeptical Sience Facebook page link above is not working for me - it results in a Not Found message. Ditto with the one in the Weekly Roundup email.

Moderator Response:

[JH] Links are working properly.

Sharon Krushel at 15:20 PM on 14 March 2016

After 116 days, MIT fossil fuel divestment sit-in ends in student-administration deal for climate action

#6 - Tristan, I appreciate the way you worded your response. "...willing to sacrifice some measure of profits for one's beliefs." That makes sense to me, and I admire that. I appreciate that you're open to conversation about "the nature of a given industry and whether or not we should accept the way it currently operates."

My contribution to the conversation, from my perspective and experience in northern Alberta, is that not all companies and people within the industry are the same, any more than all scientists are the same. (More on that in my response to Philippe below.) At the risk of monopolizing the conversation on this part of the page, I'd like to relay some stories from the north that might not be on the news.

As I see it, the current environmentalist trend is to demonize the fossil fuel industry as the culprits of global warming - greedy villains who don't care about the environment. People don’t like having their beliefs challenged, especially when their cause has become a meme and, in some cases, developed black-and-white religious fervour. Some of the reporting by the media has been biased toward feeding this fervour. Even celebrities (who may not know what a chinook is) are getting on the band wagon.

A more balanced diet of information on the way the industry operates would include, for example, photos of reclaimed areas, not just mined areas, in the Canadian tar sands. A very critical tourist was shown a beautiful area near Fort McMurray and was asked, “What would you think if this area were to be mined?” He replied that it would be a terrible tragedy. The tourist was then told, “It already has been mined.”

Personally, I don’t remember ever seeing a photo of tar sands reclaimed land shown in the news. Apparently this tourist hadn’t either.

If you would like to get some first-hand information on the tar sands and the way the industry currently operates in regard to the environment and First Nations people, Ross Whitelaw ross.w@telus.net is a very knowledgeable man of integrity who used to work in environment and safety. He's open to questions, and if he doesn't know the answer, he could probably put you in touch with someone who does.

This is the kind of conversation that needs to take place - going to the source for information and exchange of ideas and questions. I've been working with Ross and others as members of the Anglican Church addressing the divestment issue.

Ross recently took a tour of Smoky Lake Tree Nursery, which currently grows all of the reclamation stock for the five major oil sands operators: Syncrude, Suncor, Imperial Oil, Shell Albian and CNRL. They also grow seedlings for conventional oil and gas reclamation. Here is an excerpt from his report, which outlines the lengths to which they go to restore the land with the biodiversity of 61 native species.

Tristan, I like the honesty of your comment, "I am not comfortable deriving income from this source." I understand that, considering the connection between fossil fuels and global warming.

Another view to consider is that, at this point in time, no matter what companies we invest in, the burning of fossil fuels is likely involved. Burning fossil fuels creates far more CO2 emissions than extracting them (e.g., "Final combustion of the oil – mostly emerging from vehicle tailpipes – accounts for 70 to 80 per cent of lifecycle emissions"). And if consumers weren't using them, the companies wouldn't be extracting them. If we’re driving our cars to work or if our work involves operating vehicles or machinery, or selling products that were produced in a factory, we’re still "deriving income from this source."

I recently read a story of a First Nations man in Fort McMurray who lost his job in the oil industry due to low oil prices, so he sought help to set up a small tourist company, which is admirable. However, if you look at this from a global warming perspective, in order for this man's new business to succeed, people have to burn fossil fuels to get there and burn more fossil fuels once they arrive in order to see the sights.

Would it benefit the environment for MIT or other institution to divest from the oil company this man worked for and invest instead in this man’s tourist industry, which would be burning the fuel produced by his former employer?

In light of this, I accept that I am "deriving income from this source" (directly - with investment in reputable fossil fuel companies, or indirectly) because that's the current reality, and I will invest what I can in renewable energy as well, to help speed the transition along.

Managing the transition to renewables is complicated. Alberta is phasing out it's older coal plants first. And renewables are on the increase. The goal is to be at 0 dependence on coal by 2030 - a very ambitious and expensive goal. In the meantime, for the fossil fuels I still have to use, I'd be much more comfortable getting them from the Canadian tar sands or from a well-managed coal plant (especially if it has CCS) than from Saudi Arabia or other countries where we have no control over the environmental or ethical implications or how the royalties are used.

I know it is not my mandate to change people's minds. I am simply grateful for this website and the opportunity to participate in the conversation.

chriskoz at 11:02 AM on 14 March 2016

2016 SkS Weekly Digest #11

Stefan from RC is visiting UNSW, and surely he gave us the first-hand comment about the unprecedented spike in Feb global temps (that are felt especially nasty in SE Australia):

True Shocker

Emergency is the right subtitle for this article. When are the politicians going to wake up?

John Hartz at 04:14 AM on 14 March 2016

2016 SkS Weekly News Roundup #11

richardPauli: Your concerns about the article, Climate change could cause 500,000 more deaths by 2050 by Raveena Aulakh, Toronto Star, Mar 05 2016, seem a tad overblown and misdirected.

The teaser line (sub-headline) to the article is:

Over half a million more people could die in 2050 as climate change affects diet, says a new study in the medical journal the Lancet.

It should be quite obvious to anyone reading the the above sub-headline of the article that it is a summary of a new study published in the Medical Journal Lancet.

The text of the article includes a link to the Lancet article, Global and regional health effects of future food production under climate change: a modelling study.

If you want to know how the numbers reported in a newspaper article were derived, you need to carefully read and digest the study that generated those numbers.

richardPauli at 03:19 AM on 14 March 2016

2016 SkS Weekly News Roundup #11

It was at Sunday section above

Climate change could cause 500,000 more deaths by 2050 by Raveena Aulakh, Toronto Star, Mar 05 2016

http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/03/05/climate-change-could-cause-500000-more-deaths-in-2050.html

richardPauli at 03:17 AM on 14 March 2016

2016 SkS Weekly News Roundup #11

The prediction "Climate change cause 500,000 more deaths by 2050" is the worst case of optimism bias I have ever seen.

We should suspect the source. Everyone from the UN, to Oxfam to the Catholic Church is researching those numbers. Even the B&M Gates Foundation fought with the World Health Organization about what numbers are and how to evaluate death rate. It is a very difficult task . but a few years ago, when I scanned the ranges then - it was all over the ranges from 50,000 to 400,000 deaths per year (currently). The data reports take a little digging, but it is all search engine. (just ask "how many die from climate change")

Part of the problem is how to categorize. For instance, is Malaria deaths part of the increase? Famine from salt water inundation by sea level rise? Which floods are counted, only storms or some storms? Then Syrian climate refugees - all of them? Or some? Are the increase in wildfires all categorized as global warming associated?

For a newspaper to say 500,000 by the year 2050.. some 34 years hence seems dangerously misinformed. What are they trying to promote? I have no idea why they would post that.... it shows a very shallow understanding of climate impacts globally. I will be sure to write the publisher at http://www.thestar.com/about/contactus.html Perhaps they can publish a cursory overview of how to evauate future impacts. Their numbers of 500,000 may have been reached in 2015, Maybe this year. Certainly in the next few. Irresponsible publishing.

One Planet Only Forever at 02:42 AM on 14 March 2016

Sea level rise is accelerating; how much it costs is up to us

richardPauli,

An elaboration of your point that is very important to understand:

"Observations that are not learned from, or better understanding from evaluation of observations and experimentation being deliberately denied ... is far too common in our 'socio-economic-political system that is based on popularity and profitability' because of the power of deliberately misleading marketing in the hands of callous greedy and intolerant people (who hope to keep their clearly unacceptable handiwork as the most powerful invisible-hand in the voting and market place".

Anyone paying attention can understand that the system, and in particular marketing in the system, is the problem. It can clearly be observed that it encourages the development of people who do not care about advancing humanity to a lasting better future. It encourages people to focus on getting the best possible present for themselves any way they can get away with (often marketed as it being fundamentally essential for everybody to have the "Freedom to do as they please", without any reasoning being allowed to restrict their preferred chosen pursuits).

Jose_X at 01:14 AM on 14 March 2016

New Video: Why Scientists Trust the Surface Thermometers More than Satellites

satellite data now has feb 16 highest ever

BBHY at 11:48 AM on 13 March 2016

New Video: Why Scientists Trust the Surface Thermometers More than Satellites

Multiple independent lines of scientific evidence all point to the same thing; global warming caused by increased CO2 in the atmosphere from, burnnig fossil fuels.

Anecdotal evidence is not terribly valuable from a scientific standpoint, but is still valid from a human perspective. My family used to go skiiing in the mountains of Pennsylvania in the 60's. Back then, it would be impossible to drive through the Pennsylvania mountains in the middle of winter and not see snow on the ground, but for at least the past decade I have often gone there in February and not a bit of snow was evident until I reached the ski resort, where they make their own. I fear that in another decade or so all the Penn ski resorts will have closed down as the season keeps getting shorter and shorter.

richardPauli at 03:18 AM on 13 March 2016

Sea level rise is accelerating; how much it costs is up to us

"Lessons not learned, will be repeated."

richardPauli at 15:01 PM on 12 March 2016

Why We Need to Keep 80 Percent of Fossil Fuels in the Ground

We are stuck. Since optimism can be misdirecting. We must be active and positve while retaining a ruthlessly realistic view. I can only speak for myself, but I think this is what our children must face, what they and we must do:

Suffer, Adapt, Mitigate
To suffer is to accept and endure; we make an active choice to hunker-down and face a painful, inevitable situation.
To adapt is to tap into resilience as we take real action to survive and co-exist with all beings.
To mitigate is to work on real processes to make the problem less severe in the future.

we do this with tools of Palliation, Civilization, and Revision
We help with suffering by easing pain with palliative care to ourselves and others.
We best adapt when we band together in shared community effort to service and build a global human civilization.
We make tomorrow better as we revise our failed systems by radical reformation and innovation.

There may be lots of other tasks, but I think that a general outline

Tom Curtis at 10:18 AM on 12 March 2016

Greenhouse Gas Concentrations in Atmosphere Reach New Record

Romulan01 @6, I just had a closer look at the video linked to by Michael Sweet. I noticed that:

1) The CO2 was produced by an endothermic reaction, ie, one which cools the products and hence the surrounding environment;

2) The bottle with enhanced CO2 was open when the CO2 was fed in, thereby preventing pressure build up and a resulting increase in temperature. This is possible because CO2 is heavier than air so the CO2 fed in would displace normal air out of the bottle; and

3) The experiment was conducted indoors (avoiding high convective heat loss), and with only two lamps (providing symmetry in overlap heating).

In short, it avoids all of the problems mentioned in my prior post, and is in fact a very good experiment.

Tom Curtis at 10:08 AM on 12 March 2016

Greenhouse Gas Concentrations in Atmosphere Reach New Record

Romulan01 @5, Jolan tru.

The experiment has already been done several time by several different people. Perhaps the most famous attempt is that by the mythbusters:

Such attempts have problems, however. In the Mythbusters experiment, for example, the central container would recieve more light than the adjacent containers due to spill over from the adjacent lights, thereby contaminating the experiment. The controll (the ordinary air sample) was not in the central container, so some or all of their measured greenhouse effect may have been simply poor experiment design. Other factors contaminating the various youtube recorded similar experiments include possible heat from the method of producing CO2, high humidity resulting in little or not difference in greenhouse effect between the CO2 enriched and controll sample, and significant wind velocity resulting in large loss of heat by conduction. I have seen no youtube recorded experiment which could be considered sound.

To perform the experiment properly you would need to have a control consisting of pure nitrogen and oxygen in an approximate 7:3 mix (so as to have no greenhouse gases in the control), you would need to ensure not heat loss by conduction or convection (ideally by conducting the experiment in a vacum), and you would have to use the same light with identical placement for the various experimental runs (which would need to be run sequentially).

However, all that might be interesting, but it is uncessary. Here is an observed and predicted IR spectrum from the Mexican Gulf near Texas:

The area under the grapp reprsents total energy per second per unit area radiated to space. Because of that, the large notch in the middle represents a large reduction in energy radiated to space (per second per unit area). For the Earth to be in energy balance, that reduction must be made up for by increased radiation elsewhere, which prima facie must be accomplished by increased temperature. The large notch was caused by CO2 in the atmosphere, a fact known by its location, and by the successful prediction by the model (dotted lines).

Ever since these observations were published in 1970, there has been no scientific doubt of the existence of a greenhouse effect. There has merely been the attempt to manufacture doubt by pseudoscientists.

Since 1970, similar observations with similar accuracy have been made hundreds of thousands of times. What is more, the pseudoscientists who doubt the existence of the greenhouse effect generally (and falsely) claim that the satellite temperature record is more accurate than the surface temperature record, but the satellite temperature record is determined using radiation models of exactly the same kind that show conclusively that there is a greenhouse effect, and which have been confirmed so precisely so many thousands of times.

Finally, if you want a simple explanation of how the greenhouse effect works, I recommend that you start here.

michael sweet at 09:55 AM on 12 March 2016

Greenhouse Gas Concentrations in Atmosphere Reach New Record

Romulan01,

Here is a youtube video of the experiment that you describe. This was done with a lamp but it works in the sun also. This experiment is commonly done in High School or lower classes. Google is your friend.

The issue is not that simple experiments have not proven beyond any reasonable doubt that the greenhouse effect exists, the problem is that nothing will ever convince the deniers.

PhilippeChantreau at 09:40 AM on 12 March 2016

After 116 days, MIT fossil fuel divestment sit-in ends in student-administration deal for climate action

Sharon, you seem to have a significant personnal and emotional involvment in this. I'm sorry if I elicited unpleasant emotions, but the substance of my post remains. I certainly would not paint all people in any group with the same brush. I am an immigrant and I have experienced prejudice.

It is a small goup of people who have decided to go the way of the denial but they drive the boat in which the others ride. It is not the same as saying anyone involved in the industry is bad. I seems that what you understood from my words and I am surprised that you would jump to such a conclusion, which amounts to a strawman. Read my post again; I do not suggest anyting like that.

You claim to not have mentioned jobs, technically that's right. I used the word livelihood in my post. Yours said this: "On the other hand, the royalties from Canadian tar sands oil funds schools and hospitals, social programs for the poor, etc." I work in a hospital, forgive me for the short cut. Furthermore, in previous contributions, you discussed that same subject and was keen on pointing everyone's attention on the many people depending on Canada's oil industry for jobs, so it's not like you've never mentioned it.

You also ask: "Can you produce data on which specific companies have funded denial?"

Use the site's search engine with the word "Exxon." You will find recent posts with an extensive discussion on the matter. One can also look at who are the donors to organizations that spread misinformation.

If that can make you feel any better, I have always said that coal is by far the biggest problem and the one to tackle in priority. Not only because it is actually easier to replace than liquid hydrocarbons used in transportation but because it is also the largest source.

I will add that it is disingenuous to hold against the entire population that they do not make efforts to use less. After all, many of them fall hook, line and sinker for the disinformation that's around. But mainly, and as we have discussed before, true change will come as a matter of public policy. Some stakeholders are going at great length to hinder te development of such policies. You can argue that they should not be condemned but I disagree.

The last time I took an airplane was last year to go visit my father who had been in/out of the hospital for 2 months. He was 77 years old and I wasn't sure what was going to happen to him. Call it pleasure if you wish.

The most important of my points remains: going the dishonest way always ends up being bad business. VolksWagen has recently shown that much. No I would never argue that anybody working for VW is a bad person, that would be pretty stupid, and worse, inaccurate. But if you do care about oil companies providing good jobs and contributing for a long time to come, I would advise you to advocate against them going the dishonest route. In the long run, it will bring more harm that any disvestment operation, PR campaign against them and what not. Look at the lead industry, tobacco, financial industry, VW; some things have a way to come back at you.

Romulan01 at 09:17 AM on 12 March 2016

Greenhouse Gas Concentrations in Atmosphere Reach New Record

I read many of the scientific arguments both pro and con for Co2 being a heat trapping gas. I don't understand most of the arguments because I am not a scientist. It seems to me that a way to settle this argument would be to get two containers fill one with Co2 and the other with regular atmosphere, place a thermometer in the bottom of both and let them sit side by side for a day and then observe the temperature variation in both containers over a 24 hour period to find the truth. This might be an Occam's Razor type of experiment.

Rob Honeycutt at 00:15 AM on 12 March 2016

Why We Need to Keep 80 Percent of Fossil Fuels in the Ground

TonyW... We're at about 1°C over preindustrial. For us to have already burned enough to push us past 2°C seems a stretch. That would mean there's a full 1°C in thermal inertia, and I would suspect it's not quite that much. Are we on a trajectory that will likely put us over 2°C? Absolutely.

I can't remember who it was now, but one researcher framed it in interesting terms this way, "Can we stay under 2°C? Yes, but only in the models." Staying under 2°C will require that we develop technologies that can effectively pull CO2 out of the atmosphere.

Tom Curtis at 23:19 PM on 11 March 2016

Oceans are cooling

Cedders @83, the SST has increased by about 0.8 C over the last century. It is that surface layer that impacts the atmosphere, and hence it is the most relevant part of the ocean data to answer Curry's question. Therefore she asks the question about the 0-2000 meter average, which warms very slowly in the deep ocean, brining the average down. That is, her question is no more than rhetorical slight of hand.

With regard to Cheng, Zhu and Abraham - yes oceans reduce the rate of warming, but they do not reduce the equilibrium temperature response.

Tom Curtis at 23:04 PM on 11 March 2016

How we know the greenhouse effect isn't saturated

ConcernedCitizen @98:

"The suggestion that the atmosphere is made thicker by adding CO2, thus forcing it to radiate from a higher altitude..."

Neither you nor the OP said anything like this, so your claim that it did is simply false.

As it happens, the addition of CO2 to the atmosphere does not make it thicker (each molecule of CO2 replaces a molecule of O2, but as CO2 dissolves more readilly in water, the total number of molecules in the atmosphere decreases by a miniscule amount). Because CO2 is heavier than O2, overall the mass of the atmosphere has increased by about 256 Gigatonnes (0.005%) due to increased CO2 , but fallen by 558 Gigatonnes due to O2 being converted to CO2 then dissolving in the ocean or being taken up by plants. The net reduction is approximately 302 Gigatonnes, or about 0.006%. That is negligible and well below the impact of increased humidity on atmospheric mass.

Finally, overall atmospheric pressure is predicted to increase due to increased temperature - and is increasing to a greater extent than predicted by models so your final claim is also false. It has no relevance to the greenhouse effect other than as a predicted response to warming.

Your completely false claims, coupled with the egregious way in which they misrepresent the OP has taken us way of topic so I will not respond to further egregious misrepresentations other than to note that they are in fact egregiously false, and misrepresentations.

TonyW at 18:43 PM on 11 March 2016

Why We Need to Keep 80 Percent of Fossil Fuels in the Ground
pete, I believe that 20% is for a chance of staying under 2C, but I think that chance may only be 33%, or close to it. That doesn't seem like good odds, to me. We may already have burned too much to stay under 2C.

Cedders at 18:09 PM on 11 March 2016

Oceans are cooling

A more recent sceptical argument is that, while the ocean appears to show the energy imbalance, the rate of warming is negligible. See for instance http://joannenova.com.au/2013/05/ocean-temperatures-is-that-warming-statistically-significant/ which alleges that the error from network of buoys is greater than thought (I didn't find that line convincing, but the temp graphs get recylced).

Judith Curry writes "with the 2nd law of thermodynamics, it is not easy to get much of that heat back to surface... since the 1960s, the warming of that layer [0-2000m] was 0.06 °C... can anyone figure out why 0.06C is a big deal for the climate".

Cheng, Zhu and Abraham find warming of 0.0061 °C/yr in 0-700m, close to models, but one naive question might be why this is less than half the rate of surface warming, and less than 1 °C in a century. Does this slowness mean the oceans will moderate or delay the surface warming more than thought? Is there a simple model to explain this? I wonder if this deserves its own article.

Moderator Response:

[Rob P] - As Tom Curtis points out, Judith Curry is engaging in a logical fallacy. Most of the heat accumulating in the ocean is in the 0-100 meter layer. See the image below for the 2015 anomaly.

This has drastic implications for marine life upon which humanity depends for sustenance and income. Coral reefs, for instance, are being destroyed at this very moment because the surface ocean has accumulated so much extra energy that marine heatwaves (associated with El Nino & the warming ocean) are killing coral on a global scale - only the 3rd worldwide bleaching event ever recorded.

bozzza at 18:06 PM on 11 March 2016

After 116 days, MIT fossil fuel divestment sit-in ends in student-administration deal for climate action

@ 5, Sharon: you are looking to give investment advice and so divestment advice: doesn't this advice have ethical connotations?

bozzza at 18:04 PM on 11 March 2016

After 116 days, MIT fossil fuel divestment sit-in ends in student-administration deal for climate action

Divestment is not an ethical issue.

Divestment is also called Investment: economics calls this idea, "Opportunity cost!"

If Divestment has ethical connotations then surely so too does Investment?

Why do we have kids?

ConcernedCitizen at 17:51 PM on 11 March 2016

How we know the greenhouse effect isn't saturated

@96. You misunderstand. The suggestion that the atmosphere is made thicker by adding CO2, thus forcing it to radiate from a higher altitude and causing surface warmuing would have to be acompanied by an increase in pressure at the surface,. This hasnt happened.

ConcernedCitizen at 17:48 PM on 11 March 2016

How we know the greenhouse effect isn't saturated

@Moderator. Where did I question the GH theory?

I am questioning the 'more CO2 = higher lapse rate thus more surface warmig' theory you are proposing in this piece.

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