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Comments 44351 to 44400:

44351. Bob Loblaw at 12:53 PM on 19 June 2013
       CO2 effect is saturated
       

       If the CO2 effect is saturated, then you'd better go and tell the people over at Licor. They seem to think that their infrared gas analyzers are capable of measuring CO2 from 0-3000ppm. If IR is saturated at the current 400ppm, then Licor is going to have to give a lot of money back to people that bought their sensors expecting to be able to get good measurements at higher CO2 values.

44352. Bob Loblaw at 12:47 PM on 19 June 2013
       The anthropogenic global warming rate: Is it steady for the last 100 years? Part 2.
       

       Regarding the statement "There is no such thing as an unobserved signal:"

       There is a context in which this is true: any observation is a response to everything that affects it, so any signal that is relevant is part of the observation. That is just a tautology, though, and is about as useful as saying "all models are wrong" without completing the quote with "but some models are useful".

       You could also say, just as easily, that all observations are wrong - but some observations are useful. All observations are a response to a variety of things, and the trick is to try to make observations that are strongly dependent on the thing that you are interested in, and only weakly dependent on (or independent of) things that you aren't interested in. Traditionally, when observations are partly dependent on things we aren't interested in, we consider those other factors to be sources of error.

       An "unobserved signal" can be a factor that you've missed, that is affecting the observations that you are making, but you don't realize it. You think that your observation is a measure of A, but it is actually affected by other, non-observed factors. That factor is in the main observation, but is being missed ("unobserved") in the analysis and interpretation (and conclusions).

       All of this discussion runs circles around a couple of issues where this is fundamental:

       a) how much of the global temperature signal is due to anthropogenic causes?

       b) what is AMO and what does it tell as about a)? In other wrods, what is it that AMO depends on, and to what extend do global temperatures depend on AMO?

       We know a few things:

       1) AMO is not an observation - it is a derived quantity based on a rather large number of observations.

       2) AMO is at least partly derived from temperatures, and needs to be detrended. There are many ways to do this, yielding similar but not identical results. In order for AMO to not be dependent on long-term temperature trends, this detrending must be completely accurate. If it is not completely accurate, then AMO will still have some dependence on that trend - there will be a source of error.

       3) Because there are many flavours of AMO, is is clear that AMO in any single incarnation is partly dependent on what AMO is supposed to mean (pick whatever you want), but also partly dependent on other factors. We know that all of them can't be perfect - and we don't really expect that any single one will be perfect. Thus, any AMO index is an imperfect representation of whatever AMO is supposed to be "for real".

       4) When AMO is used as part of the explanation of global temperature trends - and then as justification for a conclusion that anthropogenic influences are small - then you'd better be pretty darn sure that you know exactly what it is that your AMO derivation represents. In particular, you'd better be pretty darn sure that your AMO numbers aren't partly dependent on the thing that you think you are using AMO to explain.

       Now, I havrn't attempted to duplicate everyones' math here, but this is what I see so far:

       i) Item 4 risks circular reasoning in a sort of feedback loop: AMO affects global T, which affects the temperatures that AMO is derived from, which may affect AMO if detrending is done incorrectly. I am not at all convinced by what Dr. Tung has written here in defence of his processing, interpretations, and conclusions.

       ii) Dikran has provided a thought experiment, which attempts to apply Dr. Tung's methodology to a set of numbers derived from a known/defined mathematical construction - i.e., a dataset where the answer is known in advance.

       iii) Dikran's example shows that Dr. Tung's methodology fails to come up with the correct answer (which was known because Dikran created it). The numbers don't actually have to mean anything at all - this is strictly a mathematical exercise, and the numbers could be anything, from temperatures to Starbuck's coffee sales. The fact that the mathematical methodology fails to reproduce the answer that was used to derive the example is a serious issue. In mathematical proofs, this would be reductio ad absurdum: assume one thing, and come up with a result that is contrary to that assumption, then either the assumption is false, or the methodology is false. Dr. Tung's assumption is that he has properly broken the circular reasoning mentioned in #4, whereas other disagree. Dr. Tung has criticised Dikran's choice of labels, but in mathematics, labels (AKA variable names) are irrelevant - it is the relationships that matter. Dr. Tungs' focus on what the labels are supposed to mean may be why he has such a problem seeing the mathematical errors in his methodology.

       iv) From my reading, Dr. Tung has failed to justify why his methodology will give the right answer in his case, when we know that the methodology fails in Dikran's example. Dr. Tung has said the thought experiment is not realistic, but the numbers don't have to have anything to do with reality - mathematics that can't reproduce themselves don't get better when fed with "real" numbers instead of made up numbers. Correct mathematics works on purely mathematical grounds, without reference to any outside idea of "reality". [Mathematics becomes useful, and of interest to non-mathemeticians, when we can relate it to reality, but mathematics doesn't need it.]

       So, from my humble viewpoint, Dr. Tung's work is seriously flawed, as demonstrated here by others. HIs methodology can't answer itself, and much of his argument is just a reassertion of his views.

44353. scaddenp at 12:11 PM on 19 June 2013
       CO2 effect is saturated
       

       Very nice Tom. Stealth, hopefully that analysis will also show you how easy it is for "simple facts" like you found, to be arranged in a way that results in a misleading conclusion when you lack expert domain knowledge. Skepticism is good but even better is your current practise of running your skeptical conclusions past other folks. Keep it up. Honest stuff like this is very educational.

44354. Composer99 at 11:51 AM on 19 June 2013
       CO2 effect is saturated
       

       Tom Curtis' comment is so incisive, devastating, and, in his usual clear style, makes plain the point of doing something about emissions so well, that I felt compelled to share it specifically on Facebook.

       You may now return to your regularly-scheduled discussion.

44355. chriskoz at 10:37 AM on 19 June 2013
       New paper on agnotology and scientific consensus
       

       This is a very fresh (1995) neologism, according to wikipedia.

       I would constrain the definition of this term, John, to scrictly "culturally induced ignorance due to promotion of the knowledge of a subject that leaves one more uncertain than before", i.e. the practice the contrarian special interest groups like FF, tobacco industries, etc. are dissiminating.

       IMO, this is quite different from the pure ignorance, which is like a blank canvas: a blissfuly ignorant state of mind because the knowledge is unavailable or not needed by someone. E.g. I'm ignorant of Wenkel engine invention because no one told be about it.

44356. Tom Curtis at 09:29 AM on 19 June 2013
       CO2 effect is saturated
       

       stealth @204 replied to Rob Honeycutt, saying:

       "Based, on the MODTRAN calculator, doubling CO2 to 800 ppmv is only going to trap and additional 2.83 W/m^2, which is 0.21% of the solar energy hitting the top of the atmosphere. I fail to see how this is can possibly be so bad ..."

       To begin with, let's notice that Modtran is a simple Line-by-line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM), and the version online at the University of Chicago is a 1987 version of that Line-by-line model.  By its nature a LBLRTM only determines the radiative flux up and down at different levels of the atmosphere.  It does not show changes of surface temperature or any other response to differing conditions.  Further, no single model of atmospheric conditions can be the equivalent of "average" conditions.  This is especially so of the 1976 US Standard atmosphere, which was designed for the aerospace industry rather than for modelling radiative transfer.  This is evident in the approx 2.83 W/m^2 per doubling of CO2 on that model with the 1976 US standard atmosphere.  To determine the true forcing for a doubling of CO2, you need to run a LBLRT model for a variety of conditions to match the variety of conditions met on Earth, then weight the results according to the proportion of the Earth's surface on which those conditions are met.  Alternatively you can use a Global Circulation Model.  Myhre et al, 1998 did both, determining that the radiative forcing of CO2 equals 5.35 times the natural log of the new CO2 concentration divided by the initial CO2 concentration.  For doubling CO2, that is 3.7 W/m^2.

       Further, it is misleading to take the doubling from the current CO2 concentration.  The Earth's CO2 concentration has increased by 43% from the preindustrial, and temperatures have not yet reached the equilibrium temperature for that increase.  Estimating the further increase by taking a doubling of CO2 from current concentrations ignores the temperature increase still in the pipeline.  You can partially compensate for that by adding the current radiative imbalance (0.6 W/m^2) to the radiative forcing of doubling CO2, but only partially because the slower feedbacks such as sea ice and snow cover have not yet reached equilibrium for the current temperature, indicating future warming from constant CO2 at 400 ppmv is greater than would be estimated from the current radiative imbalance alone.

       Ignoring those additional factors, just how big, in relative terms is the 3.7 W/m^2 from a doubling of CO2?

       Stealth measures the relative scale by taking the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), or approximately 1366 W/m^2.  That value, however, is the power of sunlight falling on a disc perendicular to the sunlight at the Earth's orbit.  The Earth is not a disc.  It is a sphere, and hence has 4 times the surface area of a disc of the same radius.  Therefore the TSI needs to be divided by 4 to determine the TOA insolation.  Further, 30% of the sunlight is simply reflected back to space.  As a result, the actual "solar forcing" is 239 W/m^2.  One doubling of CO2 concentration has a forcing equal to 1.5% of that value.

       The sun is a mildly variable star.  The range of its variability is about 1.2 W/m^2, or 0.21 W/m^2 for decadal average insolation between the Maunder minimum and the recent grand solar maximum.  The forcing of a doubling of CO2 is approximately 18 times (1,760%) that difference.

       The difference in radiative forcing between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the present is approximately 8 W/m^2.  The CO2 forcing for doubling CO2 is 46% of that amount. More importantly, the CO2 forcing of increasing CO2 from preindustrial levels to 850 ppmv (the likely value in 2100 with no mitigation) increases radiative forcing by 5.9, or 74% of the difference between the LGM and now.

       Set against these values, we see that Stealths calculation of a 0.21% difference is both wrong, and misdirected.  Wrong because it uses the wrong value for both denominator and numerator.  Correcting that, the value rises to 1.5%.  But wrong also because it does not use a human scale.  Humans could not survive on an Earth with zero solar radiation.  They could not survive on an Earth with even a 10% reduction or increase in solar radiation either.  The radiative forcing of CO2 introduced by industrialization, however, is very large compared to levels which humans could survive with great discomfort.  It is potentially larger than those which permit humans to maintain their civilization.  Trying to gloss over that fact by irrelevant comparisons does nobody any favours.

44357. scaddenp at 07:02 AM on 19 June 2013
       CO2 effect is saturated
       

       Dont want to get too far into "CO2 is plant food junk", (see the articles here if you swallow this stuff), but also note that photosynthesis is temperature dependent and declines from 25C

44358. michael sweet at 02:57 AM on 19 June 2013
       2013 SkS Weekly News Roundup #24B
       

       Chris,

       I think you missed the point of Rignot's paper.  The ice shelves in the Antarctic support the land based ice.  If the ice shelves in the Antarctic melt, ice from the land will slide into the ocean to take its place.  This shift of ice from the land to the sea raises sea level.  In addition, Rignot showed that the majority of the melting came from a small group of ice shelves that are not regularly monitored.  That means the melting is likely to have been missed by previous studies.

       In the past it was thought that iceberg calving was the major loss of ice in the Antarctic.  Rignot showed that melting is (now) more important.  As ocean heat content increases, melting will increase.

44359. Alexandre at 01:59 AM on 19 June 2013
       Citizens Climate Lobby - Pushing for a US Carbon Fee and Dividend
       

       Fee and Dividend is a very elegant solution. It' s revenue neutral and uses the Tragedy of the Commons for the benefit of the environment. Peolpe will tend to put less money in the box that will be redistributed. You don't allow the government to use it as an excuse for an extra tax, and you put the right incentives towards clean technologies. What's not to like?

44360. schmoepooh at 00:49 AM on 19 June 2013
       2013 SkS Weekly Digest #24
       

       I read recently that individuals exhibiting the characteristics of psychopathy comprise about 1% of the general population and about 4% of the population of corporate executives. A question worth addressing might be: do scientists and politicians sufficiently educated to understand climate science and physics at least in its general outlines such as for example the laws of thermodynamics, but nevertheless persist in maintaining a contrarian position, exhibit a number of ofpsychopathic characteristics?

       It would be an interesting project for investigation. 

44361. Dikran Marsupial at 23:42 PM on 18 June 2013
       The anthropogenic global warming rate: Is it steady for the last 100 years? Part 2.
       

       Prof. Tung wrote: "There is no such thing as an unobserved signal:"

       This again shows that you still do not fully grasp the problem.  There clearly is an unobserved signal, which represents the true behaviour of the AMO.  The AMO that is observed is contaminated by both anthropogenic and natural forcings.  There is no way to recover the true AMO signal unless you know what effect anthropogenic forcings and natural forcings have on the true AMO signal, or you knew what the true AMO signal looks like a-priori.  Now if you do know what the true signal actually looks like, there would be no need (and indeed no point) in linearly detrending the AMO signal. 

       Sadly the last line of your post is a good indication why this discussion is likely to be fruitless:

       "If you wish to change your example again please understand that you are not doing it because you are addressing the “repeated understandings” from me."

       The one thing that is almost guaranteed to prevent a misunderstanding from being resolved is for one party to be unable to accept that they may have misunderstood something (how could they possibly know anyway!).  I can assure you that you still have not grasped a key point, which is that there undoubtedly is an unobserved signal.  The existence of several recent journal papers discussing how to remove the contamination clearly demonstrates that we do not know what the true AMO signal (D) looks like - hence it is unobserved.

44362. Tom Curtis at 23:18 PM on 18 June 2013
       CO2 effect is saturated
       

       Stealth @204, you appear to have ignored the substance of my critique, while simply repeating distortions from the WUWT article.  Specifically, two key errors on the WUWT article that I focussed on was that there table of "universally accepted" was anything but, and that it did not show the most important feature of the "universally accepted" values CO2 forcing, ie, near constant forcing for each doubling of CO2.  You present your own table of values derived from the Univesity of Chicago version of Modtran, which is superficially similar to that at WUWT, without noticing that it supports my criticism, rather than rebuts it.  To illustrate that, I have expanded your table of values using Modtran, and shifted the baseline percentage to the forcing for 1000 ppmv so that the percentages match those at WUWT.  The result is as follows:

       Doubling: Forcing: Percentage: WUWT Perc:
       50-100___ 2.86____ 9.10%
       100-200__ 2.76____ 8.78%_____ 10.10%
       200-400__ 2.83____ 9.00%_____ 7.30%
       300-600__ 2.83____ 9.00%_____ 5.20%
       400-800__ 2.83_____9.00%_____ 4.60%
       500-1000__2.86____ 9.10%_____ 2.10%
       800-1600__2.85____ 9.07%
       Average:___2.83____ 9.01%

       Please note that while the WUWT values descend rapidly with increased CO2 concentration, the Modtran values are near constant for each doubling of CO2, regardless of the initial CO2 concentration.  In that, the Modtran values reflect the standard physics the radiative forcing of CO2.  In constrast, the WUWT figures are simply bullshit, as also is the claim that they are universally accepted values.

       A third key error was the claim that increases of CO2 concentration above 1000 ppmv "... can only ever be absolutely minimal even if CO2 concentrations were to increase indefinitely."  That claim is superficially supported by the declining values per doubling shown by WUWT, but are definitively refuted by the near constant forcing per doubling of CO2 shown by the general equation for radiative forcing of CO2 (see Table 1), as also by the Modtran model, which reflects the same radiative physics.  Again this can be shown on the Modtran model by simply redoubling from 140 ppmv, which show successive increments in radiative forcing for each doubling of 2.8, 2.82, 2.83, 2.86, 2.95, and an average of  2.85 W/m^2.  You will note that while all values are approximately the same, the final value, for a doubling from 2,240 to 4,480 ppmv is the largest.  I ran the values out to 4,480 ppmv because it is near, but below the upper limit of the increase to atmospheric CO2 that could be caused by humans by the combustion of fossil fuels.

       The argument in the WUWT article is based on the accuracy of their radiative forcing data, which we have seen to be bullshit; the absurd claim that radiative forcing reaches an assymptote at (or slightly above) 1000 ppmv, and an absurdly low value for radiative forcing which I did not adress.  You have shown nothing to the contrary, and indeed if you look carefully at your data, it contradicts the WUWT article as clearly as I did.

       Finally, with regard to the minimum CO2 concentration for the growth of plants, it is known that plants using C3 photosynthesis are dependent of ambient CO2 concentration for their growth rate.  In contrast, C4 plants rates of photosynthesis are "... independent of the intercellular CO2 concentration" (Ehlereringer and Bjorkman, 1977).  On a hunch, I looked up the pathway of Golden Pothos, the plant used by the Idsos' in their experiment.  Unsurprisingly it was a C3 plant.  Odd that they should not mention this important fact, and the importance of the fact in relation to their experiment.  Nevertheless, their experiment does show that for C3 plants, atmospheric CO2 concentrations << 150 ppmv are to low for growth when they are adapted to a high CO2 environment.  Given a multigeneration adaptation process to lowering CO2, however, it is quite possible that C3 plants would survive and even flourish on lower CO2 levels.  The would, however, be at a competitive disadvantage to C4 plants.   Any further discussion of this topic should be taken to the relevant thread, whose advanced article I highly recomment to you.  As related to my original criticism, it is IMO absurd to benchmark a minimum CO2 level at levels 33-100% higher than laboratory estimates of the minimum required, and 10% higher than CO2 concentrations plantlife is known to have survived for periods longer than the lifespan of most trees.

44363. BojanD at 21:06 PM on 18 June 2013
       How SkS-Material gets used - Slovenian translation of the Scientific Guide
       

       I've noticed those pathetic efforts, I just thought they didn't gain much traction at the time, Alkalaj being an arguable exception. Rudolf Podgornik also seems to be on their side, though I sense a hint of circumspection in his position.

       But I think situation is actually improving, since TV doesn't feel a need to invite 'skeptics' anymore when they air a show on climate change. Margan, the latest contrarian, has nothing new to offer. I took the time to ridicule his article.

       Anyway, I just wanted to say to keep up the good work.

44364. Boswarm at 20:02 PM on 18 June 2013
       Peak Water, Peak Oil…Now, Peak Soil?
       

       vrooomie at 02:40 AM on 17 June, 2013

       I was going to let this go: "Boswarm, SkS is a fact-based site," that's exactly why I comented. SKS is the site I go to regularly to read. I love it.

       But unfortunately  you jump to conclusions. Iceland is probably the most advanced soil science farming group in the world today. Yes, the soil was degraded over centuries, yet the current group of agriculutral residents have taken Iceland back to relative normality within the toughest conditions on Earth. Have you been to Iceland?

       The Farmers Association of Iceland is probably the world leader in soil science and data collection. Look up www.bondi.is and carefully see how the above report has omitted so much factual information.  I think the author has not been dealing with the facts in the above report. The Farmers Association of Iceland are more aware of Climate Chnage than you or I. 

       It was just a comment meant to highlight how some communities are dealing with soil problems and SOLVING them, where as some are refusing to even acknowledge the problem at all eg: Australia.  I don't think highlighting Iceland as a case to publicily state that it is close to PEAK SOIL is correct. It should have been titled "Back from the Brink". Too much has been left out, that's all.

       You should have gone to the SOIL CARBON SEQEUSTRATION CONFERENCE in Reykjavík and listened to all of the presentations. Very different to the above in reporting on this important conference and it's meanings. 

       Anne Glover, European Commission – Carbon sequestration: Linking policy, science and action
       Luca Montanarella, EC-Joint Research Centre - Global status of soil carbon
       Rattan Lal, School of Environment & Natural Resources Ohio State University – Potential of soil carbon sequestration
       Leena Finér, METLA, the Finnish Forest Research Institute – Soil and Water
       Asger Strange Olesen, European Commission – Land use policy and action
       Lars Vesterdal, University of Copenhagen – Carbon sequestration in forest soil
       Ólafur Arnalds, The Agricultural University of Iceland – Carbon sequestration in revegetation and rangeland
       Thomas Kätterer, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) – Carbon sequestration in cropland
       Hlynur Óskarsson, The Agricultural University of Iceland – Carbon sequestration in wetland

44365. gvert at 19:49 PM on 18 June 2013
       How SkS-Material gets used - Slovenian translation of the Scientific Guide
       

       I'm not sure what author meant when he talked about a growing denial movement in Slovenia. I haven't noticed any.

       Mišo Alkalaj is the leader of this movement, but there are some others, teaching at the University of Ljubljana. Two articles disputing anthropogenic global warming were written in Življenje and Tehnika journal (Life and Engeneering) a few years ago, one by Radko Osredkar and the other by Rafael Mihalič. One physicist at Jožef Stefan Institute, Erik Margan, claims CO2 is not responsible for the current warming period (see for example http://www-f9.ijs.si/~margan/CO2/). There are even some amateur meteorologists claiming global warming is a hype or just a natural process. 

       Unfortunately, politics is often mixed into a debate about global warming, creating "arguments" against global warming based solely on political motives and ignoring all the physical evidence of global warming. 

44366. scaddenp at 15:17 PM on 18 June 2013
       CO2 effect is saturated
       

       Hmm. Check those figures. From pre-industrial to double CO2, the increase is 3.7W/m2. That is 1.1C above preindustrial without  feedbacks. However, you cant raise temperature without increasing water vapour, so at very least you need this feedback. Ice loss gives you an albedo feedback (and remember this is largely the driver for glacial-interglacial cycle) and on longer scale you have carbon cycle feedback. I dont see how can say "not too bad" without actually running the numbers. That's what models are for.

       By the way, if you stepping into a sewer like CO2 "Science" makes sure you actually read any reference he gives. This site is specialist at misrepresenting papers safe in the knowledge that most readers want good news and wont check. Dont fall for it.

44367. Rob Honeycutt at 14:58 PM on 18 June 2013
       CO2 effect is saturated
       

       Craig Idso is paid over $11k/month.  (Just wanted to source the claim above.)

44368. Rob Honeycutt at 14:52 PM on 18 June 2013
       CO2 effect is saturated
       

       Stealth...  You also need to understand who the CO2 Science folks are.  These are the Idso's who are, literally, paid by the FF industry to produce material to cast doubt on climate science.

       The experimental test you link to is patently absurd.  You just can't compare CO2 concentrations in an aquarium to planetary level systems.  The very notion that this experiment has any larger implications should be a clue as to the motivations of the Idso's (and their conclusions are contradicted by published research).

       There is a large body of actual research published on this topic (which is going off topic for this thread) that you can read.  You just have to get out there and find it.  I would link to it for you but you should probably locate it yourself so that you know that I'm not trying to mislead you in any way.

       My favorite quote of all time related to the climate change issue comes from the late Dr Stephen Schneider, where he says, "'Good for us' and 'end of the world' are the two lowest probability outcomes."  So, when you see people like the Idso's claiming this is all good for us, that speaks volumes about their reliability.

44369. Dumb Scientist at 14:43 PM on 18 June 2013
       Citizens Climate Lobby - Pushing for a US Carbon Fee and Dividend
       

       Waiting to put a price on carbon pollution just lets the fossil fuel industry continue to treat our atmosphere as a free sewer. Waiting just makes the problem worse. The sooner America jumpstarts a clean energy economy, the more competitive we'll be in the near future.

44370. DSL at 13:45 PM on 18 June 2013
       CO2 effect is saturated
       

       Stealth, Tony Watts et al. have ridden Phil Jones for years in his honest statement about the significance of a surface temp trend, knowing full well that the short-term surface trend is meaningless without extremely careful analysis.  I'm not giving Watts one angstrom of wiggle room.  Watts is in the game for rhetoric, not for science.  He's paid to cast doubt, not to advance science.  He wants to be able to say "all plants die at 200ppm CO2" rather than get it right.  If he could squeak 250ppm and get away with it, he'd do it.  How many errors does a guy get before we find him not worth the trouble?  Pointing out Watts', Eschenbach's, and Goddard's absurdities is a cottage industry.

44371. bouke at 13:31 PM on 18 June 2013
       Citizens Climate Lobby - Pushing for a US Carbon Fee and Dividend
       

       "collects are divides" should be "collects and divides"

44372. Rob Honeycutt at 12:43 PM on 18 June 2013
       CO2 effect is saturated
       

       And Stealth...  Think of this as a simple reality check.  We are very close to seeing seasonally ice free conditions in the Arctic.  This is a condition that has not seen on Earth in well over a million years.  The global glacial ice mass balance is also rapidly declining.  The Greenland ice sheet and the Antarctic ice mass balance are both in decline.  These are all well outside the range of natural variation.

       If an "additional 2.83 W/m^2 isn’t going to matter at all" then why do we see such a dramatic rapid loss of global ice?

44373. Rob Honeycutt at 12:30 PM on 18 June 2013
       CO2 effect is saturated
       

       Stealth...  

       I think you're getting some figures wrong here.  The variation in the 11 year solar cycle is about 0.25W/m^2.  The change in radiative forcing for doubling CO2 over preindustrial, including feedbacks, is in the neighborhood of 4W/m^2.  (And we're potentially talking about TWO doublings if we do nothing to mitigate emissions.) Natural variability doesn't add any energy to the climate system.  Global temperatures over the past 17 years represent only a fraction of the energy in the climate system, and that trend is still well within the expected model range.

       We are likely to see an increase in surface temps for doubling CO2 of around 3C.  Two doublings would put us at 6C over preindustrial.  Even 3C is a change that take us well outside of what this planet has experienced in many millions of years, and we will have accomplished this in a matter of less than 200 years.  Do you really think that species and ecosystems can near-instantly (genetically and geologically speaking) adjust to such changes?

       When you read at WUWT about the logarithmic effect of CO2, you're reading a straw man argument.  Scientists understand the logarithmic effect and it's built into every aspect of the science and has been ever since Svante Arrhenius at the turn of the 20th century.  In fact, that position is directly contradicted by their own contrarian researchers like Roy Spencer and Richard Lindzen.

44374. StealthAircraftSoftwareModeler at 11:38 AM on 18 June 2013
       CO2 effect is saturated
       

       Tom Cutris @ 201

       Thanks for the long reply. I have dug into what you have said and have some additional questions:

       You stated: “WUWT makes absurd false statements such at that at least 200 ppmv is required in the atmosphere for plant life to grow (CO2 concentrations dropped to 182.2 ppmv at the Last Glacial Maximum, giving the lie to that common claim).”

       I have done a Google search on CO2 and plant growth and have find many sources (some unrelated to climate and on plant research) that indicate plant growth is stunted at 200 ppmv CO2. At 150 ppmv a lot of plants are not doing very well. Based on this WUWT doesn’t seem absurd to me, why do you think so?

       Sources:

       http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/EART_229/10-0120%20Appl.%20C%20in%20plants/Ehleringer%20et%2097%20Oeco%20112-285.pdf

       CO2 Science

       As for the rest of your post, I went to the very nice calculator (http://forecast.uchicago.edu/Projects/modtran2.html) pointed to me by scaddenp @ 46 from http://www.skepticalscience.com/imbers-et-al-2013-AGW-detection.html. It models the IR flux of various gases and looks pretty cool. I ran the calculator to produce the table below, which shows the upward IR flux in W/m^2 for various levels of CO2. With no CO2 and using the 1976 standard US atmosphere (I left the tool’s default setting in place and only changed to the 1976 USA atmosphere and the amount of CO2), the upward IR flux is 286.24 W/m^2. The first 100 ppmv reduces the upward IR flux to 264.17 W/m^2. If CO2 doubles from the current 400 ppmv to the hypothesized 800 ppmv, then upward IR flux drops to 255.75 W/m^2. From a “zero CO2” atmosphere, total reduction in IR flux at an 800 ppmv CO is 30.49 W/m^2. Of this total amount, 72.4% is captured by the first 100 ppmv of CO2. If CO2 increases from 400 ppmv to 800 ppmv, based on my math it appears that 91% of the heat trapping effect of CO2 is already “baked in” at 400 ppmv of CO2. This seems to line up very closely to what WUWT is stating, unless I made a mistake.

        

       CO2 ppmv Upward IR Flux
       0 286.24
       100 264.17 72.4% 72.4%
       200 261.41 81.4% 9.1%
       300 259.74 86.9% 5.5%
       400 258.58 90.7% 3.8%
       500 257.67 93.7% 3.0%
       600 256.91 96.2% 2.5%
       700 256.29 98.2% 2.0%
       800 255.75 100.0% 1.8%

       Rob Honeycutt @ 203 and @ 204

       Like Tom Curtis, you also assert that WUWT “is absurb”, yet using the very sources provided by other posters on this web site, I have seemed to confirmed what WUWT is saying about CO2, namely, the majority of the effects of CO2 are mostly captured due to logarithmic absorption of increasing CO2. Based, on the MODTRAN calculator, doubling CO2 to 800 ppmv is only going to trap and additional 2.83 W/m^2, which is 0.21% of the solar energy hitting the top of the atmosphere. I fail to see how this is can possibly be so bad – either things are so bad now, or the additional 2.83 W/m^2 isn’t going to matter at all. And natural variability has to be greater than 0.2%, especially since the change in total solar output varies by 0.1% over a solar cycle (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_constant). Given that global temperatures really haven’t increased much over the last 17 years, I suspect that things may not be “that bad.” If I am missing something, please help me out. Thanks! Stealth

        

       Moderator Response:

       [RH] Fixed link that was breaking page formatting.

44375. KK Tung at 09:23 AM on 18 June 2013
       The anthropogenic global warming rate: Is it steady for the last 100 years? Part 2.
       

       In reply to Dikran Marsupial in his post 167:

       I was trying to give you the benefit of doubt and tried to clarify with you about what you really meant first before criticizing your example.  You thought I was avoiding your direct question.  Let me be more direct then. You focused on the wrong quantity, the blue line, while you should be focusing on the "adjusted data", the green curve. And yes, the true value lies within the 95% confidence interval of the deduced result.
       
       

       I understand the intent of your thought experiment: If an index to be used for the AMO is contaminated by other signal, such as the nonlinear part of the anthropogenic response, the anthropogenic signal deduced using MLR with such a contaminated index as a regressor may underestimate (or overestimate) the true value, i.e. the true value may lie outside the confidence interval of the estimate. While this remains a theoretical possibility, and I have said many times here that we should always be on guard for such a possibility, your example has not demonstrated it.  You have not come up with a credible example so far, despite many tries.

       
       I have discussed extensively on how the adjusted data is obtained in part 1 of my post and its interpretation as our best estimate of the "true anthropogenic warming" ---the phrase used by Foster and Rahmstorf (2011).  The adjusted data includes the residual and should include the anthropogenic response. One can fit linear trends to segments of it for visualization.  Both Foster and Rahmstorf and we in our papers focus on the recent decades (the past 32 years since 1979, when satellite data became available), when the anthropogenic warming was thought to be accelerating. It was the low value of the 32-year trend that we published that has been the topic of debate here at Skeptical Science.  The observed global mean temperate warmed at about twice the rate we deduced for anthropogenic response for the past 32 years.

       We have performed 10,000 Monte Carlo simulation of your case.  Here are the results:

       (1) Without changing anything in your example except correcting the typo:

       You did only one realization, and the corrected result was shown in the Figure on post 158. The true anthropogenic signal is the red curve (labeled A), and the MLR estimate is the green curve, which was labeled as “deduced A+residual”.  It is seen that for this one realization, the true value lies within the green curve.  So the direct answer to your question is: No, the true value does not lie outside the confidence level.

       Let us focus on the last 32 years, and fit a linear trend to the green curve and compare that with the linear trend of the true A.  By repeating it 10, 000 times each time with a different realization of the random noise, we find that the true A linear trend, which is 0.054 C per decade,  lies within the 95% confidence interval of the MLR estimate over 70% of the time.

       There are some problems with your implementation of the MLR procedure.  These, when corrected, will increase it to over 90% the times when the true value lies within the confidence interval of the estimate.  I will discuss these in the following.

       (2) Incorrect implementation of MLR: Using two regressors for the same phenomenon:

       Let Y be the observation: In your construction it consists of an anthropogenic signal, which is quadratic:

       A=0.00002*(T+T^2),

       and a natural oscillation with a 150-year period:

       B=0.1*sin(2*pi*T/150).

       In addition there is a random noise =0.1*randn(size(Y)), and a deterministic noise with 81-year period:

       D=0.05*sin(3.7*pi*T/150).

       You called D, the “unobserved signal”.  There is no such thing as an unobserved signal (see (3) below).  I see it as your attempt to introduce a “contamination”, in other words, noise, without accounting for it in the amplitude of the noise term.  Let us not deal with this problem here for the moment. Your Y is:

       Y=A+B+D+randn(siz(T)).

       You next want to create a regressor C, but assume that the data available to you is contaminated by D and by the quadratic part of A. There is no random noise contamination.

       C=D+0.5*A+0.5*B.

       The linearly detrended version of C is denoted by Cd.

       You then performed a MLR using three regressors, a linear trend, Cd and B. You did not say what Cd is a regressor for.  I will consider two cases: First, it is a contaminated regressor for B, or second it is a regressor for the “unobserved” signal D. If it is a regressor for B, then having both Cd and the perfect regressor B for B is redundant.  The reason is as follows: If you already know the perfect regressor for B, why use a contaminated regressor for it as well?  If you do not know the perfect regressor for B, and must use the contaminated regressor Cd, then in the MLR the regressors should be two: the linear trend and Cd, with B deleted.

       We performed 10,000 Monte Carlo simulation of the MLR of the problem as posed by you, but used two instead of the three regressors (B is deleted as a regressor, but it remains in the data). The true A value lies within the 95% confidence interval of the estimated 32-year trends 90% of the time if the linear trend is used as a placeholder in the intermediate step, and 94% of the time if the QCO2 regressor is used as a placeholder in the intermediate step of the MLR.

       (3) There is no such thing as an unobserved signal:

       D, being a perfect sinusoid with 81 year period, is directly observable using Fourier methods, in particular the wavelet method we used in our PNAS paper.  Using the wavelet or Fourier series method we can separate out D and B to yield A within the 95% confidence interval over 99% of the time.

       If the “unobserved” signal D is a signal of interest, such as the AMO, but that it is contaminated by B and A, then you are correct in using three regressors, the linear trend, Cd and B.  I would suggest in that case that you first regress out the B signal in C before using it as your regressor for D.  This method was discussed in our paper, Tung and Zhou (2010), JAS, called nested MLR.

        

       In conclusion, you have not come up with an example that demonstrates that a contaminated index may cause the estimate of the true value to differ from the true value beyond the confidence interval. By this time you must have learned that it is very difficult to come up with such an example, despite some of the extreme cases that you have tried.  If you wish to change your example again please understand that you are not doing it because you are addressing the “repeated understandings” from me.

44376. KK Tung at 09:16 AM on 18 June 2013
       The anthropogenic global warming rate: Is it steady for the last 100 years? Part 2.
       

       In reply to Dikran Marsurpial in his post 167: I do not appreciate your misleading statement of the facts. 

       I would like to point out that Prof. Tung has yet again failed to answer a direct question.  It is unsurprising that I had to keep updating my example in order to address Prof. Tungs' repeated misunderstandings, that is the way scientific discussions normally proceed. Had Prof. Tung answered the questions I posed to him, we may actually have reached understanding at some point.  However if we have reached the point where it cannot even be freely acknowledged that a value lies outside a confidence interval, I don't see that there is any likelihood of productive discussion. 

       Let me review the facts, and you can see that I have been very patient with you out of respect.  Your above statement shows that you do not treat me with the same respect.

       (1) I replied directly in my post 120 to your post 115, where an original example was created in post 57 that supposedly has demonstrated an inaccuracy in the multiple linear regression (MLR) estimate of the hypothetical anthropogenic warming. I missed that thread, which was after the part 1 of my originally post.  You and Dumb Scientist pointed this out to me in the comments on part 2.  At the time you also said: “It is rather disappointing that you did not give a direct answer to this simple question”, referring to the question: “Is there an error in my implementation of the MLR method? Yes or No”.  Your implementation was correct but you neglected to give error bars.  We repeated your example and gave the error bars and showed the MLR method correctly gave the true answer in the example within the 95% confidence level.  Your case was completely demolished.  How much more direct do you want? Of course I did not use those words out of courtesy.

       (2) Your “updating of my example” was not done to address my “repeated misunderstanding”, but was done to salvage the example mentioned in (1) that I had directly responded---the true value does lie within the confidence level--- and thought we had concluded .  There was no misunderstanding on my part.  You did not have to “update” your example.

       (3) In your post 123, you updated your original example by saying “I am no longer confident that my MATLAB programs actually do repeat the analysis in the JAS paper…” You did this in lieu of agreeing with me and admitting that your original conclusion that the true value lies outside the confidence level was incorrect. If you had agreed we could have brought this episode to a conclusion.  Instead you created a new example without an AMO in your data, and supposedly showed that the MLR found an AMO.  I addressed directly this new example by pointing out the logical fallacy in your argument: just by assigning the name AMO to the MLR regressor does not mean that you told the MLR procedure what you had in mind for the AMO. I said: “It appears that your entire case hinges on a misidentified word.”

       (4) In your post 134, you finally admitted your logical error, at least that was what I thought: You said: “OK, for the moment let’s forget about AMO and concentrate on the technical limitation of MLR…”.  With this you created another new example. 

       (5) I suspected there was something wrong with the new example, It probably was not what you intended.  Instead of blasting you, I gave you the benefit of doubt by asking you a few questions in my post 150, in particular whether there was a typo. After a while I posted in post 154 my direct response and again demolished your example.  However, it turns out that there was indeed a typo and you had responded by saying so in your post 151.  Post 151 started on a new page, and I saw it only after I posted my post 154. So my effort in addressing an example with an honest typo was wasted.

       (6) Even correcting the typo, there was an error in the plotting (in offsetting), which supposedly showed that the true value lies above the deduced anthropogenic response plus noise. I pointed this error out.  The true value lies above the deduced value only because the deduced value is offset to have zero mean while the true value has a positive mean. But you refused to acknowledge the error and thought it was “irrelevant”. Nevertheless you did replot your figure in post 158.  That figure now shows that the true value for anthropogenic response, the red line, lies within the deduced anthropogenic response plus residue, the green curve.

       (7) This now brings us to where we are now.  I will say in the next post explicitly what is wrong with this example. 

44377. chriskoz at 08:57 AM on 18 June 2013
       2013 SkS Weekly News Roundup #24B
       

       Interesting report on Rignot et all 2013 about Antarctic ice shelf melt.

       That looks like a confirmation of OHC as the main driver of the arctic amplification. Down south, iceshelfs are relatively minor part of the system and continental ice is not affected. But in north, the iceshelf makes up most of the arctic, therefore OHC is discharged there very well, decreasing sea albedo in summer and feedding back itself.

44378. william5331 at 06:24 AM on 18 June 2013
       Peak Water, Peak Oil…Now, Peak Soil?
       

       To Panzerboy

       In soils where the temperature is above 25⁰C, soil carbon does not accumulate.  Humus is broken down at these temperatures.  There is a solution though.  Charcoal can take the place of humus in tropical soils.

       http://mtkass.blogspot.co.nz/2009/07/terra-preta-how-does-it-work.html

44379. william5331 at 06:21 AM on 18 June 2013
       Peak Water, Peak Oil…Now, Peak Soil?
       

       The article sites overgrazing which has been the mantra for ages without going into the finer detail.  Oddly enough, an extremely heavy grazing, if done correctly, can be not only extremely beneficial but totally necessary for soil recovery and carbon sequestration.  Removing grazers on areas with seasonal rains causes desertification.  Have a look at this TED talk by Allan Savory.

       http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnNaLSKDf-0

44380. BojanD at 05:58 AM on 18 June 2013
       How SkS-Material gets used - Slovenian translation of the Scientific Guide
       

       'Think globally, act locally' is the way to go. I never lose an opportunity to correct misinformation when an article on climate change is being attacked by trolls and translated material on SkS is of great help. Resisting those trolls in comment section is probably more helpful than it seems, since it gives a casual reader a chance to dig further.
       
       I'm not sure what author meant when he talked about a growing denial movement in Slovenia. I haven't noticed any. Sure, a well-known know-it-all contrarian published a book soon after climategate, but I think almost nobody is taking him seriously.

44381. Dikran Marsupial at 00:41 AM on 18 June 2013
       Climate Change Cluedo: Anthropogenic CO2
       

       Mattias Ö true, but a "very geological mind" is exactly the sort that is needed in working out how much ¹⁴C we should expect to see in fossil feuls (i.e. practically none). ;o)

44382. Mike_H at 00:26 AM on 18 June 2013
       Peak Water, Peak Oil…Now, Peak Soil?
       

       Could someone address how this fits with some of the work of "peak farmland". The idea that more efficient methods have lead to lower utilization of land for the same yields? One paper on this is at http://phe.rockefeller.edu/docs/PDR.SUPP%20Final%20Paper.pdf

44383. chriskoz at 18:30 PM on 17 June 2013
       Peak Water, Peak Oil…Now, Peak Soil?
       

       So, theoreticaly, which strategy would achieve the faster C sequestration rate? Forest restoration or soil restoration?

       Restoration of the ancient forests would have drawn down 29% human C which is 600Gt (according to land use emission data). I have do idea how long it would take. A wild guess: say 200 y in most places (average mature tree age), so 3Gt/y? Anyone knows better numbers?

       Compared to the quoted above pasture potential sequestration rate of 10 percent of the emissions (currently 10Gt), so 1Gt/y.

       Even if feasible (needless to say realistic while feeding 6b+ population), it's still not enough to make good dent in the emissions, so cutting emissions themselves is the only option.

44384. Mattias Ö at 16:02 PM on 17 June 2013
       Climate Change Cluedo: Anthropogenic CO2
       

       Thanks for a very good summary of the topic. However, I think it takes a very geological mind to describe ¹⁴C as having a " very short half life (5,730 years)". Our perspectives are different in this matter.

44385. Russell at 14:04 PM on 17 June 2013
       Heartland's Chinese Academy of Sciences Fantasy
       

       The link  should be  http://vvattsupwiththat.blogspot.com/2013/06/heartland-in-beijing-week-that-wasnt.html

44386. Russell at 14:02 PM on 17 June 2013
       Heartland's Chinese Academy of Sciences Fantasy
       

       Thou shalt not covet thine own hypothesis,  lest you end up like Singer in Beijing

44387. Matt Fitzpatrick at 11:34 AM on 17 June 2013
       Heartland's Chinese Academy of Sciences Fantasy
       

       I'll be honest. I was genuinely surprised to find that two widely read and respected (well, by some people!) blogs, Watts and Breitbart, rapidly reposted Heartland's now retracted release without vetting it. And, as of this writing, I don't see either of those blogs has posted an update or correction.

       I always suspected that's standard-substandard practice for such sites, but apparently I don't really believe it yet. Anyone know of a good sociological study on the propagation and persistence of hoaxes, urban legends, or other false information online? Maybe that'll help me understand.

44388. shoyemore at 05:52 AM on 17 June 2013
       Heartland's Chinese Academy of Sciences Fantasy
       

       What is wonderfully ironic is that the authoritarian communists translated the Heartland's report in the interests of open debate, while the democratic free-marketeers (as the Heartland like to think they are) were using it to spread propaganda and lies.

       Karl Popper (author of The Open Society)and its Enemies) must be turning in his grave.

44389. vrooomie at 02:40 AM on 17 June 2013
       Peak Water, Peak Oil…Now, Peak Soil?
       

       Boswarm, SkS is a fact-based site: as such, please ciyte the sources that support what is, at the moment and acknowledged in your own words [bolded], is just unsupported opinion.

       "It is the information that Stephen Leahy has left out that is crucial. JMO"

       Please be specific WRT what Leahy has "left out."

44390. John Russell at 22:41 PM on 16 June 2013
       Peak Water, Peak Oil…Now, Peak Soil?
       

       Another good article on this subject here: 'Peak soil: industrial civilisation is on the verge of eating itself'

44391. garethman at 21:41 PM on 16 June 2013
       UK Secretary of State for the Environment reveals his depth of knowledge of climate change (not!)
       

       I feel a certain sympathy for Owen Paterson, he is hated and vilified by both sceptics and believers in equal quantities, along with anyone who points out that he is not entirely wrong or is not actually spawn of Satan. Being local to the area I heard the program and the comments and have a deep fondness for the Centre for Alternate Technology, but from my perspective Patterson spoke as a politician, he sounded like one, but he was confused and confabulated. Hopefully once the quality of his expertise in climate science is understood by experts such as the Skep Science community, we will have insight into how badly his cabinet colleagues are likely to perform on other issues such as health and the economy. They are out of their depths but have to appear to be competent and that is a dreadful place to be for any well meaning individual.

44392. Boswarm at 21:26 PM on 16 June 2013
       Peak Water, Peak Oil…Now, Peak Soil?
       

       Michael,

       You have explained exactly what I said, SW is talking rubbish, have at look at CSIRO Soil Science papers to find proof as well as your own situation improving. I am not disagreeing with you, as you are doing the right things. It is the information that Stephen Leahy has left out that is crucial. JMO

44393. michael sweet at 21:18 PM on 16 June 2013
       Peak Water, Peak Oil…Now, Peak Soil?
       

       Boswarm,

       Could you provide a citation to support your claims or do we have to rely on your uninformed opinion?  Hand waving claims can be dismissed with a hand wave.

       In my 1/2 acre orchard in Florida sand, I started mulching with oak leaves (almost pure carbon) three years ago to reduce weeds.  My trees look much better now and I have a lot of earthworms, which were not there before.  Soil chemistry is complex, but it is well known that soil is degraded in many locations where there have been farms for a long time.  Look at the pictures of Iraq.  They have farmed there for centuries and much of the country is now dessert.

44394. Boswarm at 19:27 PM on 16 June 2013
       Peak Water, Peak Oil…Now, Peak Soil?
       

       This article by Stephen Leahy and copied here by John Hartz is showing ignorance of soil science. There is nothing here to read. Australia is a totally different soil science, and generalisations such as this are not useful to the climate debate.  S/Wombat above... you don't have to keep carbon in the soil, just keep turning it over.  

       Please no more coments.

44395. MA Rodger at 18:29 PM on 16 June 2013
       The anthropogenic global warming rate: Is it steady for the last 100 years?
       

       So Where is Amo?
       The land of the southern hemisphere isn't a promising palce to look. It has only half the area of the land in the northern hemisphere, & over a quarter of it is Antarctica which temperature-wise has a mind of its own. But even so, can we see Amo there?

       

       No sign of him on the Southern continents. (Then we could have expected that because the temperature data for the Southern hemisphere showed no sign of Amo. But you can't go turning over two pages at once in a children's book, can you?)

       So is Amo up North on the continents, hiding behind that fat kid with a limp?

       

       Well, the 'limpy' bit that bottoms out in 1970 drops far earlier than Amo but that isn't a problem because it isn't what were looking for - th1970 dip is the kid with the limp (that is unless Amo was on holiday for some reason in 1910). So it's the earlier bit that bottoms out in 1910 is where we should be looking.
       60-90N - That doesn't really drop into the 1910 dip. It's sort of already there.
       30-60N - That doesn't really drop into the 1910 dip at all but stays up until 1940.
       0-30N - That does dip down to 1910 but sort of stays down from there all the way to 1970. If we decide the levelling off 1910-40 is the bobble on Amo's hat, then we'd be adding a contirbution to the peak-to-peak Global Amo wobble of 0.1C x 9% of global area = potentially 0.009C max. But can we identify it as Amo just from the bobble on his hat?

44396. MA Rodger at 18:14 PM on 16 June 2013
       The anthropogenic global warming rate: Is it steady for the last 100 years? Part 2.
       

       With the HadCRUT4 profile evident interannually on the T&ZH13 MLR results in Fig 5b, it eventually dawned on me that it was odd the same profile wasn't evident in fig 5a. So I did a quick scale of that graph and for comparison also the HadCRUT3 results from Foster & Rahmstorf 2011.
       So why does the introduction of AMO into the MLR re-introduce HadCRUT4 wobbles? Is it the Sol, Vol & ENSO signals in AMO cancelling out their input into the analysis?

       

44397. Sceptical Wombat at 17:31 PM on 16 June 2013
       Peak Water, Peak Oil…Now, Peak Soil?
       

       Putting more carbon into soil will improve the quality of the soil and should be done for that reason.  However as a method of reducing CO2 in the atmosphere it makes little economic sense.

       To keep organic carbon in the soil each extra ton of carbon must be accompanied by 80 Kg of nitrogen, 20 Kg of phosporous and 14 kg of sulphur which in Australia would have a total cost of about $250.  Stubble generally contains small amounts of these nutrients ( with the exception of legume stubble which is relatively rich in Nitrogen) so they would have to be added in some other way.

44398. Peeve at 17:11 PM on 16 June 2013
       Heartland's Chinese Academy of Sciences Fantasy
       

       You can tell Cook's work hurt the denialists movement as they have responded rapidly to muddy the waters. Their 'science is not settled' meme is shattered and they must work hard to salvage something. 

       Personally I have used the retort to denialists 'so you know better than 97% scientists do you?' to be very effective. There is no need to be logical as they are impervious to reason, but a sharp put down works wonders.

44399. panzerboy at 16:22 PM on 16 June 2013
       Peak Water, Peak Oil…Now, Peak Soil?
       

       '“It takes half a millennia to build two centimetres of living soil and only seconds to destroy it,” Glover said.'

       In Iceland, I believe that statement, in Brazil or Indonesia?

       I have no idea, perhaps this rate of soil growth of 0.04mm/yr IS constant everywhere on the planet but my spidey-sense says no. Anyone know for sure?

44400. grindupBaker at 11:30 AM on 16 June 2013
       Heartland's Chinese Academy of Sciences Fantasy
       

       "...man is responsible for catastrophically warming..." S.B. "...man might become responsible...". Guy quoted seems to be a useless pessimist.

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