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Comments 43851 to 43900:

43851. Klaus Flemløse at 19:43 PM on 13 July 2013
       Nils-Axel Mörner is Wrong About Sea Level Rise
       

       Here is the Google Earth of Viligili Island west of Malé. The location  of the tree is at the south east corner of the island. By comparing the picture and using Google Earth I think it is the only possible place for the famous tree.

       In addition to this, Malé can be seen through the tree in Doomeday Called Off at 7 minutes and 42 seconds. 

       

        

       

       

       Thanks to Tom Curtis for these pictures.

       There is a stone reef along the east cost of Viligili Island. This reef at low tide is probably used by Mörner as the "dry land"-picture shown earlier !!! 

       I have tried to find the tree, the oval stone and the concrete block close to the tree, but I can find them. Please try to find them by your self on Google Earth.

       The pictures and Doomsday Called off are take on different dates. I can't identify the dates. The pictures  in Doomsday Called Off is probably taken in North-South direction. Hint: look at the tree and the oval stone.

       If I am correct about the location in addition to photo shopping, it is also a case of photo manipulation not telling the location og dates.

       In a scientific field study I think location, map and date for pictures must present.

       Lars Oxfelt Mortensen - the producer of Doomday Called of - is in  respect of the Maldivian tree almost clean. He has shut the sequence about the tree. Since the film is a documentary  date, time and location ought to be on the fil.

       I would be pleased if my findings can be veryfied.

        

        

43852. Rob Honeycutt at 15:57 PM on 13 July 2013
       Nils-Axel Mörner is Wrong About Sea Level Rise
       

       This double exposure claim is the funniest thing I think I've read in a long time.  It was ridiculous enough already to try to pass of such a poor Photoshop job as the real thing.  It's freaking hilarious to try to claim that it was a double exposure.

       Morner's work is providing great momentum to my investments in head vice manufacturing companies.

43853. Tom Dayton at 13:03 PM on 13 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Yeah, Rob, I noticed other oddities about Videre's writing.  Sort of an inconsistent hybrid of a young teenager, a wide-eyed adult, and a denier.  For example, there are the failures to understand or even notice the most obvious and straightforward concepts in the posts and in our responses, yet detailed attention to and calculations of forcings.  But I decided to take him/her at face value, because I don't want to act like a Wattsian, and because lurkers might learn from my responses.  Nonetheless, I'm about out of patience....

43854. bill4344 at 12:30 PM on 13 July 2013
       Nils-Axel Mörner is Wrong About Sea Level Rise
       'Double exposure'!? Give me a break! As a semi-pro I'm backing what Phil and Tom are saying.Also, I'm confused. Surely, Klaus at #62, that cannot be the 'original' photo? Just try matching the composition, shadows, lighting and clouds. (Well, you won't! That's the point.) It may be the 'original' tree...And you really have to wonder at the competence of people who'd uproot a tree to 'demolish evidence' and then leave it lying around to be restored - remarkably restored, in fact - don't you?
43855. Rob Honeycutt at 10:44 AM on 13 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Videre made this passing statement:  "...and wasn’t a peer reviewed paper so I looked at the IPCC last out report, I think its called AR4, which came out in 2007,.."

       Given the level of detail in each of his questions, to claim that he "thinks" 2007 IPCC report is called "AR4" strikes me as a huge red flag.

       I would put forth that Videre is not someone who is at all curious or skeptical.  He's another fake skeptic thinking he can come to SkS to poke holes in the science, which he clearly does not understand.

       Videre, you need to come clean here.  Everyone here are more than willing to discuss the science with you but you need to be honest in your discussion.  No one here wants to talk to someone who is feigning curiousity.

43856. Tom Curtis at 09:59 AM on 13 July 2013
       Nils-Axel Mörner is Wrong About Sea Level Rise
       

       A minor note - Klause Flemlosse has been following up on this issue, and located the probable location of the tree.  Comparison of arial photos of the area shows the Morner's tree to have been washed away by 2005.  I guess that would be due to the lack of erosion due to the falling sea levels Morner has discovered /sarc.

43857. Icarus at 09:10 AM on 13 July 2013
       Climate Change and the Nature of Science: The Carbon “Tipping Point” is Coming
       

       I recall reading that the terrestrial carbon sink will fail (i.e. instead become a source) by 2050, and the ocean carbon sink by 2100 (presumably under a 'business as usual' scenario).  Also there was a study which concluded that 2013 is the last year in which we have any realistic chance of starting to reduce greenhouse gas emissions fast enough to avert a self-sustaining permafrost carbon feedback.  With decades of warming in the pipeline even from today's anthropogenic climate forcing, and CO2 emissions rising faster than ever, it seems to me that there's no chance of avoiding a 'tipping point' without geo-engineering.

43858. Tom Curtis at 06:14 AM on 13 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Videre @71, an important trick in science is knowing how to test a theory.

       Take special relativity as an example, it has an effect at all velocities, so in principle you could measure the time distortion of two trains passing each other in opposite directions with a relative velocity of 33.33 m/s (100 Km/hour).  Even with the most accurate atomic clocks, however, your margin of error would be large.  In fact, an equivalent experiment using aircraft only measured time dilation to an accuracy of about 10%, although later repetitions showed an accuracy to within 1.6%.

       Alternatively, you could use an Ives-Stilwell experiment, which constrains the error to one millionth of 1%.

       A critique of special relativity (and they do exist) who argued that special relativity had been poorly confirmed based on the 10% error margin of the first experiment, while ignoring the existence of the second would not be taken seriously.  Yet that is the equivalent to what you have done.

       You argue that the rise in CO2 could have a natural source, quoting the large error in measurements of natural fluxes.  In doing so, however, you ignore the 2% error in measurement of C14 levels, which show categorically that ocean outgassing or decline in vegetation are not the source of the recent growth in CO2; or the 1.5% error in measurements of C13, which show categorically that volcanoes are not the source.  Combined, with an error of around 2%, all natural sources are exlcuded by these two sets of observations - but that, apparently is irrelevant to you.

       As to being offended, I am not offended but tired.  Tired of the continuous misrepresentation of science by so-called "skeptics"; and tired of purported honest enquirers who show by their actions that they are anything but.

       If you are an honest enquirer, you will take a step by step approach to gaining knowledge.  You will start with something very basic and ask specific questions about parts of the evidence or argument you do no understand - not in great screeds of text which are likely (designed?) to discourage response, and raising so many issues that many are likely to be ignored - but by short simple questions.  One question at a time.

       And while you are working through the examples, you are not so arrogant as to believe that issues you can think of in a few seconds with a very limited knowledge of the subject have escaped the attention of the thousands of climate scientists who have spent lifetimes studying the issue in a profession in which careers are made by pointing out the errors of others.  Instead you have the humility to realize that if the issue has occurred to you, it has probably been raised and answered before, and you are simply not aware of that fact.  And given that humility, you give the climate scientists, rather than bloggers like A Watts (who, lets face it, are in the same position as you in respect to climate science), the benefit of the doubt until you have studied the issue in sufficient detail that you know not only the popular explanation of the issue, but also the historical and current scientific discussion of it.  

43859. KK Tung at 06:10 AM on 13 July 2013
       The anthropogenic global warming rate: Is it steady for the last 100 years? Part 2.
       

       Thank you, MA Rodger, for your additional comments.  I will take a look at this thread more carefully this weekend before replying.

43860. Tom Dayton at 06:09 AM on 13 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Videre, in your point #2 you wrote "And I guess if the greenhouse effect traps the energy, while it might not go runaway, if it was high in the millions of years past and still the temperature went down and up and down then is there something else going on too that either gets rid of heat and traps it? Its just weird that if the greenhouse effect traps energy that it wouldn’t just keep trapping energy in the past."

       The amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere varies as a consequence of variations in the natural sources and sinks of greenhouse gases.  An example is the increase in CO2 that is a consequence of Milankovich orbital cycles; when the amount of CO2 increases, the greenhouse effect is strengthened.  But there are natural sinks of CO2, which means there are natural mechanisms for removing CO2 (and other greenhouse gases) from the atmosphere.  If the amount of CO2 removed by the sinks is greater than the amount added by the sources, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere decreases, which weakens the greenhouse effect.  An example is that a major cause of glacial periods ("ice ages") is the Milankovich orbital cycles going the other way than they do when they end a glacial period.  As the Sun's rays become less perpendicular to the Northern Hemisphere's surface, the amount of the Sun's energy hitting the ground decreases, which allows ice and snow to remain on the ground longer and to cover more area, which reflects more sunlight, which allows even more ice and snow to exist, which causes cooling of the land, air, and oceans.  Cooler oceans can contain more CO2, so the oceans become less of a source of CO2 for the atmosphere, and eventually become cool enough to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, which weakens the greenhouse effect.

       But even more important for you to understand is that CO2 is not the only driver of temperature.  If you have questions about that, it is important that you comment on that thread, not this one.

43861. Tom Dayton at 05:36 AM on 13 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Videre, I responded on the more appropriate thread (CO2 lags temperature) to your point #2 from one of your comments on this thread.

43862. Tom Dayton at 05:31 AM on 13 July 2013
       CO2 lags temperature
       

       Videre, you stated on a different thread in your point #2: "the lag problem crops up again because if CO2 lags temperature then it just seems something else traps energy too to start the temperature going up."  No, that is not necessary, as you would know if you actually read this post on the lag so you understand the mechanism, instead of just glancing at the post.  The Milankovich orbital forcing of warming causes more energy to enter the Northern Hemisphere (while reducing the energy entering the Southern Hemisphere) because the Sun's rays enter closer to perpendicular to the Earth's surface in the Northern Hemisphere.  That causes melting of ice and snow, which by leaving bare ground more of the time causes more energy to be absorbed by the ground ("trapped" in a different way than CO2 "traps" energy).  But that's not sufficient to tip the whole system into serious warming. The main mechanism is explained in this post, which you should read carefully.  Note that there are both a Basic tabbed pane and an Intermediate tabbed pane.  Details are in another post on Shakun et al.'s work.

43863. keithpickering at 05:10 AM on 13 July 2013
       Climate Change and the Nature of Science: The Carbon “Tipping Point” is Coming
       

       It has also recently been reported (Ramirez et. al. 2013) that the inner edge of the habitable zone for Earth is only about 0.99 AU, or just 99% of our current orbital distance. Any closer, and water begins to disassociate in the stratosphere, leading to hydrogen loss and eventual drying of the oceans. 

       We're already close to the edge.

43864. Videre at 04:57 AM on 13 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Thanks that helps a lot. I guess quantum field theory is pretty complicated and probably people pretty much agree lots of it isn’t established for sure. I guess that’s a case where the science isn’t settled.  I guess maybe they can test hypotheses for simple stuff like electrons moving fast around atoms and all and even way down to parts per billion, no factors or two or anything. But like in relativity guys have this hypothesis that the end result of something happening is completely predictable by a forcing function, like the mass or the velocity. Or the acceleration. Then they do an experiment like flying something fast like a particle or a clock and then measure the result and it just confirms the whole hypothesis within parts per billion, again no factors of two running around. I guess that’s what I meant. I think in relativity there is a whole lot of stuff going on where people think maybe there’s dark matter and that cosmological constant is either there or not, and I know they can guess some things happen in certain ways, but sometimes they don’t so I guess that part isn’t settled science. The part where they have some effects they think cause things but they can’t do experiments for sure so its not settled. In the evolution thing too it helps that the experiments on whole systems of organisms like E. Coli and be put into a controlled stress situation and observed over lots of generations and sure enough the hypothesis that gene frequencies change over time due to stress works out. That way like for all these other theories I guess they don’t deny or not deny anything they just make a hypothesis then do controlled observations and measure the results, and see if the hypothesis tests okay.

       So I was just trying to compare the hypothesis that human production of CO2 forces temperatures up in the same way, like in this thread. You know, getting some kind of result that is the same as the other ones in settled science, where the confidence limits are really strong, for the whole end to end thing, and everything is connected by this really ironclad hypothesis. Like if you increase CO2 exactly by some amount and hold everything else constant, then the temperature goes up just the amount you predict just like you think. Prediction seems pretty important too. It’s pretty hard, I think, especially about the future. I just thought that was how it worked for the other theories in science.

43865. JasonB at 03:06 AM on 13 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Videre,

       Quantum field theory is responsible for "the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics" by predicting a value for the cosmological constant that is over 100 orders of magnitude larger than that which is actually observed.

       To put that into context, there are some 10⁸⁰ electrons in the universe, from memory.

       Compared to that, a factor of two "running around" is absolutely fantastic.

       Evolution is actually very similar to AGW in terms of how it has been established as scientific fact. Hint: it's not by watching E. Coli or even birds evolve. And another: it's not surprising that many of the people who deny one also deny the other.

       But I think you misunderstand why those factors of two exist. If you're talking about overall climate sensitivity (and not something quite well known, like the factor of two that the water vapour feedback has on CO2, which comes from those same physical thories and measurements), it's because we're dealing with a very noisy system where it's hard to make accurate measurements; in recent times, when we have accurate instruments, the signal is still small, whereas over longer periods of time, when the signal is large, we don't have access to accurate measurements. (Nevertheless, the tightest constraints on climate sensitivity remain those comparing glacials with interglacials because the signal is so large it doesn't matter so much.)

       On top of that, it's likely that with all the complex interactions of the different parts of the system, the actual figure changes all the time.

       But this doesn't mean that we haven't established the figure accurately enough to take action.

       Consider you are driving at high speed towards a brick wall. You're not sure if you're going to hit it in five seconds or ten. Do you lament how difficult it is to judge distances accurately when travelling at high speed, or do you brake?

43866. Videre at 01:51 AM on 13 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Thanks that helps. Just trying to understand the science is all. Like Rob said above the standard is evolution and relativity and germ theory. I guess germs they observe all the time in controlled experiments and measure growth and infection rates to better than a percent and evolution I think people observed directly in germs like E. Coli and even saw birds or something evolving in a few years. And relativity, I think they tested relativity in experiments with clocks and lasers and its been tested to precisions like a part in a billion or better. And that means the theory checks out. If I look at the data and then links on here it just looks like the accuracies of the science for CO2 forcing has factors of two running all around which doesn’t seem to be the same as for evolution, relativity and germ theory. But I don’t know for sure.

       But thanks for the help really. Sorry if anybody got offended ok. I think everybody here is just great help.

43867. wild monkeys at 00:39 AM on 13 July 2013
       Charles Krauthammer's flat-earther global warming folly
       

       The page needs a mysterious plugin to display the video.

43868. Joel-Snape at 00:36 AM on 13 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       This is a nice and simple explanation of the greenhouse effect in action. The effective blackbody temperature of Earth when applying the Stefan-Boltzmann law is -18 or 255K and its observed temperature is 15C or 288K representing a temperature-disparity of 33K. This amounts to a huge 'radiative forcing' by the atmospheric greenhouse. in fact it amounts to 150.35W/sq.m. The idea that CO2's forcing is "small" I guess depends on your definition of `small'. Doubling atmospheric CO2 is enough to produce a radiative forcing of 3.7W/sq. thanks to thousands of line-by-line spectural computations by HITRAN, which even prominent climate skeptics such as Lindzen and Spence acknowledge is true and wholly. 3.7Wsq.m would result in an atmospheric warming of about 1.2C, with the rest accounted for by positive feedbacks inherent in the climate-system. This imples that CO2's direct warming would only need to be amplified by a mere 0.8C by feedbacks to take us to 2C, which is apparently dangerous territory for some scientists. I think skeptics such as the Sky Dragon Slayers could learn thing or two about the greenhouse with the Moon/Earth comparison. Spencer's illuminating saucepan anology and cooked chicken as a way of conceptually proving the existence of the radiative greenhouse effect is probably one of the best I've come across. You guys should do a similar thing.

43869. Tom Curtis at 22:00 PM on 12 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Videre @66:

       1)  To a first approximation, all energy on Earth comes from the Sun.  That energy is then reradiated to space as thermal radiation (IR).  The surface temperature required to balance the incoming energy depends on:

       a)  The amount of energy from the sun which is reflected (albedo);

       b)  The level in the atmosphere from which energy is radiated to space (the greenhouse effect); and

       c)  The distribution of heat on the Earth's surface.

       The albedo is controlled by the presence and latitudes of snow and ice, the prevalence of clouds and by the prevalence of different types of vegetation.  The natural greenhouse effect is controlled by the four major naturally occuring greenhouse gases, ie, H2O, CO2, O3 and CH4.  The distribution of heat is controlled by the arrangement of the continents and milankovitch cycles.  Variation of any of these factors can result in a change in the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) energy balance, and hence of the surface temperature.  In the face of that, saying that "its just weird that more energy was getting into the atmosphere at various times in the past even before the CO2 levels rose" is, quite frankly, silly.

       As it happens, climate scientists have a pretty good idea as to what caused increased warming durring glacial epochs (change in the distribution of heat due to milankovitch cycles, which drove changes in albedo and CO2 and CH4 concentrations as a feedback).  They also have a good idea of what those factors would be doing now without human intervention.  Specifically, the milankovitch cycle would be cooling the Earth, driving an increase in ice and snow, and a reduction in CO2 and CH4 concentration as a feedback.

       2)  The entire basis of your second point seems to be the assumption that if increased CO2 traps more heat through the greenhouse effect, then it must over ride all other influences on the Earth's temperature so that countervailing factors cannot result in cooling.  Or, to take a specific example, the fact that the CO2 forcing was sufficient for a 6.5 C increase in surface temperature 400 million years ago, would mean (by your logic) the fact that the sun was about 10% cooler that could not possible prevent that increase.  

       3)  We do not know that the current CO2 increase is anthropogenic by measuring all natural fluxes and finding a shortfall.  Rather, we have measured the human addition ot CO2 in the atmosphere, and found that less is staying in the atmosphere than we put there.  It follows that nature is taking the shortfall out of the atmosphere.  So, the error bars on our measurement of natural fluxes is irrelevant, because the error bars on our measurement of anthropogenic emissions are sufficiently small as to leave no doubt.  IF you wish to learn, you need to stop constructing straw man versions of purported scientific arguments, and address the actual arguments used by scientists.

       4)  From table 2.12 of IPCC AR4, the sum of all forcings exluding long lived greenhouse gases is  -1.24.   The forcing from long lived greenhouse gases is 2.63, leaving a net forcing of 1.39 W/m^2 (just slightly greater than that of CO2 alone).  CO2 is the largest single forcing, and the only anthropogenic forcing agent with a duration greater than a century.  No other single forcing agent has even half the effect of CO2.  Consequently your claim that, "it looks like the CO2 forcing is kind of small compared to the other effects" is pure bunkum.

       On all four points it strikes me that you are not an earnest seeker after the truth of the matter, but somebody looking for any fact to twist out of context to avoid accepting the science.  You are doing this before you even understand the science, and the result merely makes you look foolish. 

43870. chriskoz at 20:17 PM on 12 July 2013
       2013 SkS Weekly News Roundup #28A
       

       Depending on your stance on fracking (called Coal Seem Gas down under) you may welcome or dislike this news:

       Sydney water catchment fracking ruled out for now

       Clearly, people who pushed for creation of new Dharawal National Park had this in mind. Not a word about impact on CO2 pollution though: CSG is better than coal but still bad, IMO.

43871. Videre at 18:07 PM on 12 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Thanks for the help. I guess I was trying to keep my focus on this thread and just looking at the data.

       Scaddenp, I am sorry for coming back to this thread, but it was the moderator who directed me to those other threads as having the answers to my questions about this thread, but when I read the other threads, I just had more questions about this thread so I just posted my observations from those other threads into this thread where it was relevant. I am really trying to get a handle on the maint points of this thread and the information given in this thread.

       So if I go down the main points in the summing part at the bottom of the thread with my questions I get something like this:

       1. More energy is remaining in the atmosphere. See here when he sent me to the geological pages and the energy balance it looks like more energy has come into the atmosphere lots of times, I think one of the threads says it was astronomical changes like orbits and the sun. So it just looks like there are a lot of things that have and can cause more energy to be in the atmosphere. I mean when he directed me to the CO2 lagging thread, its just weird that more energy was getting into the atmosphere at various times in the past even before the CO2 levels rose.

       2. The next is the mechanism by which energy can be trapped in the atmosphere. I guess this makes sense as being a mechanism that can do it, but then the lag problem crops up again because if CO2 lags temperature then it just seems something else traps energy too to start the temperature going up. And I guess if the greenhouse effect traps the energy, while it might not go runaway, if it was high in the millions of years past and still the temperature went down and up and down then is there something else going on too that either gets rid of heat and traps it? Its just weird that if the greenhouse effect traps energy that it wouldn’t just keep trapping energy in the past. The other thing about trapping the energy came up when I looked at the fourth point below.

       3. The next one is CO2 increasing 50% in the past 150 years. When the moderator told me to look at the history and I had already looked at the data over millions of years,   i think it went back to about 60 Ma, which I thought meant 60 million  years, there were a lot of ups and downs,  not just going up like doubling like Glenn said. Plus if the ocean temperature is going up and CO2 was going up because of the less solubility of CO2 in water I guess that could explain the CO2 rising now too, like it might have millions of years ago. It made it even worse when I looked at the CO2 balance thread the moderator directed me to where I saw those other ins and outs of CO2 were like about 10 or 20 times as big as the fossil fuel burning and land use. I know scaddemp said those much bigger CO2 sources were more or less balanced, but I thought error bars on measurements in climate science must be like 5 or 10 percent or even larger sometimes and that just a few percent of those big numbers would be a lot larger than the fossil fuel burning contribution to CO2.

       4. So the last one I wondered about too, and it is about the energy being trapped in the atmosphere is exactly the energy captured by CO2. So I looked at the link to the conference poster of Evans in 2006 and it had the radiation measurements for all the greenhouse gases but it took out water and wasn’t a peer reviewed paper so I looked at the IPCC last out report, I think its called AR4, which came out in 2007, after the Evans poster. On page 141 in Chapter 2 there’s a Table 2.1 that shows the CO2 radiative forcing in 2005 was 1.66 W/m2 and all the other gases, not CO2, add up to about 0.77 W/m2 so CO2 is about 63% of the total of those gasses. But water still wasn’t in there so I looked on page 204 still in Chapter 2 at the Table 2.12, which gives all the radiative forcings. A lot of them are negative, like ozone and aerosols and all, so if I add up all the negative ones (a big one is the cloud albedo effect) I got negative forcings of -2.1 W/m2 and adding up the total of the positive ones, not CO2, I got a positive 1.35 W/m2. The uncertainties are pretty big on the numbers too so these numbers have intervals around them like a factor of two. So what confused me is that it looks like the CO2 forcing is kind of small compared to the other effects. Just the negative ones look like they can cancel out the CO2 effect. It just seemed weird that so many other effects are going on but somehow it’s for sure that CO2 is the dominant thing.

       So anyway, I just wanted to look at the post and the information in it and try to understand the main points, which I thought were all about the empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming by increasing CO2, but wound up having a lot of questions. Sorry if I crossed the threads but I thought they all related to this one, plus I think the moderator pointed some of them out to me as helping understand this thread.

43872. Glenn Tamblyn at 17:29 PM on 12 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Videre

       I would second Rob Honeycutt's comment.

       Also, to help clarify your thinking, you talk about 'millions of years'. Be clearer in your own mind what time scale you are thinking about because different factors have different significance over scales of millions of years, 10's of millions and 100's of millions.

       For example, over very large time scales 10's to 100's of millions of years, one needs to take account of the fact that the Sun wasn't as hot in the past and that higher CO2 concentrations in the past approximately compensate for this. Roughly speaking, every 150-200 million years that we look back in time, CO2 levels need to double, just to compensate for the cooler Sun.

43873. Rob Honeycutt at 10:28 AM on 12 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Videre...   You're asking good questions.  Just don't make the mistake of thinking that just because you're coming up with questions that there are no answers.

       All too often I've seen folks coming to comment on SkS asking many similar such questions thinking they're somehow figuring out "problems" with climate science.  Nothing could be further from the truth.

       What they are figuring out is that climate is a very complex area of science.  This is also science that dates back to the 1820's and has been very intensely researched for many decades.  Greenhouse gas theory is on equal footing with evolution, relativity and germ theory.  That we are warming the planet through the combustion of fossil fuels is settled science.  As with all theories there are areas we don't yet completely understand.  Those areas we don't fully understand are highly unlikely to change the aspects of climate science that have been long settled.

       You'd do well to spend some time reading through all the relevant posts here on SkS.  And if the posts don't answer your questions fully, feel free to click through to the actual scientific research.  Almost every article on this site has direct links to the relevant peer reviewed research.

       Remember, most scientific research is being done by people who have dedicated their lives and careers to understanding the areas they're researching.  When you come upon something that doesn't make sense to you, that means you're just coming upon something you don't yet understand, and need to understand better.  

       If you do find things that just aren't making sense to you, as scaddenp said, post a comment in the section of the relevant article.  We all keep track of current comments, so your question won't get lost.

43874. scaddenp at 09:51 AM on 12 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Videre - it would be better if you put your questions in the relevant thread. Very very briefly (and if you have more then PLEASE respond in the right place):

       - natural flows in and out are very large, but also more or less balanced. FF is changing that. If you messed significantly with natural flows, you would be trouble fast.

       - CO2 and methane respond to change in temperature regardless of cause of change. They magnify (over very long time scales) any other forcing that changes temperature. Water vapour does same but more or less instantly. However, the feedback is not a runaway (k<<1) so equilibrium is reached. (see here for detail if you dont understand).

43875. Videre at 09:17 AM on 12 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       That’s great, thanks. I looked at the Global Carbon Cycle link. That’s really great. What I don’t understand is that all the other parts of the carbon cycle, like the vegetation and land and the oceans and rock weathering are more than10 times the size of the fossil fuel and land use source, and I guess if they only changed like 5 or 10% they could either decrease or increase the CO2 as much as the fossil fuel burning. So if its just the fossil fuel that makes all the difference, then do we need to assume that all those other much bigger effects are staying constant within a few percent?

        

       Thanks for the link to the CO2 lag link too, but now I am more confused. It says that the initial rise in temperature was caused by astronomical things and then the ocean temperatures rose and CO2 then rose because it is less soluble in oceans if the temperature is higher. I guess that makes sense. But then does that mean that all those million years ago the same thing was going on? And I guess if the CO2 got released after the temperature went up in those long ago times and then started heating things up, I guess I don’t understand what stopped it. The other thing I guess is if the temperatures started going up and caused the CO2 to go up, how do we know that is not what’s happening now. I mean the ocean temperatures look like they are going up. How do we know, I mean from the data, that the CO2 rise in the atmosphere isn’t being caused by the rise in ocean temperature. I guess the other thing is if CO2 lagged temperatures in the past and then the greenhouse effect kicked things up a notch, so it should just keep going up. But if I look at the upper graph on the link, it looks like the temperature went up and then down a lot of times in the past 400 thousand years. So what I don’t get is, if the greenhouse effect kicks in and heats things up, then more CO2 gets released from the oceans, then more greenhouse effect kicks in, it seems like it should just keep going up and up? Or is there something else going on that is causing the temperatures to go up and down in thos 400 thousand years?  And i guess if there was something else going and we dont know what it was, how do we know its not going on now?  

       Thanks for the info on plant and animal species. I guess I was most curious about the cause effect relation between CO2, temperature, and other climate factors.

43876. mandas at 08:53 AM on 12 July 2013
       Charles Krauthammer's flat-earther global warming folly
       

       Chrisoz @9

       Thanks for that.  I didn't know the best place to post it, and I am happy for the mods to delete it.  I just wanted to bring it to John Cook's attention.

43877. Tom Dayton at 08:39 AM on 12 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Videre, regarding your question #1:  No one has claimed that 400 ppm or 1,000 ppm of CO2 are bad for life in general.  But all individual species have evolved to thrive in certain environments, including a certain range of CO2 levels.  When any aspect of their environment changes "slightly" and/or "slowly," individual animals and plants might be able to cope, and even if individuals cannot cope, their species might be able to evolve to cope.  But if some aspects of their environment change "too much" and/or "too fast," individual animals cannot cope well or at all, and species cannot evolve fast enough to avoid extinction.  Making the whole thing even more precarious are the interdependencies of plant and animal species.  If just one species' numbers fall, or if their characteristics or behavior change, a large number of other species can be affected even to the point of extinction.  The big problem for us and all other current life is that CO2 is rising so fast that many species cannot evolve or move or otherwise adapt fast enough to the temperature and other climate changes, or to the ocean chemistry changes.  For some examples, see the post It's Not Bad, and be sure to read all three tabbed panes (Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced).

       Regarding increased CO2 increasing plant growth and using less water:  Yes, there are some benefits at some levels of CO2 increase for some plants.  But it is not a uniform benefit across all levels of CO2 or plants.  And increased growth of crops often means the extra growth goes into of the parts of the plants that humans don't use, such as woody stalks of plants whose leaves and fruit we eat.  More importantly, increased CO2 does not come by itself; it causes climate changes such as increased temperature and changed precipitation patterns, and ocean acidification that detrimentally affects fish, coral, and even vast numbers of microscopic creatures on which other creatures in the food pyramid depend.

43878. william5331 at 06:39 AM on 12 July 2013
       Charles Krauthammer's flat-earther global warming folly
       

       Fair enough Mr Kraut-hammer.  You don't beleive in climate change so forget climate change.  Look at the damage you are doing to your country which has nothing to do with climate change.

       http://mtkass.blogspot.co.nz/2010/10/forget-climate-change.html

43879. tcflood at 05:42 AM on 12 July 2013
       Charles Krauthammer's flat-earther global warming folly
       

       chriskoz @8:

       Krauthammer is one of a dozen or so ultra-right-wing appologists that we can all name who can be depended on to faithfully ignore facts to spout thier wingnuttery. Such people are not worth the space at SkS.

43880. Videre at 05:34 AM on 12 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       This is good information. One thing I am trying to understand. If I look at the current understanding of CO2 levels over millions of years, reconstructed by a variety of methods like ice cores, plant stomata, and geochemistry, all put together, it looks like the levels of CO2 went up and down a lot and were way higher in the past than they were now, like 1000 or 1500 ppm. A recent paper on it is at

       http://ajsonline.org/content/311/1/63.short

       but there are lots of other papers like that too. So what I am curious about is

       1) During a lot of those times millions of years ago, the earth was fairly lush and had a lot of flora and fauna, and I guess evolution was taking place. I think man is supposed to have evolved about then.  But if 400 ppm or 1000 ppm are bad for life, why was there so much life going on then? I mean even now there’s a lot of stuff being published about how trees and plants and other flora are using water better, growing faster and things like that, for example the USDA just said trees are using water a lot better at

       http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/news/release/trees-water-atmospheric-co2

       2) The CO2 levels went up and down a lot it looks like over millions of years so. I guess that means that a lot of natural processes affect CO2 levels? Or is it just man that does it? I mean what was making the CO2 go up and down for all those past millions of years?

       Just curious.  Thanks for your reply.

        

       Moderator Response:

       [TD] Excellent questions.  For answers to your question 2, see the post How do human CO2 emissions compare to natural CO2 emissions? (after you read the Basic tab, click and read the Intermediate tab) and the post Understanding the long-term carbon-cycle: weathering of rocks - a vitally important carbon-sink.

       For one specific example, see CO2 lags temperature - what does it mean?

43881. John Hartz at 00:36 AM on 12 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       @Terranova #48:

       My satement about the rapidity of climate change being generated by mankind's activities is based upon a body of science very nicely articulated by Gavin Schmidt and Joshua Wolfe in their book, Climate Change: Picturing the Science, W.W. Norton Company Ltd, 2009.

       Here's what they say: 

       “Over eight glacial cycles in 650,000 years, global temperature and the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere have gone hand in hand. When temperatures are high, so are CO2 amounts and vice versa. This obvious connection is part of a coupled system in which changes in climate affect CO2 levels, and CO2 levels also change climate. The pacing of these cycles is set by variations in the Earth’s orbit, but their magnitude is strongly affected by greenhouse gas changes and the waxing and waning of the ice sheets.

       “Despite these large natural CO2 variations, atmospheric CO2 variations remained relatively stable over the 12,000 years from the end of the last ice age to the dawn of the industrial era, varying between 260 and 280 ppm. Methane, too, was stable during this period varying from 0.6 to 0.7 ppm. These trace-gas concentrations are well known from analyzing air bubbles trapped in ancient snowfall. This relative stability came to an abrupt end with the onset of the industrial era. At that point, we started transferring to the atmosphere carbon that had been stored in underground reservoirs for millions of years. These modern increases have occurred in a geologic blink of the eye, dwarfing the rate of increase coming out of the last ice age. Plotted on the same graph as the ice age change, the industrial era increases look like vertical lines.”

43882. Paul D at 21:31 PM on 11 July 2013
       The Consensus Project self-rating data now available
       

       Yeah Tom.I realised after posting the comment that i was going for the earliest point where there was a clash, rather than the most recent.

       I have added some more graphs to the TCP datavisualisation that show the accumulation over the years since 1991. It's currently being tested.

43883. c.change at 20:18 PM on 11 July 2013
       Climate Change Denial now available as Kindle ebook
       

       Thanks chriskoz. Great idea.

43884. chriskoz at 19:48 PM on 11 July 2013
       Charles Krauthammer's flat-earther global warming folly
       

       mandas@7,

       A news like yours belongs to SkS Weekly Digest or SkS Weekly News Roundup threads. Please post it there (and mods should delete it from here together with my comment herein) thanks.

43885. chriskoz at 18:56 PM on 11 July 2013
       Charles Krauthammer's flat-earther global warming folly
       

       It'e worth mention the little fact that before 2012 election, Krauthammer predicted that the election would be “very close” with Mitt Romney winning the popular vote by “about half a point & Electoral College probably a very narrow margin".

       We know know, by  comparing to e.g. Nate Silver, that Krauthammer "prediction" had nothing to do with scientific polling & binomial distribution analysis but rather with unrealistic wishful thinking.

       Krauthammersince addmitted his prediction was incorrect but is still claiming that " that "Obama won but has no mandate." (source). So, in his illusionary world of "no presitential mandate", the only appropriate thing is to negate and deny what Obama says. I rest my point. It'w worthless to spend any more time listening to that man's comments.

43886. Rob Honeycutt at 16:33 PM on 11 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Terranova @48...  "You cannot dismiss the contribution of water vapor."

       Definitely not dismissing it in the least.  I'm just saying that for the purposes of understanding what human factors of impacting changes in global temperature, the fact that WV is not on the spectral graph has no bearing on the point being discussed.

43887. Rob Honeycutt at 16:27 PM on 11 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       William...   "Where I live, H2O is a very long lived gas."

       Your comments demonstrate a fundamental lack of understanding of the physics being discussed.  WV is not a long lived gas, and as has be stated by others here, is also a condensing gas.  CO2, CH4, etc. are all long lived non-condensing gases in our atmosphere.

       Think about it this way.  What is the WV content of the atmosphere where you are when the temperature goes below zero C?

43888. mandas at 14:13 PM on 11 July 2013
       Charles Krauthammer's flat-earther global warming folly
       

       John

       I know this is off topic, so I apologise for that.  But I had to provide this link to this thread at WUWT.  The conspiracy theorists are out in force today: http://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/07/10/macquarie-university-responds-to-murry-salby-termination-issue/#comment-1361244

43889. Philippe Chantreau at 13:08 PM on 11 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Jason says " If humanity was busily attempting to artifically cause global warming by increasing atmospheric H2O levels, it would fail,"

       True but it's ironic that we kinda are attempting to do just that. Burning hydrocarbons can be summarized by the simplified relation: CH + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O.

       So we do release large amounts of water vapor in the atmosphere through the combining of atmospheric oxygen with fossil hydrogen. As I recall, the decrease in atmospheric oxygen has even been observed.

       So, William, even if your argument had any validity in physics (which it doesn't), it would constitute even more of a reason to decrease fossil hydrocarbon consumption.

43890. DSL at 13:06 PM on 11 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       John @ 20: "Problem is that when those events occurred in the past, they gnerally occurred over a geological time scale."

       Terranova @ 48: "JH at 20: prove that statment. No models, but proof."

       Here you go, Terranova: http://tinyurl.com/l5wz6zc

       Ask a broad question, get a broad answer.  Did you want John to do your thinking as well?  Btw, science is not going to provide you with proof for a positive hypothesis.  Perhaps you meant "evidence."  If you want absolute certainty, go find a priest.

43891. DSL at 12:55 PM on 11 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       William Haas, you seem to think that where you live is isolated from the rest of the climate system.  Are you sure you want to claim that dropping CO2 completely from the atmosphere would have no appreciable effect on your local water vapor concentration?  H2O is a powerful greenhouse gas, but it's also a fast feedback--not a forcing.  It responds very quickly to other forcings.  Its residence time makes it unable to produce any climate-scale trend in global energy storage (not even close).  It follows GHG forcing (rising rapidly).  It follows solar forcing (flat or falling for fifty years).  Harp on WV all you want, but it doesn't do the driving.

43892. JasonB at 12:55 PM on 11 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       William,

       One other point:

       H2O does not need any other greenhouse gas to exist in the atmosphere in order to provide its greenhouse gas effect.

       That's actually not true. With no CO2, the earth would freeze into a snowball and at low enough temperatures there will be no H2O in the atmosphere. The reason the earth escaped snowball earth situations in the past was because CO2 and methane released from vocanoes was not being taken up by rock weathering (due to the rock being covered in ice) allowing the concentrations to reach high enough levels that the greenhouse effect could melt the ice. The transitions between snowball earth and hothouse earth can't be explained without those other greenhouse gasses.

       So while H2O provides over half of the total greenhouse effect currently, it only does so thanks to the other greenhouse gasses. Again with the turbo analogy: no matter how powerful a turbo is, it has exactly zero effect when the car is switched off. Drive at 200 km/h and it could well be causing the engine to produce more than twice as much power as an equivalent engine without a turbo, but it's still dependent on the accelerator to do its job.

43893. JasonB at 12:47 PM on 11 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       William,

       The fact that H2O levels are high where you live is really missing the point. How long would an artifically induced change in those levels last?

       The answer is "a few weeks". If humanity was busily attempting to artifically cause global warming by increasing atmospheric H2O levels, it would fail, because any extra beyond what the atmosphere can carry will simply precipitate out. To increase H2O levels long term requires increasing the temperature, which is exactly how H2O acts as a feedback to warming by CO2.

       Contast this with CO2. It will take thousands of years for an increase in CO2 levels to revent naturally. During that entire time, the greenhouse effect is enhanced.

       As I mentioned before, H2O is the turbo, CO2 is the accelerator. Travelling at 200 km/h the turbo is probably responsible for quite a lot of the engine's power output, but that doesn't change the fact that the turbo is still a slave to the accelerator and it's the accelerator that's responsible. Nobody's ignoring H2O, we're just focussing on what actually matters when it comes to driving climate change.

43894. William Haas at 12:30 PM on 11 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Honeycutt #47, Thank you for reading my post and commenting.  Where I live, H2O is a very long lived gas.  It is always there in very abundant quantity.  An individual molecule may leave the atmosphere but it is always replaced by another one,  H2O is the primary greenhouse gas and has a whole slew of LWIR absorption bands  H2O does not need any other greenhouse gas to exist in the atmosphere in order to provide its greenhouse gas effect.  H2O is the weather maker.  Ignoring it leaves a big whole in the argument.  "Dwarfs all other greenhouse gasses" cannot be inferred from the chart because the greenhouse gas that is responsible for most of the greenhouse effect was filtered out of the chart.

       Moderator Response:

       [GPW]: William, there are a few other points I'd like to make about water vapour (UK spelling). CO2 is now a precursor of warming, WV is a function of it. CO2 is well-mixed globally, WV is not. The residence time of CO2 is centuries or even millennia; the residence time of WV is days or weeks.

       We humans are not directly adding WV to the atmosphere (although it increases through chemical reaction and increased evaporation). We are adding CO2, methane etc. And finally, the reason WV was left out was explained by DSL earlier (thanks DSL), and in the paper from which the graph was obtained (post #10). I'll repeat the extract of the paper once more:

       From the paper: "The contribution of water vapour to the increase in greenhouse radiation has not been included since it is a part of the natural climate feedback. There is some argument to suggest that tropospheric water vapour has already increased by several percent; hence, the corresponding flux contribution may need to be included, but this effect is beyond the scope of current models."  

43895. Tom Curtis at 11:42 AM on 11 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Terranova @48, from forcings alone, we expect 3.7  Wm^-2K^-1.  That is, for each one degree C increase in temperature, we expect a 3.7 W/m^2 increase in outgoing radiation.    The observed ratio is 0.75 Wm-2K-1, the difference being the net effect of all fast feedbacks, including the water vapour feedback, so my calculation already includes water vapour.  It does not include slow feedbacks such as glacial melt so the final equilibrium response will be greater than that indicated by the calculation, although it will take centuries and possibly millenium to reach that equilibrium response.   

43896. JasonB at 11:41 AM on 11 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Terranova,

       You cannot dismiss the contribution of water vapor.

       I wouldn't dream of it, water vapour is a significant feedback that approximately doubles the warming effect that increased CO2 would have on its own.

       But pointing it out in this context is like a driver complaining to the cop who just pulled him over for speeding that it's the turbo's fault that he was going so fast and not the position of his foot on the accelerator.

43897. Terranova at 11:12 AM on 11 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       Rob at 47

       TC at 46

       William at 45 made a point that is valid, and not moot.  You cannot dismiss the contribution of water vapor.  

       Mind you, I do not disagree that human actions have contributed to increased CO2 in the atmosphere, and the increased CO2 has led to some increase in temperature.

       And, JH at 20: prove that statment.  No models, but proof.

43898. Rob Honeycutt at 10:23 AM on 11 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       William @45...   Being that WV (which you're referring to) is not a long lived gas, it responds to the forcing from these other gases.  So, your point is moot.  Including WV doesn't change the accuracy of the statement.

43899. Tom Curtis at 09:48 AM on 11 July 2013
       Empirical evidence that humans are causing global warming
       

       eklectikus @33, from 1900, total forcings have increased by approximately 1.56 W/m^2.  The current TOA energy imbalance is approximately 0.63 W/m^2 meaning there has been an increase in outgoing radiation of 1.2 W/m^2 due to increased temperatures of about 0.7 C over the twentieth century.  Therefore, each degree C of increased temperature results in about  1.32.  That means it would take a  2.8 C increase in temperature to compensate for a doubling of CO2.  It would also take a 1.35 degree increase to compensate for the increase in CO2 forcing since 1970.

       It is not that there is no empirical evidence.  It is that some people are eclectic about the evidence they will look at.

43900. Tom Curtis at 09:23 AM on 11 July 2013
       Charles Krauthammer's flat-earther global warming folly
       

       I detest the moral bankruptcy of the argument that China is emitting more than the US, so the US need to nothing.  In fact, the Chinese individually (ie, per head of population) are emitting much less than US citizens individually.  Therefore it is incumbent on US citizens individually to reduce their emissions more than Chinese citizens individually; and on the governments of the respective nations, as agents of the people, to assist them in doing so.  Ignoring the per capita emissions tacitly endorses the claim that US citizens are entitled to a greater share of world resources (in this case energy resources) than Chinese citizens as a matter of policy.  Hence the moral bankruptcy of the argument.

       Not only is the argument morally bankrupt, it is also entirely hypocritical.  No supporter of the argument would endorse a global agreement on CO2 emissions which entitled Tuvalu or Monaco to the same national emissions as the US.  Doing so would limit the US to 0.5% of global emissions, compared to their current 18.5%.  They would undoubtedly reject such an arrangement as unjust based on differences in population; thereby rejecting the uniform application of the principle they want to apply to China to excuse their excess emissions.

       Somebody who trots out that argument deserves nothing but contempt. 

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