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Comments 79351 to 79400:

79351. Tom Curtis at 00:07 AM on 14 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Eric the Red @29, that is a simplistic response. Life adapts to the conditions it is in, and when those conditions change, some species find themselves ill adapted to the new conditions and go extinct. That is part of the reason the end of the last glacial saw an extinction pulse, and why the PETM and the end Permian warming resulted in massive extinctions. Indeed, the end Permian extinction was the greatest extinction known in 600 million years. A shift from cold, relatively dry conditions to warm moist conditions, therefore, is likely to result in an extinction pulse. That in five to ten million years life will adapt and there will be more species, and more biomass on the planet will not change that. Further, unlike the events in the PETM and Permian extinction, on this occasion species around the world are already massively stressed from habitat loss and over exploitation. That means life has few resources with which to survive a significant environmental change.
79352. DSL at 00:04 AM on 14 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Ken, you can't calculate the odds of evolution like that--even with very gradual changes. It all depends on the type of change. For example, if a snowball Earth gradually develops, will 50% of species benefit? No. If an mile-wide asteroid strikes the Earth, will 50% of species benefit? No. If gradual warming (3C over 40k y) occurs, will 50% of species benefit? Possibly. If rapid warming occurs, will 50% of species benefit? Maybe, but you'd damned well better have a studied reason for thinking so (and express it), because rapid change rarely benefits elements in a complex, integrated, dynamic biological system. Even elements that benefit in the short term in such conditions might be doing so at the (unfortunately necessary) cost of their long term survival. Your statement is evidence of poor thinking, Ken. In fact, it seems only to serve a need to be contrary. While I might agree that there might be a need to point out these "Natural World 101" type ideas for the sake of lurking doubters, in this case I think it's a complete waste of time.
79353. kevin s at 23:59 PM on 13 July 2011
       What we know and what we don't know
       This succinct summary is useful...the more succinct the better, I find, because in face-to-face conversations, people taking the so-called "skeptic" position often change the topic frequently. This type of info seems to be best suited for people who are willing to modify their opinions in light of established facts. But as we know, not everyone is like that. I'm not sure what the proper approach is to those who aren't. But I think it's best to extend people the benefit of the doubt for as long as possible. For example, ETR's assertion that looking at all the data, CO2 rise is decelerating may seem like an unwillingness to accepts the facts plainly presented. But I wonder if perhaps he is reading the graphs of rate of CO2 increase presented here as graphs of CO2 level (instead of rate of increase). In that case graphs like the one from Tamino that Tom presents @ 16 would indeed *look* like there was a deceleration, and ETR would think *we* are the ones in denial. But of course, it is in fact a graph of *rate* of increase, and any curvature is not acceleration but acceleration of acceleration (or "jerk"). I think extending the benefit of the doubt feels better and has a better impact on lurkers than branding someone a denialist...even if they probably are. And I choose to believe that ETR is misreading the y-axis but being otherwise reasonable. Mods, I realize that most of this crosses into territory that's been declared off-topic, and I certainly won't be offended if this comment is deleted because of that. I just thought it was worth noting that in this particular case, what looks at a glance like trolling could be an honest mistake. I don't participate here often, so I don't really know the cast of regular characters....
79354. Eric the Red at 23:43 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Ken, Historically, life has benefited more from warmer than cooler climates. Plant life becomes more abundant due to the longer growing season and greater precipitation. Animal life benefits from greater plant life, and milder winters. That is not to say that there are not those who come out on the short end due to competition and changing environments. Recently, the growth of the human population has influenced other life on this planet much more than any factor since the end of the last ice age.
79355. Tom Curtis at 23:38 PM on 13 July 2011
       Neptune is warming
       Dikran Marsupial @5, I suspect Svenmark would have a hard time applying his theory to Neptune as well. Is he some how going to increase Neptune's 100% cloud cover?
       Moderator Response: [Dikran Marsupial] Good point! ;o)
79356. Eric the Red at 23:36 PM on 13 July 2011
       The Medieval Warm(ish) Period In Pictures
       Sea level is a bit trickier to ascertain as local levels may change much more dramatically than global levels, with causes unrelated to global changes. However, here are a few examples regarding to sea level during the MWP: http://people.rses.anu.edu.au/lambeck_k/pdf/237.pdf http://www.sciencemag.org/content/150/3700/1165.abstract
79357. Riccardo at 23:36 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 5: Reservoir dogs
       "In the next series of posts we will discuss the movement of carbon between each reservoir (fluxes) that are in the original figure" Here's where the meat is :)
79358. ocelote at 23:35 PM on 13 July 2011
       It's cooling
       The gulf stream might be changed because of the salt concentration decreasing due to ice melting in poles. This stream is supposed to bring heat from tropics. I wonder `how strong this effect will be for the European coasts...
79359. Dikran Marsupial at 23:31 PM on 13 July 2011
       Neptune is warming
       Thebadmentor@4 Can you suggest another forcing that affects both Neptune and the Earth. This article is a counter-argument to the suggestion that solar focing is responsible for climate change on Earth as it is also causing climate change on Neptune (except it isn't). It is the skeptics that seem to think only TSI affects planetary climate ("its the sun"). P.S. Yes, I do know about Svensmark's cosmic ray theory as well, but you would have a hard time applying that argument to Mars, which is also used as an example in such arguments.
79360. Composer99 at 23:28 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 5: Reservoir dogs
       Correct me if I am wrong; but it appears to me that the caption underneath the diagram showing carbon reservoirs explains the blue and red circles.
79361. Byron Smith at 23:28 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 5: Reservoir dogs
       ianash - Hope I'm not explaining things that are bleedingly obvious to you here. The diagram (Figure 2) does take a little effort to understand. It is divided schematically into five fields, representing the five main reservoirs of carbon in the global carbon cycle. As stated in the caption, the size of the blue circle represents the mass of carbon in each reservoir in pre-industrial times, while the red circle shows the mass of carbon in the mid-1990s (as noted in the post, things have changed quite a bit since then. Could someone put up some updated numbers? Even an approximation would help.) For some reason, unexploited fossil fuels are shown in a single black dotted circle rather than red and blue ones. In each field, the black circle indicates the scale of change from pre-industrial to mid-1990s. If the black circle appears in a blue circle (as it does for atmosphere and both surface and deep oceans), that reservoir has gained carbon. Soils and plants has a black circle in the red sphere, indicating a loss of carbon (think deforestation, though also other processes). The fossil fuel circle indicates the relative scale of estimated recoverable reserves vs total amount of fossil fuels extracted and exploited (i.e. less than 7%), making the point that there is still plenty of carbon we could potentially dig up and stick in places where its going to mess things around (i.e. the atmosphere and oceans). Numbers give the Gt of carbon represented by each circle and then the % change. (Some have criticised the IPCC's figures for being considerably too rosy about the total reservoir of recoverable carbon from fossil fuels, but even less optimistic figures still give us plenty of scope to keep making more mess.) So the quick take-away message from the figure is that between the industrial revolution and the mid-1990s, we took 283 Gt of carbon from places where it wasn't doing anything particularly bad for us and put it into places where it is.
       Moderator Response: I should have said: Previous unclear caption was edited. Doug
79362. Thebadmentor at 23:23 PM on 13 July 2011
       Neptune is warming
       TSI is your argument? Do you really think that its only TSI that affects Plantes Climate? WOW!
79363. Doug Mackie at 23:02 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 4: The f-word: pH
       @DLB From someone who reads recent scientific papers that is a surprising question. What makes you think the dissociation of water would change?
79364. Ken Lambert at 22:40 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       I have never read a piece by an environmentalist which did not pose a dire warning of some kind about the imminent demise of some form of wildlife. Surely the odds are that some creature somewhere will benefit from a warmer world. In fact the odds are probably even that 50% of creatures will benefit and 50% won't.
       Moderator Response: [Dikran Marsupial] The odds are almost certainly not 50-50. Most organisms will have adapted to a particular ecological niche, and so any change is likely to mean they are sub-optimally adapted for their conditions. Of course there will be winners and loosers, but the theory of evolution would suggest there will be more loosers than winners, at least in the short-medium term.
79365. Eric (skeptic) at 22:36 PM on 13 July 2011
       Trenberth on Tracking Earth’s energy: A key to climate variability and change
       Rob #35, if the weather causes a 0.1 or 0.2 rise or fall in GAT in less than a week (although this only happens a few times a year), it is probably one of the more random effects of weather (using a precise definition of random). For this to happen, with either outcome cooling or warming, a lot of weather systems have to complement in both hemispheres which are, for the most part uncoupled. Getting both hemispheres to line up on a short time scale is thus pure chance. Getting a single hemisphere to align in warming or cooling is a little less random due to teleconnections, but those are limited in scope and generally peristent through a season. The topic certainly merits a lot more research.
79366. Eric the Red at 22:35 PM on 13 July 2011
       The Medieval Warm(ish) Period In Pictures
       scaddenp, You were requesting information on glacial retreat. The first in from Schnidejoch in Central Europe, the second is from Glacier National Park in Montana, and the third is from the Greenland ice cores. http://www.giub.unibe.ch/klimet/docs/climdyn_2007_grosjean_et_al.pdf https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~wsoon/RajeshKoushik10-d/MacGregoretal10-12900yrSwiftcurrentLakeGlacierNatlPark.pdf ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/greenland/summit/gisp2/isotopes/gisp2_temp_accum_alley2000.txt
79367. Ken Lambert at 22:21 PM on 13 July 2011
       Trenberth on Tracking Earth’s energy: A key to climate variability and change
       Moderator - Daniel Bailey Do we have any indicaton that Dr Trenberth will participate in discussions on this thread? There are a number of questions which merit some response (and a few which do not), so if there is no one arguing Dr Trenberth's case (chiefly himself) - this thread will wither on the vine.
       Response:

       [DB] My understanding was that Dr. Trenberth was travelling abroad for a few weeks.  As a service, he provided this article before he left.  Given his busy schedule, I would be (happily) surprised if he were able to make an appearance before then.

       That being said, perhaps few feel the need to prosecute the case so eloquently presented by an expert, such as Dr. Trenberth?

       In any event, questions remaining unanswered should be addressed in a future iteration of this article, so tack any of them up here for posterity.  Few threads here at SkS are truly "withered"; many are inactive, but witness the undead 2nd law thread...

79368. Eric (skeptic) at 22:21 PM on 13 July 2011
       Polar bear numbers are increasing
       Thanks very much for the update (30 September 2010) on this older post. I just noticed it now and it is much improved in context over the original.
79369. ianash at 21:58 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 5: Reservoir dogs
       I'm not trying to be funny - the diagram just makes no sense to me - sorry for not being substantive enough for you.
79370. CBDunkerson at 21:49 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       The writeup on the Davis Strait population says: "Ecological covariates associated with survival suggest that the decline may be as a combined result of short-term and local density dependence, stabilization of harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) numbers and declining ice conditions." Ergo, I wouldn't agree with the statement that this was due to hunting. That leaves only three populations (Baffin, Kane, and Lancaster) which are declining primarily due to hunting. The Chukchi Sea population is declining due to both ice loss and illegal hunting, but it isn't clear how much of the decline is due to each factor.
79371. Tom Curtis at 21:48 PM on 13 July 2011
       Seawater Equilibria
       Further reflection on Eby et al suggests that if we were to stop all emissions instantaneously, CO2 levels would fall to about 315 ppmv after 10 thousand years, but take 50 to 100 years to fall to 350 ppmv. That is, of course, irrelevant. The only target we have a realistic hope of achieving at the moment, and only if we act decisively in the next few years is around 450 ppmv, locking in a 2 degree temperature increase that is likely to last for a century or so, and take over three thousand years to fall back below 1.6 degrees C.
79372. Tom Curtis at 21:38 PM on 13 July 2011
       Seawater Equilibria
       Eric (skeptic) @91, you may find Eby et al, 2009 more useful than Archer and Brovkin, 2006. They examine the impacts of both smaller, and a wider range of CO2 slugs than to Archer and Brovkin. In particular they examine the impact of a slug of 160 Pg on top of 2000 levels of CO2 in the atmosphere (estimated at around 300 Pg). The slug of CO2 adds an additional 69 ppmv of CO2 to 2000 levels. This slug then decays exponentially so that its contribution to the atmosphere is just 41% of the original after 50 years (34.5 ppmv), just 37% after 100 years (25.5 ppmv), just 35% after 150 years (24.2 ppmv), and 27% after 200 years (18.6 ppmv). After a thousand years it declines to 23% (15.9 ppmv), and after 10 thousand, to about 18% (12.42). These decay rates are an overestimate of expected decay rates for stopping all emissions now. That is because if the CO2 is introduced slowly rather than as a single slug in one year, it has time for some of it to reach enter the deep ocean before emissions cease. Consequently the initial peak of atmospheric CO2 concentration is not as high, but the decay rate from that peak is slower. For example, in the 160-A2+ model run conducted by Ebi et al, peak atmospheric CO2 was just 37.7% of that in the 160 model run. In the 160-A2+ run, CO2 was introduced over several centuries, and the decay pattern follows a similar path to the 160 run from the point where that run decays to 40% of the peak. As it happens, Eby et al ran a control experiment with no emissions after 2000. The result was that after ten thousand years, the CO2 concentration dropped by 55 ppmv from a peak of 376 ppmv. That represents a fall to 33% of the peak increase after ten thousand years. It also suggests that after 150 years of exponentially increasing emissions, 16% of CO2 that would otherwise be stored in the atmosphere has been stored in the deep ocean.
79373. Eric the Red at 21:36 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Eric, Recent polar bear populations have been so strongly influenced by hunting that other influences are lost in the noise. There is little doubt that the Oslo agreement has been responsible for an increase in polar bear populations worldwide over the past several decades. Actual values for this increase are open to speculation as early data was difficult to obtain. Even recent numbers are somewhat speculative. Restricting hunting to natives in the affected areas may have resulted in population changes to certain areas (Hudson Bay) that are not representative of the whole. Increases in human populations in these areas have probably been a much larger factor than any other. Recent calls for lifting the ban on polar bear hunting will undoubtedly effect their numbers. Discerning the effects of climate change in relation to hunting is very difficult.
79374. Eric (skeptic) at 21:31 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       CBDunkerson, I appreciate your well-founded replies to me over the past year. The table that is linked in the post (link above) shows that "most declines due to hunting except Hudson Bay" is well-supported with a modification. There are 6 populations with risk of future decline evaluated at "very high": Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, Kane Basin, Norwegian Bay and the 2 Hudson Bay populations. The first three are declning due to hunting, and the latter three have declining body condition. One other population, Lancaster Sound is listed as "higher" risk of decline, due to hunting. Southern Beaufort Sea is at moderate risk of decline due to declining sea ice. Two populations have very low risk of decline, and the rest have insufficient data (e.g. Russian populations with substantial hunting). I would recommend that people click on each population and read the text.
79375. CBDunkerson at 21:04 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       'Other marine mammals not impacted': Actually, one of the threats to polar bears from global warming is the danger it poses to their food sources. Ringed and Bearded seals are the primary prey of polar bears... but they den on the ice. As ice melt has accelerated it has become common for newborn pups to have their den melt around them before they are capable of surviving in the water. In the U.S. the conservation status of both species is currently under review to see if they should be listed under the Endangered Species Act. 'Most polar bear population declines are only due to hunting': Eric, as we've discussed before, that isn't supported by the evidence. People wishing to get the real story can do so at the IUCN polar bear status page. The links to each sub-population on that page give information about the causes of population declines... and the claim that it is over-hunting for every group except the Hudson Bay population is just false.
79376. Arkadiusz Semczyszak at 21:02 PM on 13 July 2011
       Trenberth on Tracking Earth’s energy: A key to climate variability and change
       @Rob Honeycutt Aerosols are mainly India + Pakistan and others are rapidly developing poor countries of Africa and Asia (the use of simple reserves) - not China. I do not “believe” in “... that some unknown systematic error in the Argo float system is causing the flattening ...”. Recently I analyze an interesting paper The HadGEM2-ES implementation of CMIP5 centennial simulations, Jones et al. 2011. (36 coauthors) : I like the Figure 20 there (but also a Figure 19 - of course ...) ... and the chapter begins with this fragment: “Extensive evidence exists from previous long control simulations showing simulated climate possesses large-scale variations on decadal to centennial timescales (Delworth et al., 1993; Delworth and Mann, 2000; Latif et al., 2004; Knight et al., 2005). Typically, these variations are associated with the principal modes of decadal variability of the climate system – the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) (Enfield et al., 2001) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), sometimes referred to as the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) (Power et al., 1999). The AMO is a North Atlantic-centred mode in which sea surface temperatures (SSTs) vary coherently within the basin on multidecadal to centennial timescales, and which can have far reaching climate impacts (Knight et al., 2006). The PDO/IPO has a characteristic pattern of anomalously warm and cool SSTs in the Pacific Ocean that resembles a modified El Ni˜no pattern, and typically has a shorter timescale of about two decades (Kwon and Deser, 2007). So-called “perfect model” experiments (Collins and Sinha, 2003), in which sections of model control simulations are repeated after small initial perturbations, demonstrate the potential for multidecadal oceanic processes to provide a long-term memory of the initial state.” ... and ending with this sentence: “Future work may explore the response of extra ensemble members which start from deliberately chosen high or low AMO states.” Maybe in a much larger change in energy content in the ocean is responsible underestimated AMO? But then earlier (195? -1999) energetic "effect anthropogenic" would be considered too highly estimated ... I think it's time for these "Future work” ...
79377. Eric (skeptic) at 20:57 PM on 13 July 2011
       Seawater Equilibria
       scaddenp, finally got that article. It is short and sweet. It confirms everything I have said above, namely "In response to an abrupt elimination of carbon dioxide emissions, global temperatures either remain approximately constant, or cool slightly as natural carbon sinks gradually draw anthropogenic carbon out of the atmosphere at a rate similar to the mixing of heat into the deep ocean" They then conclude that the elimination of CO2 will result in stable temperature. Then they issue a "hopeful" warning that " if we can successfully coordinate international emissions reductions in the coming decades, we can successfully restrict global temperature increases to a level that will prevent dangerous impacts on both human and environmental systems." For future reference, we can call this the "saved by the ocean" scenario.
79378. BBD at 20:48 PM on 13 July 2011
       A Detailed Look at Renewable Baseload Energy
       Tom # 310 Excellent summary. Agreed! Thanks again. KR # 306 #307 Interesting analysis on power density at Waldpolenz. In order to prevent errors (!) I'd like to take time to consider what you say and it's bearing on Smil. One small point:

       Using 30% efficient CSP in a 2000 kWh/yr site (>230 Wh/m^2 average from MacKay, not the 200 BBD introduced),

       I used 200W/m2 as this is the LAGI estimate. Not trying to muddy the waters... And thanks again to you.
79379. Eric (skeptic) at 20:11 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       The flip side of decreasing pack ice in Europe, Alaska, and of course Hudson Bay, is the increase in open water season in north certral Canada. One of my first posts on this forum /polar-bears-global-warming.htm#14708 was to point out that while the Hudson Bay populations were doing poorly due to decreasing ice, the other populations were only being impacted by hunting (at a rate of up to 10% per year) but were otherwise doing fine. The fate of an individual polar bear has little scientific relevance. The fate of a population is more concerning because of broader implications, but I don't have much knowledge of the history of historical variations in populations. But I doubt they were always where they are now. Warming in Arctic will favor the populations where the warm season is currently short.
79380. Eric (skeptic) at 19:43 PM on 13 July 2011
       Seawater Equilibria
       Tom, thanks very much for the reference. I think you had pointed it out before, because it was in my saved papers folder. Reading through it again I see how some people may read it too quickly and conclude that one scenario represents "if we stopped producing CO2 today...." (my academic scenario I described above) But Archer is describing two potential, realistic scenarios, one where a moderate amount of 1000 GtC is released (compared to 2008's 337) and another with 5-6,000 GtC. Both have long tails and the 5-6,000 scenarios is especially long due to positive feedbacks. The first is essentially "we start to take action", the second, BAU. The simple model I use assumes that the CO2 reservoirs are passive. Substantial ocean warming (more than 1-2C) will negate that assumption as would permafrost melting or any other positive feedback. But as it stands, my model incorporates the current state (as of 2008) of all potentially active reservoirs or other positive feedbacks (as measured, not predicted) and the result is not substantially different from what one would expect looking at the diagram in Tom's link: http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/images/ReservoirsOfCarbon.html Given a slug of anthro-carbon into the atmospheric reservoir, the atmospheric concentration decays exponentially by migrating into the other reservoirs. Again, that depends on the rest of the system being passive (no substantial positive feedbacks). But exponential decay in that case is incontrovertible. Scaddenp, while I wrote the above I struggled with nature.com trying to purchase the article you linked. I'll comment here once I succeed and have a chance to read it.
79381. Doug Mackie at 19:12 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 5: Reservoir dogs
       Thanks Rob. Yes, at first glance it does look that way. But just because an equation can be written does not mean that all reactions are equal. There is a hierarchy and we discuss it in post 7.
79382. Rob Painting at 18:39 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 5: Reservoir dogs
       Well, I was going to say something about the equations implying more carbonates from ocean acidification, rather than less, but you mention this is covered in later posts.
79383. Paul D at 18:18 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Mandas said "I am a wildlife scientist - similar to you I guess" I thought APirate was a school teacher??
79384. Paul D at 18:08 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Pirate said: "DB: Can you or anyone else, other than the photographer (if he is willing), legitimately say that polar bear in that picture is in legitimate duress?" Most wild life is under duress 24/7. And the word legitimate is a meaningless word outside human existence/knowledge. Last time I looked Polar Bears aren't human. Polar bears use sea ice to travel across the sea and hunt for food. They don't have much food sources on land, so the sea is a rich area for them to hunt. As sea ice melts more abruptly as a result of climate change, they are forced to swim more to reach ice flows or to return to land. This causes significant problems especially for a female polar bear with her young following her. Young polar bears can struggle moving from ice to water, especially if food is short. Ok so lets assume the ice goes and polar bears are forced to move in land. What is the impact? Well other species including humans have occupied that land for thousands of years. There is no real positive news for polar bears or for thousands of other species threatened by our behaviour.
79385. DLB at 17:27 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 4: The f-word: pH
       If water dissociated more, would the pH decrease? Intuitively I would have thought it would still be classified as neutral.
79386. Doug Mackie at 17:15 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 5: Reservoir dogs
       @DLB Do you mean "how do we know what pre-industrial ocean pH was?" or do you mean "how is ocean pH measured?"
79387. Doug Mackie at 17:10 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 5: Reservoir dogs
       I'm really looking forward to a substantive comment about the science.
79388. Tom Curtis at 17:03 PM on 13 July 2011
       A Detailed Look at Renewable Baseload Energy
       KR @307, you would probably be interested in these comparisons, also at LAGI. Solar vs Tar Sands: Solar vs Shale Gas:
79389. DLB at 17:00 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 5: Reservoir dogs
       You say since the beginning of the industrial revolution, H3O+ has increased by 29% in sea water. Has this been measured by some sort of proxy, or is it based on calculations from atmosphere to ocean?
79390. Tom Curtis at 16:58 PM on 13 July 2011
       A Detailed Look at Renewable Baseload Energy
       BBD @308, let me echo KR's appreciation. Few things improve my opinion of a person as much as a willingness to admit mistakes. IMO what has been established in the LAGI discussion is that: 1) Suitably sited, and counting only collector area, 500,000 km^2 could supply the Earth's entire projected energy needs in 2030. 2) Allowing for the normal ratios between collector area and site area, the area of solar power plants required to supply the Earth's entire projected energy needs in 2030 is 1,500,000 km^2. 3) This precludes the wide spread use of single use solar plants as a power source in densely inhabited regions with in mid or high latitudes, or in very densely inhabited regions (such as Singapore) regardless of location. 4) This does not preclude the wide spread use of solar power generation in those areas so long as dual use of the area is incorporated into the design so that the solar power generation is not precluding other desirable activity. Such use could be a significant (circa 15% as a reasonable estimate) provider of power in northern Europe, but not a primary power supplier, nor a supplier of base load power. 5) This does not preclude the significant generation of solar power in low latitude, low population density areas (South of Spain and North Africa) with power being transmitted to industrialised regions. Such location and transmission raises security issues, but comparable security issues to those currently existing related to majority sourcing of fossil fuel from the middle east. 6) The specific design of collectors, and in particular their tracking mechanism makes a crucial difference to the efficiency of the collector relative to the unit area of the collector (and hence cost). Gains in efficiency by tracking are made with a trade of in reduced collector area to site area ratio. We have not discussed or agreed on whether solar power suitably located could provide base load power, and the economic efficiency of solar power as a major (> 20%) or majority supplier of power requirements. Would you agree with that summary.
79391. Stevo at 16:49 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Pirate, the science explaining the melting of the arctic ice cap is well represented at this site. Communicating the consequences of climate to the general public has not been easy. If Florian's photographs and anecdotal story strike an emotional note with the greater public then it is all to the better good. I suspect that keeping the science dry and restricted to the lab and not in front of the public in language and images they can understand is all part of the agenda of those who wish to deny the science and prevent meaningful action from being taken.
79392. ianash at 15:51 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 5: Reservoir dogs
       OK, another question. What are the blue and red circles meant to represent in the diagram? And the black dot?
79393. ianash at 15:45 PM on 13 July 2011
       OA not OK part 5: Reservoir dogs
       pedantic but "carbonate (CO3–)" in secon para shd be 2-
79394. co2isnotevil at 15:21 PM on 13 July 2011
       Trenberth on Tracking Earth’s energy: A key to climate variability and change
       ( -Moderation Complaints Snipped- )
       Response:

       [DB] I deleted your previous comment as it was a rehash of material you had previously submitted - and been responded to - on the 2nd Law thread.  That you didn't like the answers you were given does not obviate the fact that you were indeed given answers to your questions there.

       Typically, comments challenging the moderation policy are summarily deleted, as posting here at SkS is a privilege; thus the act of posting here is then tacit agreement to comply with the Comments Policy.  And repetitive posting is a violation of that policy. 

       Thanks for your understanding in this matter.

79395. muoncounter at 15:01 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       mandas #18: "YOU don't know how far that bear was swimming," Here's how far this bear was swimming: polar bear 20741 decided to leave a remote Beaufort Sea beach. The 7-year-old, nearly 500-pound bear walked north into frigid Arctic Ocean water east of Barrow in search of sea ice. ... She covered 426 miles -- farther than researchers have recorded a polar bear swimming without a break. After nine days, she reached pack ice ... Her body mass was reduced 22 percent and her internal temperature had dropped. Her yearling cub was gone, likely drowned. So what have we established? Bears can swim a heck of a long way when they have to. Their cubs, not so much. I'm no biologist, but when cubs die, isn't that bad news for the bears? But whether one reacts emotionally or not is unimportant. What is important here is that sea ice is disappearing before our eyes. The fate of these particular bears is just one more pesky piece of that consistent evidence.
79396. scaddenp at 14:00 PM on 13 July 2011
       Seawater Equilibria
       Eric, care to comment on comparison of your model with that of Matthews & Weaver zero emission scenario?
79397. Artful Dodger at 13:56 PM on 13 July 2011
       Over the tipping point
       Joe Romm posted on this today: Climate Change Reducing Ocean’s Carbon Dioxide Uptake
79398. scaddenp at 13:53 PM on 13 July 2011
       The Medieval Warm(ish) Period In Pictures
       The issues with Loehle are well known - merely citing it should be a red flag that denialist site is involved somewhere. (Actually its fun to look at who has cited it Scholar and in what publication).
79399. Tom Curtis at 13:51 PM on 13 July 2011
       Seawater Equilibria
       Eric (skeptic) @88, based on recent research, if we add 1 to 2 thousand Gigatonnes of Carbon to the atmosphere, atmospheric CO2 will still be 22% of the amount added above the pre-industrial average. If we add 4 to 5 Gigatonnes, the amospheric CO2 levels would increase by 34% of the amount added once full ocean equilibrium is reached. Even though the 5 thousand Gigatonnes represents just 11.6% of the total quickly equilibrating reservoirs of Carbon (Ocean 40,000 GT, Soil 1600 Gt, Atmosphere 750 Gigatonnes, Biosphere 610 Gt), the additional CO2 changes the Ph balance of the Ocean, reducing the amount of carbon it can hold. Thus with total emissions of 5,000 Gt, we are looking at atmospheric levels of CO2 that are 3.25 times preindustrial levels for many thousands of years into the future. Indeed, we are looking at 4.8 times preindustrial CO2 out to a thousand years from now, and 2.9 times preindustrial levels out to ten thousand years from now.
79400. mandas at 13:50 PM on 13 July 2011
       Visions of the Arctic
       Apiratelooksat50 I am a wildlife scientist - similar to you I guess - and you are correct in your assertion that polar bears swim for miles in the ocean ocean. But then, no-one is denying that fact. But if you are a scientist, then you will know that the statement you made in #2 was just shockingly wrong, and should be retracted: ".....That polar bear is no more swimming for his life than I was this morning at the local YMCA. Polar bears are marine mammals and routinely swim many miles in open ocean...." How do you know? The polar bear MAY have been perfectly safe, but you don't know where the photo was taken, nor do you know the circumstances of that particular bear was facing. Evidence my dear chap, evidence. If you don't want to be branded a denier, then you should make statements based on evidence, and not on a knee jerk reaction to something. You said it best yourself in post #4: "....DB, do you know how far that bear was swimming? Do you know how far apart his meals were? Or, are you emotionally reacting to a "snapshot" and a tagline?..." You were 100% correct to point those things out to DB. But you should have taken a piece of your own advice. Quite simply, YOU don't know how far that bear was swimming, nor how far apart his meals were. YOU were the one who was emotionally reacting to a snapshot and a tagline.
       Response:

       [DB] I plead guilty to a somewhat emotional reaction to a serial dissembler.

       Mea culpa.  ;-)

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