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All IPCC definitions taken from Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Annex I, Glossary, pp. 941-954. Cambridge University Press.

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  • A look back at ‘An Inconvenient Truth,’ 20 years later

    MA Rodger at 16:48 PM on 19 May, 2026

    Evan @16,
    I think you should perhaps have chosen a couple of different words for your comment.


    The Keeling Curve is not "accelerating", at least not at the present. It is still rising but at a roughly constant rate. The Keeling Curve inherits a strong set of wobbles from ENSO etc so establishing an absence of acceleration over a period of just a decade is not entirely definative but the anthropogenic emissions (which cannot be so easily measured) do suggest such an absence of acceleration should be observed.


    The second word (or phrase) I'd not use in the manner you do is "climate scientists" who are not responsible for the plan to reach net-zero and are certainly not saying "we are making great progress" towards net-zero. There are likely a bunch of folk who could be called "scientists" or "technologists" who are responsible for showing how to implement net-zero but generally it is politicians who have the power to make the decisions on the actual implementation.


    Back forty years ago the clmate scientists were asking for a 50% cut in emissions by 2050. WIth the other 50% of our emissions being drawn down into ocean & biosphere, a 50% cut would stabalise atmospheic CO2, at least for a while.


    But thirty years ago the climate scientists revised the target to an 80% cut by 2050 because that base level of annual emissions had risen rather than fallen and the larger cut in the new higher level would result in roughly the same cumulative emissions by 2050. And if you listened to those "clmate scientits" there was also talk of emissions having to peak by 2020.


    The position was then revised again , the target calling for net-zero by 2050. This was due to two developments. (1) The big rise in emissions thro' the 2000s and (2) the changing understanding of what is a safe AGW temperature rise, this being revised down from +2.0ºC to +1.5ºC. Hey, we don't want Greenland starting to melt down, do we?
    Now the concept of "peak by 2020" was always a bit vague. Yes we have 'plateaued' by 2020. But today six years later there is no sign that that 'plateau' is being followed by the decline which would convert that 'plateau' into a 'peak'. Climate scientists did nail-down this emissions limit with the carbon budget. And ther 2016 budget allows the calculation which showed that if emissions 'pateaued' (as they did) we would burn thro' that budget by 2021 (for a 66% chance of dodging +1.5C) or by 2025 (for a 50% chance).2016 carbon budget


    However climate scientists did not throw in the towel but re-rigged the budget to include a big period of net-negative emissions post net-zero. My scaling of the size of this net-negative a while back suggested it would involve the anthropogenic draw-down of all our emissions made after 2008, this achieved over a century-&-a-half. This 'fix' gave another decades-worth of the 'plateaued' emissions added to the budget. And for the 66% chance, we are halfway thro' that extra time and still 'plateauing'.


    Now my version of the argument that we are in the process of falling off the cliff is not based on the continued 'plateauing'. That situation could change rapidly with the increasing deployment of renewables and energy efficiency measures. But what I see as the problem is that deployment. Where is it?


    I'm a political person and hear politicians of a different stripe mouthing off about impressive levels of renewable 'energy'. One of the stories they employ uses impressive 'electricity' numbers not lac-lustre 'total energy' numbers. That is politicians (who are usually never the sharpest tool in the box) spreading propaganda.
    The other propagandist number they fight to take credit-for here in UK is the national territorial emissions. These are impressive-sounding in UK. Emissions halved since 1990. Or they are lower than any time since 1880. And the numbers are even better if you use 'per capita' figures. Waving these numbers is incredibly deceptive. UK was historically a massive emitter so reductions are't difficult to achieve. Much of the reduction in national emissions which UK politicians try to take credit has been achieved by exporting manufacturing. And the other big factor is converting from coal to gas.


    Globally things are quite desparate. The graphic below shows primary energy from fossil fuel is still increasing. This doesn't reflect emissions because it is the coal-to-gas thing again. Gas is no solution for net-zero emissions. Of the six/seven non-fossil-fuel energy sources in the graph below, hydro and nuclear are non-scalable so also not the solution. The remaining three are none-of-them demonstrating an exponential growth which we need to see. Solar has the most promising scalability and give it a decade we could suddenly see that kicking-in alongside hydrogen and ammonia being used for energy storeage/transportation and more. But the massive works to get that all done are not evident. Discussion of plans for such massive works are not evident. And the clock is ticking.Primary energy by source to 2024


    So we may not be in free-fall off the cliff but we have yet to begin thinking about getting a proper grip to stop ourselves sliding down the slippery slope above that cliff.

  • A look back at ‘An Inconvenient Truth,’ 20 years later

    nigelj at 08:00 AM on 17 May, 2026

    Evan @13, thanks for your comments. I feel there is some grounds for some limited optimism that we have made real progress with the climate issue. You correctly analyse the keeling curve that theres no sign of the keeling curve flattening off. Its depressing to be sure. However I think its hard to see a change, because we haven't done enough yet to make an impact that would appear above the noise in the system. 


    And I would contend its highly likely that the building of renewables has reduced the rate of growth of the keeling curve. Putting it another way, but for renewables total atmospheric CO2 concentrations would be higher than currently. Obviously we cant be certain of this, but basic evidence and logic points that way.


    So as I previously suggested, I think we have some grounds for limited optimism, and should spread a message that we are making some progress but its not nearly enough.


    I agree that some commentators over hype the progress we have made. That is definitely neither accurate or helpful. But if we scare people too much so that the problem looks huge and insurmountable, this will discourage climate action. 


    -------------------------------------------


    Prove we are smart @14


    "Nigelj@11, I would rather scare them awake than a little uncomfortably numb."


    That has generally been my preference. But if you scare people too much, especially if you exaggerate the dangers, or spread a message we are doomed, then you discourage people form taking any climate action.


    If I felt we really were doomed, I would say so, and obviously theres no point promoting action to mitigate the problem. We would be stuck purely with adaptation. But I do have some limited optimism we have made a difference, and can make more of a difference. Therefore I think the message should be we have made some progress but not enough, and if we dont make more progress the outcomes will be very serious, etc,etc.

  • A look back at ‘An Inconvenient Truth,’ 20 years later

    Evan at 19:55 PM on 15 May, 2026

    Prove we are smart & Nigel, I have lost some long posts, but I don't think it is the word limit. What happened to me is that I exceded a time limit after which I had to log in again. I've learned to copy the post into the copy buffer just in case I lose it.


    Nigel@11, optimism without a basis for the optimism is a false hope. It may make you feel good, but will do nothing for your children. And making people feel like we're making progress when we're not could be counter-productive, if it puts them to sleep. 


    At some point we have to accept that things will continue to worsen, and we need to put time and effort into preparing society for what is coming. For me the contrast could not be worse than an administration who says climate change is a hoax, and so many climate scientists who say we are making great progress reighning in emissions.


    All the while the Keeling curve accelerates upwards at a horifying rate.


    Nigel, I am a positive, happy person. But I am also a research engineer. And research engineers live and die by analyzing data and coming to honest conclusions about what the trends say. 


    But thanks for your optimism. I hope for the world's sake that I am wrong.

  • A look back at ‘An Inconvenient Truth,’ 20 years later

    prove we are smart at 09:02 AM on 14 May, 2026

    Thanks Evan, we have to turn a blind eye to so,so much and hearing the renewable winning conversions and those wonderful new ev's, we are surely getting there! We know green washing is used to good effect to subdue the masses. The system must be protected by any means. I understand yours/mine frustration. Sometimes my opinion is we really are just kicking the can down the road-minus the lid, which we have recycled. We have become so desentisized and I thought the internet would enlighten and make people less insular, ha.


    I know governments have rarely but deperately forced their citizens into new systems and this would surely? lead to riots for the obvious reasons, however for interest sake, I asked this question, 


    Should the governments be fixing climate change by enacting themselves a war powers act?
    "Short answer:
    Invoking war‑powers–style authority to fight climate change is one of the most extreme governance models available. It’s been proposed by some scholars, rejected by others, and sits at the uncomfortable intersection of democratic legitimacy, emergency politics, and planetary risk. Whether governments should do it depends on how you weigh speed vs. democracy, risk vs. rights, and effectiveness vs. legitimacy. You should confirm any political information with trusted sources.


    Below is a structured, evidence‑based breakdown tailored to the way you like to think — analytically, comparatively, and with attention to systems.


    ???? 1. What a “war powers” approach would actually mean
    A war‑powers framework typically includes:


    Centralised executive authority


    Rapid mobilisation of resources


    Suspension or bypassing of normal legislative processes


    Compulsory measures (rationing, industrial direction, emergency procurement)


    Nationalisation or commandeering of key industries


    Applied to climate change, this could look like:


    Mandated phase‑out schedules for fossil fuels


    Forced industrial conversion (e.g., coal plants → grid storage)


    Rationing of high‑emissions activities


    Emergency funding for renewables, grid upgrades, and adaptation


    Restrictions on certain products or sectors


    This is not hypothetical — during WWII, the US, UK, and Australia all used similar mechanisms to reshape entire economies within months.


    ????️ 2. Why some argue it is justified
    These arguments come from climate scientists, political theorists, and risk scholars:


    A. Climate change is a slow‑moving existential threat
    The IPCC describes climate change as a “threat multiplier” that destabilises food systems, water security, and geopolitics.


    Several planetary boundaries — including climate, biosphere integrity, and biogeochemical flows — are already breached. * my add-aren't 7 of these 9 boundaries been already breached? * 


    B. Normal democratic processes are too slow
    Emissions reductions require structural change across energy, transport, agriculture, and industry.


    Legislative cycles and partisan gridlock often delay action for decades.


    C. Emergency powers have precedent for non‑military crises
    Bushfires, pandemics, and natural disasters already trigger emergency powers.


    Some argue climate change is simply a long-duration disaster.


    D. The cost of inaction is higher than the cost of emergency mobilisation
    Delayed mitigation increases long‑term economic damage, displacement, and adaptation costs.


    ???? 3. Why others argue it would be dangerous
    These concerns come from constitutional scholars, civil liberties groups, and political scientists:


    A. Emergency powers tend to expand and linger
    Historically, once governments acquire extraordinary powers, they rarely give them back quickly.


    B. Risk of democratic erosion
    Concentrated executive authority can weaken checks and balances.


    Climate policy could become politicised as “authoritarian environmentalism”.


    C. Public backlash
    Forced measures without democratic consent can trigger resistance, populist backlash, or destabilisation.


    Climate action requires social legitimacy to endure across decades.


    D. Effectiveness is not guaranteed
    Command‑and‑control economies can misallocate resources.


    Market‑based and regulatory approaches often outperform coercive ones when well‑designed.


    ⚖️ 4. The middle ground: “Emergency governance without authoritarian drift”
    Some scholars propose hybrid models:


    Climate emergency declarations with targeted powers


    Fast‑track permitting for renewable infrastructure


    Mandatory national carbon budgets


    Independent climate authorities (like central banks for emissions)


    Crisis‑style industrial policy without suspending civil liberties


    This approach aims to capture the speed of emergency mobilisation without the risks of war‑powers centralisation.


    ???? 5. The real tension: planetary boundaries vs. political boundaries
    Your question hits the core dilemma of 21st‑century governance:


    Can democratic systems act fast enough to stay within planetary boundaries?


    If the answer is “no”, societies face a choice:


    Transform democracy to act faster, or


    Accept higher climate risk, or


    Adopt emergency‑style governance, or


    Invent new institutions that preserve rights while accelerating action


    There is no consensus — only trade‑offs.


    ???? 6. Where this leaves your question
    Should governments do it?
    Different perspectives exist:


    Some argue yes, because the climate crisis is existential and time‑critical.


    Others argue no, because emergency powers risk democratic backsliding.


    Most serious scholars argue for a hybrid, where governments adopt emergency‑level mobilisation within democratic constraints.


    Ultimately, the answer depends on your weighting of:


    Urgency


    Legitimacy


    Risk tolerance


    Trust in institutions"


    In my opinion number 4 is the go but...

  • A look back at ‘An Inconvenient Truth,’ 20 years later

    Evan at 08:50 AM on 14 May, 2026

    Prove we are smart, I like the way you think, and concur with much of what you've written, especially the concept of a wartime economy mindset to turn things around.


    One of the best examples of what a wartime economy can do is typified by how fast the US built liberty transport ships. These were ships to carry cargo to Europe. Whereas typical liberty ships took a month to complete, the SS Robert E. Peary was built in a little over 4 and half days, to demonstrate the manufacturing might of the US. 


    We have the ability to make a difference, and what you suggest about the mentality of a wartime economy makes sense, except that a wartime economy is typically tolerated by a motivated public (in WWII we were motivated by the attack on Pearl Harbor) for a short time, but tackling climate change requires a much, much longer time span. I question whether we could convince the public to maintain such a mindset for the length of time required.


    But I like many of your ideas!

  • A look back at ‘An Inconvenient Truth,’ 20 years later

    prove we are smart at 07:20 AM on 14 May, 2026

    Thanks Evan, we have to turn a blind eye to so,so much and hearing the renewable winning conversions and those wonderful new ev's, we are surely getting there! We know green washing is used to good effect to subdue the masses. The system must be protected by any means. I understand yours/mine frustration. Sometimes my opinion is we really are just kicking the can down the road-minus the lid, which we have recycled. We have become so desentisized and I thought the internet would enlighten and make people less insular, ha.


    I know governments have rarely but deperately forced their citizens into new systems and this would surely? lead to riots for the obvious reasons, however for interest sake, I asked this question, 


    Should the governments be fixing climate change by enacting themselves a war powers act?
    "Short answer:
    Invoking war‑powers–style authority to fight climate change is one of the most extreme governance models available. It’s been proposed by some scholars, rejected by others, and sits at the uncomfortable intersection of democratic legitimacy, emergency politics, and planetary risk. Whether governments should do it depends on how you weigh speed vs. democracy, risk vs. rights, and effectiveness vs. legitimacy. You should confirm any political information with trusted sources.


    Below is a structured, evidence‑based breakdown tailored to the way you like to think — analytically, comparatively, and with attention to systems.


    ???? 1. What a “war powers” approach would actually mean
    A war‑powers framework typically includes:


    Centralised executive authority


    Rapid mobilisation of resources


    Suspension or bypassing of normal legislative processes


    Compulsory measures (rationing, industrial direction, emergency procurement)


    Nationalisation or commandeering of key industries


    Applied to climate change, this could look like:


    Mandated phase‑out schedules for fossil fuels


    Forced industrial conversion (e.g., coal plants → grid storage)


    Rationing of high‑emissions activities


    Emergency funding for renewables, grid upgrades, and adaptation


    Restrictions on certain products or sectors


    This is not hypothetical — during WWII, the US, UK, and Australia all used similar mechanisms to reshape entire economies within months.


    ????️ 2. Why some argue it is justified
    These arguments come from climate scientists, political theorists, and risk scholars:


    A. Climate change is a slow‑moving existential threat
    The IPCC describes climate change as a “threat multiplier” that destabilises food systems, water security, and geopolitics.


    Several planetary boundaries — including climate, biosphere integrity, and biogeochemical flows — are already breached. * my add-aren't 7 of these 9 boundaries been already breached? * 


    B. Normal democratic processes are too slow
    Emissions reductions require structural change across energy, transport, agriculture, and industry.


    Legislative cycles and partisan gridlock often delay action for decades.


    C. Emergency powers have precedent for non‑military crises
    Bushfires, pandemics, and natural disasters already trigger emergency powers.


    Some argue climate change is simply a long-duration disaster.


    D. The cost of inaction is higher than the cost of emergency mobilisation
    Delayed mitigation increases long‑term economic damage, displacement, and adaptation costs.


    ???? 3. Why others argue it would be dangerous
    These concerns come from constitutional scholars, civil liberties groups, and political scientists:


    A. Emergency powers tend to expand and linger
    Historically, once governments acquire extraordinary powers, they rarely give them back quickly.


    B. Risk of democratic erosion
    Concentrated executive authority can weaken checks and balances.


    Climate policy could become politicised as “authoritarian environmentalism”.


    C. Public backlash
    Forced measures without democratic consent can trigger resistance, populist backlash, or destabilisation.


    Climate action requires social legitimacy to endure across decades.


    D. Effectiveness is not guaranteed
    Command‑and‑control economies can misallocate resources.


    Market‑based and regulatory approaches often outperform coercive ones when well‑designed.


    ⚖️ 4. The middle ground: “Emergency governance without authoritarian drift”
    Some scholars propose hybrid models:


    Climate emergency declarations with targeted powers


    Fast‑track permitting for renewable infrastructure


    Mandatory national carbon budgets


    Independent climate authorities (like central banks for emissions)


    Crisis‑style industrial policy without suspending civil liberties


    This approach aims to capture the speed of emergency mobilisation without the risks of war‑powers centralisation.


    ???? 5. The real tension: planetary boundaries vs. political boundaries
    Your question hits the core dilemma of 21st‑century governance:


    Can democratic systems act fast enough to stay within planetary boundaries?


    If the answer is “no”, societies face a choice:


    Transform democracy to act faster, or


    Accept higher climate risk, or


    Adopt emergency‑style governance, or


    Invent new institutions that preserve rights while accelerating action


    There is no consensus — only trade‑offs.


    ???? 6. Where this leaves your question
    Should governments do it?
    Different perspectives exist:


    Some argue yes, because the climate crisis is existential and time‑critical.


    Others argue no, because emergency powers risk democratic backsliding.


    Most serious scholars argue for a hybrid, where governments adopt emergency‑level mobilisation within democratic constraints.


    Ultimately, the answer depends on your weighting of:


    Urgency


    Legitimacy


    Risk tolerance


    Trust in institutions"


    In my opinion number 4 is the go but...

  • A look back at ‘An Inconvenient Truth,’ 20 years later

    prove we are smart at 11:57 AM on 13 May, 2026

    I think we all feel increasing dread from our seemingly forever increasing atmospheric CO2 readings.  Here is an interesting review from how the world did slow the increase in CO2 for a while-  My microsoft "co-pilot" offered me these facts to the asked question..


    " Are you interested in quantifying how much each event slowed the annual ppm increase (e.g., comparing Keeling Curve slopes before/after each event)?
    Yes — and more importantly, it’s a scientifically meaningful thing to do, because it lets you separate narrative (“the pandemic slowed emissions”) from quantitative signal detection (“did the atmospheric growth rate actually change, and by how much?”).


    Here’s the concise takeaway first:


    Yes, you can quantify how much each event slowed the annual CO₂ growth rate by comparing the Keeling Curve slope before and after each event — but only a few events (e.g., the 1973 oil crisis, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the 2008 financial crisis, and COVID‑19) produce a detectable, statistically significant deviation, and even then the effect is small relative to natural variability.


    Below is a structured way to think about it, plus what you’d likely find if you actually ran the numbers.


    ????️ 1. What “quantifying the slowdown” actually means
    You’re essentially asking for:



    Where slope = annual mean CO₂ increase (ppm/yr), typically computed using:


    A 5‑year window before the event


    A 5‑year window after the event


    Deseasonalized Mauna Loa monthly data


    A linear regression for each window


    This isolates the trend rather than the short-term wiggles.


    ???? 2. What events are large enough to show up in the Keeling Curve?
    Only events that cause multi‑gigaton, multi‑year changes in emissions can produce a detectable signal in atmospheric growth rate.


    Events that might show up:


    1973–74 oil crisis


    1980–82 recession


    1991 Soviet collapse


    2008–09 global financial crisis


    2020 COVID‑19 lockdowns


    Events that won’t show up:


    Individual policy changes


    Single-year emission dips < 1 GtCO₂


    Regional events (e.g., EU recession alone)


    Anything shorter than ~6 months


    The atmosphere integrates globally and has inertia.


    ???? 3. What the numbers typically show (based on published analyses)
    These are approximate, but they’re consistent across NOAA, Scripps, and peer‑reviewed studies.


    1973 oil crisis
    Pre-event slope: ~1.3 ppm/yr


    Post-event slope: ~1.1 ppm/yr


    Δ slope ≈ –0.2 ppm/yr for ~2 years


    1991 Soviet collapse
    Pre-event slope: ~1.5 ppm/yr


    Post-event slope: ~1.2 ppm/yr


    Δ slope ≈ –0.3 ppm/yr for ~3 years


    2008 financial crisis
    Pre-event slope: ~2.1 ppm/yr


    Post-event slope: ~1.8 ppm/yr


    Δ slope ≈ –0.3 ppm/yr for ~1–2 years


    2020 COVID‑19
    Emissions dropped ~7% globally


    But atmospheric growth rate dropped only ~0.2–0.3 ppm/yr


    Δ slope ≈ –0.25 ppm/yr for ~1 year


    Why the effect is always small
    Because:


    Atmospheric CO₂ growth is dominated by cumulative emissions, not annual changes.


    Natural variability (ENSO) is ±1 ppm/yr, which is larger than most human-caused dips.


    The ocean and biosphere buffer short-term changes.


    This is why even COVID barely dented the curve. ( my add, so although longer lasting oil crises, regime and financial collapses and pandemic lock-downs will definitely/finally reduce the curve, should this be our future?)


    ???? The deeper pattern
    Every slowdown corresponds to one of three categories:


    Energy supply shocks (1973, 1979)


    Global economic collapses (Great Depression, COVID‑19)


    Large‑scale wars (WWI, WWII)


    None were climate‑policy driven. The only sustained, policy‑driven flattening appears in some national emissions, not global totals." 


    To me,  perhaps honestly for my mental health, I need to see some new/better? at least partly global fix-it talks. Ha, thoughtfully, the invites didn't include China,Russia,Usa and India-These countries were considered to be bad actors to genuine progress- call me naive but my ability to be a positive role model instead of the opposite has to be something- that link again and for what it's worth, the people attending said good things too.. www.carbonbrief.org/santa-marta-key-outcomes-from-first-summit-on-transitioning-away-from-fossil-fuels/


     

  • A look back at ‘An Inconvenient Truth,’ 20 years later

    Evan at 21:03 PM on 12 May, 2026

    This articles states,


    The International Energy Agency estimates that since 2015, climate and clean energy policies around the world have erased a full degree from Earth’s global warming trajectory.


    And yet the Keeling curve is still accelerating upwards, and recently recorded its largest year-on-year increase in the Keeling's curve history (read here). For all the praise given to the great progress we're making tackling climate change, the Keeling curve continues to accelerate.


    I find it disengenuous that we continue to assure readers we are doing very well tacking climate change, when the most important barometer we have (i.e., the Keeling Curve) keeps reminding us that nothing we've done, nothing, has stopped its upward acceleration. Apparently we are not doing nearly enough.

  • A look back at ‘An Inconvenient Truth,’ 20 years later

    prove we are smart at 18:13 PM on 12 May, 2026

    From this self explanitory link here, theconversation.com/ten-years-on-how-al-gores-an-inconvenient-truth-made-its-mark-59387 "While most of the research into the impact of AIT investigates the direct effect on viewers, a potentially more significant impact is the film’s role in inspiring others to follow Gore’s example in communicating the issue of climate change to others.


    Personally, I can attest to this influence. Before 2006, I hadn’t given much thought to the climate change issue. Watching AIT raised a number of questions about the human role in global warming.


    With the issue salient in my mind, I got into conversations with family members who happened to reject the scientific consensus on climate change. This precipitated the founding of Skeptical Science, which led to me becoming a researcher in climate communication at the University of Queensland.


    I’ve spoken to or know of many other climate communicators whose awareness of the issue dawned with their viewing of AIT. While the direct effect of the original screening of the film may have dissipated, the impact of those inspired to communicate the realities of climate change persists."


    There would be very many grateful people, myself included, now fact informed by Skeptical Science thankyou. We all know it will need global cooperation to halt global warming. The tasks to mostly eliminate fossil fuel use is a complex but hopefully not an impossible one.


    Maybe I'm being naive but this gathering of many countries for the first summit for transitioning away from fossil fuels gives me better hope, www.carbonbrief.org/santa-marta-key-outcomes-from-first-summit-on-transitioning-away-from-fossil-fuels/

  • 2026 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #18

    One Planet Only Forever at 06:45 AM on 5 May, 2026

    prove we are smart @4,


    paraphrasing your question:


    ... does that mean you can tell [the character of the citizens of] a nation by [the actions of] their leaders?


    It is not reasonable to generalize about all citizens of a nation based on the actions of their leaders regarding issues like limiting the harms resulting from human-caused global warming and climate change. But you can differentiate the popularity of harmful influence within nations based on the history of actions by leaders-of-the-moment (political and business).


    Every nation will have a range, potentially a very broad range, of citizen attitudes regarding climate change.


    Also note, nations with more than 50% of the population wanting more action to limit climate change harm can have significant popular support for leaders-of-the-moment that act in ways that significantly conflict with the interest of their citizens. For many people an interest in things like lower taxes or an unjustifiable dislike of other types of people can over-power other interests.

  • The really big picture, in four pictures

    ubrew12 at 22:00 PM on 3 May, 2026

    "Will we?  I can only hope"  I don't believe we will, for an odd reason having to do with human character:  Fossil interests have convinced many people that Climate Concern is, ultimately, a question of faith.  As in "since God would not allow our home to become unlivable, why worry?"  Encouraged to think that way, many people have come to think that this is a game of 'chicken', and to become alarmed by Climate Change is to lose the game.  And this attitude is supported by our experience with the idea of reversibility: if there really is a cliff at the end of this trail, lets just wait until we see the cliff in person, and then we'll reverse course.  I tell people that the real danger of Climate Change is not severity, it's irreversibility.  That is, in this case, for the climate to change, first you warm a planet.  Then, if you don't like the climate that results, well, then what?  Reverse course?  How do you unwarm a planet?  And that's the part of this that people aren't thinking about.  Everything in our history suggests we can backtrack away from danger, once it finally becomes visible.  On this issue, once you can see the danger its too late: not only is the planet not going to cool itself on command, but internal mechanisms, like sheer momentum, mean the danger will grow.  We're stuck in a game of 'chicken' and our fellow passengers are saying "I'm not afraid, why are you?  Find some backbone!", and simultaneously are thinking "Well, if it gets bad, we'll just turn around."

  • Transition risk: The human cost of net zero

    prove we are smart at 21:17 PM on 30 April, 2026

    Thanks Dr Dressler for posting that draft text for your chapter on Transition Risks. Wow!, its only been maybe 30yrs and counting since world-wide, climate scientists formed a 97% consensus about anthropogenic global warming. Wonder what happened with the denialists?


    Now 2026 and it's still working: Change is coming but lets keep it slow, make it unequal and really, it's way too much trouble at this time-spead the green-washing and mis/dis information, militarise your police and increase surveillance. Oh, distraction,distraction..


    Our biosphere is circling the drain while again, humanity has circled the moon. (The planet will keep going and my thoughts are humanity's golden age may still happen/ has happened- mood dependent.) 25yrs ago, I was too busy raising my kids and paying off a modest mortgage, now I'm retired and I know much more about the many different real costs of my 69 years.


    We need this change but if it's not with people power and it may be the change you get, not the change you want.

  • Transition risk: The human cost of net zero

    Bob Loblaw at 05:28 AM on 30 April, 2026

    Michael:


    I think the problem is that this represents a form of the Prisoner's Dilemma. Being fair to everyone requires a level of cooperation. But some people feel their greatest individual gain comes from not caring about the others and maximizing their individual profit.


    Before posting this, I actually checked to see what Wikipedia says about the Prisoner's Dilemma. Under real-life examples, environmental studies, climate change is actually their first example.

  • Transition risk: The human cost of net zero

    michael sweet at 04:55 AM on 30 April, 2026

    I think this is a thoughtful and well written OP.


    I wonder why working to stop climate disaster we have to be fair to everyone, including those who have profited from climate disruption.  Meanwhile the adoption of AI is done with only concern about who will make the most money off the change.


    Why does climate concern have to take the hard road?

  • Transition risk: The human cost of net zero

    walschuler at 02:11 AM on 30 April, 2026

    This is a clear and beautiful summary of the issues related to a transition to net zero  emissions, especially in regard to the social issues it raises. It does not, however, discuss the relevance of market externalities such as induced climate change costs like spread of disease, storm damage increases, crop failures, forest fires, heat-caused deaths, to the prices of goods, or how the inclusion of such costs in the prices might influence the transition. On a longer term there ought to be work on economies in declining or steady state populations, because everlasting growth in them will encounter limits, the oldest argument, a la Malthus. It is the rare economist who wants to think  about that.

  • The really big picture, in four pictures

    Evan at 20:13 PM on 24 April, 2026

    Great job on creating nice, clearly communicating visuals. They really help tell the story. But I have a question related to point 5. The author writes,


    It’s real. It’s us. It’s bad. We’re sure. And we can fix it.


    ... we’re now about one-third through the energy transition in final energy terms.


    And yet the Keeling Curve is still accelerating upwards. From 2023 to 2024 we had the single largest recorded one-year jump in atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Climate change: atmospheric carbon dioxide). 


    If we are making such great strides in the energy transition, then why is the Keeling Curve still accelerating upwards?. In the end, what matters is what the Keeling Curve is doing. I encourage people to plan their futures based on what the Keeling Curve is doing.


    Remember that the "wrecking ball" in the White House is there because a majority of Americans wanted him there. Apparently there are issues for many people more important than clean energy transitions.


    Just be cause we theoretically can fix it doesn't mean we will have the will to fix. So far we are losing the battle, if you believe the Keeling Curve.

  • Human-caused climate change is unmistakably distinct from Earth’s natural climate variability

    rkcannon at 17:14 PM on 18 April, 2026

    Rebuttal: Systems Analysis vs. Circular Reasoning


    Subject: Response to Moderator Comments regarding Bhatta (2024) and Marks-Peterson (2026)


    While the ad hominem labels—"amateur" and "naive"—provide a look into the moderator’s temperament, they do not address the physical and statistical discrepancies presented. As a Professional Engineer (PE), I prefer to evaluate the Transfer Functions of a system rather than the consensus of the "grown-ups."


    1. On Circular Reasoning and System Gain
    The moderator admits that the Nature paper (Marks-Peterson et al., 2026) requires "important contributions" from albedo and ocean circulation to explain a 2.5°C cooling while CO2 remained stable.


    The Logic: To claim CO2 is the "key" control knob, only to demote it to a "passenger" whenever the data shows the planet cooling without its help, is circular reasoning.


    The Math: Since the early 1900s, human CO2 emissions have increased by over 1,700%. If a seventeen-fold increase in the supposed "driver" results in a warming rate statistically similar to 1910, a rational systems analysis concludes the system is insensitive to that input.


    2. The Failure of "Aerosol Masking"
    The argument that mid-century cooling was "masked" by aerosols fails the spatial and modern test.


    The Discrepancy: If industrial aerosols were a primary "cooling shield," China—with the world’s highest coal-related aerosol loading—should have been a global cool spot. Instead, China has warmed faster than the global average.


    The Conclusion: You cannot invoke a "masking shield" to explain the 1940s cooling while ignoring its failure to stop warming in modern Asia. This is curve-fitting, not physics.


    3. The Measured Driver: Albedo and the CERES Data
    The moderator’s focus on 21-year surface trends ignores the most robust data set we have: the CERES satellite record.


    The Data: Since 2000, CERES has measured a 0.8% drop in Earth’s albedo. This change in reflectivity has added roughly 2.7 W/m2 to the Earth's energy budget—effectively 100% of the warming forcing that the IPCC attributes to CO2 over the last 250 years.


    4. The Missing "Fingerprint" and UHI Bias
    If CO2 were the driver, the laws of physics dictate a "Tropical Hot Spot" in the upper troposphere. Decades of radiosonde and satellite data show this fingerprint is missing. The warming we do see is surface-based and highly correlated with Urban Heat Island (UHI) contamination. When you "homogenize" data by forcing rural stations to match urban trends, you aren't measuring global climate; you're measuring the encroachment of asphalt on thermometers.


    Conclusion
    Rational skepticism demands that models reconcile with empirical history. If the planet cooled 2.5°C with no change in CO2 in the Pliocene, and cooled for 40 years during a CO2 surge in the 20th century, the "Control Knob" theory is functionally dead. It is fascinating to watch the "Immune System" of this forum react; the Killer T-cells are working overtime to neutralize empirical data that looks like a "foreign invader" to the dogma. Nature doesn't care about your PhD or your moderation policy if your math is wrong.

  • Human-caused climate change is unmistakably distinct from Earth’s natural climate variability

    MA Rodger at 21:37 PM on 16 April, 2026

    Moderator Response @1,


    The amateur analysis of 'global average' temperature linked @1 by rkcannon is entirely naive in its method and in its reporting of conclusions.
    It concludes "...the notion that CO2 is the primary driver of global warming. If this were the case, periods with higher CO2 emissions would exhibit a faster rate of warming than periods with lower emissions," pointing to what the amateur calls his finding that "...long-term temperature rise was steeper in earlier periods when CO2 emissions were modest compared to current levels. These results hold despite changes in how time periods are defined ... and how weather stations are selected ... .")
    The grand analysis supporting such a bold assertion looked at 100, 500 and then 992 selected weather stations (so all land sites), selected for the level of data available and then calculates the temperature trends for 42, 35, 30 & 21 year periods. The 100 station results presented show the temperature trends for the latest periods are by far the steepest in two centuries under analysis, 1815-2024. (42y +0.24ºC/decade, 35y +0.25ºC/dec, 30y +0.33ºC/dec, 21y +0.41ºC/dec) which of course entirely contradicts the conclusions presented in the analysis.
    So that's worse than "amateur"!!


    The other link @1 by rkcannon is to Marks-Peterson et al (2026) which is paywalled but an associated paper Shackleton et al (2026) 'Global ocean heat content over the past 3 million years' is not. These two papers drew coverage at RealClimate. Both papers examine very very old ice which provides data with less accurate age such that ice age cycles are fuzzed out.
    The two papers are pointing to a more complex cooling 3My-0,5My bp. From the press release:-



    "The implications of the results are that the cooling of the last 3 million years probably involves, in addition to the key role of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, important contributions from other components of the climate system such as Earth’s reflectivity, variations in vegetation and/or ice cover and ocean circulation."



    Somehow there are crazy folk gleaning straws from the science to present misguided support for their crackpot version of reality. The account of Marks-Peterson et al (2026) nailed-up on the rogue planetoid Wattsuppia was headlined 'Shock New Evidence Showing No Link Between CO2 and Temperature Over Last Three Million Years Stumps Net Zero Activists' and such coverage prompted a few grownups to explain the true implications fo the two papers.

  • Skeptical Science New Research for Week #14 2026

    One Planet Only Forever at 06:59 AM on 10 April, 2026

    michael sweet @9 and John Hartz @10,


    The Climate Home News item, Major oil producers among 46 nations joining fossil fuel phase-out summit, dated April 1, 2026, list 46 nations that confirmed they plan to join the host nation, Colombia, in the First International Conference on the Just Transition Away From Fossil Fuels.


    The following news release by Citizens’ Climate Lobby Canada – Lobby Climatique des Citoyens, The First-of-Its-Kind International Climate Conference Many Canadians Haven’t Heard of, Dated April 2, 2026, includes the following quote:


    In March, Canadian civil society mobilized strongly, with over 120 organizations from across the country signing on a joint open letter, urging Canada to demonstrate credible and meaningful leadership at a critical moment for global climate action.


    That action is aligned with what Thomas Piketty says in his book A Brief History of Equality, that I mentioned and quoted in my comment @1 on 2026 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #14. Collective action by a diversity of groups will be required to effectively push against the resistance of undeserving pursuers of perceptions of Superiority/Winning.


    Selected parts of the quotes from Piketty’s book at the end of my News Roundup #14 comment (my highlighting of the last sentence):


    ... in the past, it has always been struggles and collective movements that have made it possible to replace old [harmful unsustainable] structures with new institutions.

    For the countries most affected (in particular in the global South), the attenuation of the effects of a warming climate and financing for measures to adapt to it will require a transformation of the distribution of wealth and the economic system as a whole, and this in turn will involve the development of new political and social coalitions on a global scale. The idea that there might be only winners is a dangerous and anesthetizing illusion that must be abandoned immediately.

  • 2026 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #14

    One Planet Only Forever at 08:54 AM on 8 April, 2026

    Recent SkS posted items raise important awareness and understanding related to the historic challenge of dealing with the damage done by people who choose to fail to responsibly learn to self-regulate their actions. Thank you to Doug and Marc for curating and sharing the Weekly New Research, and to Baerbel, John, and Doug (again) for curating and sharing the Weekly News Roundups.


    A related item in this week’s Climate Policy and Politics list is, Vermont Hits Back at Trump’s Effort to Block ‘Climate Superfund’ Law. It is about responsible leaders struggling to use the powers they have, State powers in Vermont, to penalize and limit the climate change harm done by the global team of undeserving economic winners.


    Responsible leadership struggles to effectively discourage and disappoint people who want to benefit from being: less accepting of diversity, more harmful, and less helpful. Humanity, especially its leaders, has a history of struggling regionally and globally to collectively correct and recover from results of harmful pursuits of benefit and get the beneficiaries of the harm done to make equitable and adequate reparations. It is more challenging when members of a regional or global club of harmful unhelpful people Win positions of power that enable them to make-up inequitable rules and harmfully enforce rules to avoid being penalized and to threaten, penalize and punish everyone they believe is a potential threat to their undeserved perceptions of superiority.


    People passionately pursuing being perceived to be “The Winners” are most likely “The Problem”.


    Restricting a person’s freedom to continue to benefit from understandably unsustainable harmful actions - does not harm them.


    Penalizing a person for benefiting from understandably harmful actions and making their penalty help those who have been harmed - does not harm them.


     


    An earlier related item is the study The political economy of leaving fossil fuels underground: The case of producing countries, listed in Open Access Notables in Skeptical Science New Research for Week #13 2026.


    The study discusses the challenging temptation to pursue ‘Private Profits and Rents’ while creating ‘Public Problems’ by extracting and exporting non-renewable resources, especially challenging for developing nations.
    The developed economic system is fatally flawed in many ways. One of the major flaws is that it values the removal and use of non-renewable resources, and ignores the harm done (it also encourages more harm to be done because it is easier and more profitable to be more harmful). Non-renewable resources have no value when they are left in the ground.


    And the challenge is made worse by unjust made-up rules like the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty (Wikipedia link) (ECT). The EU formally withdrew from the ECT in June 2024. But the ECT rules were include ‘protection’ of Fossil Fuel investment rewards for 20 years after withdrawal (to 2044).


     


    Another recent related item is Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon, the first item listed in Open Access Notables in Skeptical Science New Research for Week #14 2026, (which was the basis of news item, Past CO2 emissions may drive far bigger future economic losses, in 2026 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #13). The study explains that calculating the penalty owed today for fossil fuel harms of emissions-to-date should begin as early as 1980 and extend far into the future.


    The following quote is regarding the earliest date it would be reasonable to say leaders would struggle to deny understanding the harmfulness of fossil fuel use:


    To estimate when to begin counting emissions, we set our baseline ‘year of knowledge’ as 1990, or a year after the establishment of the IPCC. This is perhaps conservative: using text-based analysis of United Nations documents, other analyses set the date a decade earlier, and internal company documents reveal that some major emitters were aware of climate risks beginning around 1980.


    Any pursuer of profit from fossil fuel use since 1990, and potentially since 1980, would struggle to credibly claim that they were unaware of the harm done by fossil fuel use. This reinforces the understanding that the Energy Charter Treaty was an unjust rule made-up by undeserving wealthy people.


     


    Both studies also relate to Don Gillmore’s 2025 book, On Oil that I recently commented about (here @ comment 25 on the SkS post, After a major blow to U.S. climate regulations, what comes next?). In addition to presenting the general understanding that Alberta and other regional populations are easily tempted to pursue benefit from harmful fossil fuel use, and things really took off in about 1980, the chapter titled The Battle Begins opens with the following reinforcement of 1980 as a legitimate start date for evaluating penalties to apply to beneficiaries of harmful fossil fuel use:


    In 1980, Ronald Reagan became president of the United States and appointed James Watt, a determined anti-environmentalist, as secretary of the Department of the Interior. Watt described environmentalists as “a leftwing cult dedicated to bringing down the type of government I believe in,” and refused to meet with them. Watt was a devout Christian who believed the End Times were near. “I do not know,” he said to Congress in 1981, “how many future generations we can count on before the Lord returns.” In the meantime there wasn’t much point in preserving the environment. Reagan concurred, telling television evangelist Jim Bakker, “We may be the generation that sees Armageddon.”


    Anne Gorsuch, a lawyer who was scornful of climate science (and whose son Neil sits on the Supreme Court), was given the role of Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and cut the EPA budget by 22 percent and staff by almost 30 percent. Enforcement declined by 79 percent during her first year. She hired people from the industries the EPA was supposed to be regulating, tried to weaken pollution standards, and facilitated the use of restricted-use pesticides. She resigned in 1983 amid scandal, ... Her most lasting legacy may have been to solidify political battle lines around oil and the environment: If you were a Republican, you were pro-development and, if not anti-environment, at least anti-environmentalist. It began as a corporate issue, then became a political issue and to some extent a generational issue, and finally, like so much these days, it became a tribal issue.


    The formation of the ECT in 1994, 14 years after 1980, should be understood to be a misleading attempt to unjustifiably obtain benefit and protect against the loss of undeserved perceptions of superiority. And since 1980 it has continually become clearer that investments in new fossil fuel pursuits should be considered to be bets in the marketplace that deserve whatever ‘penalties or losses of opportunity for benefit’ happen. The people who benefited from the delay of transition away from fossil fuel use since 1980, particularly business leaders and investors, could and should be penalized rather than be protected and rewarded. ‘Legal creations’ like the ECT should not be able to be used to evade penalty for past ‘bad bets made on benefiting from fossil fuel use’.


    There is a long diverse history of harmful pursers of personal benefit seriously damaging and delaying the development of sustainable improvements for the future of humanity. The, now officially discredited, Doctrine of Discovery developed as Papal Bulls in the 1400s (Link to Canadian Museum for Human Rights) and was formally brought into American Law by US Supreme Court Justice John Marshall in 1823 (Link to Wikipedia). It was misleading marketing to excuse undeniably harmful colonialism, racism, and slavery. The incorrect beliefs about the ‘fundamental superiority of a sub-set of humanity’ persist in the supposedly most advanced societies today, and contaminate the thoughts and actions in many developing societies, allowing neocolonialism (link to Wikipedia) to flourish.


    People passionately pursuing being perceived to be “The Winners” are most likely “The Problem”.


     


    I have also been re-reading Thomas Piketty’s 2021 book, A Brief History of Equality (first english translation 2022). The following are selected related quotes:


    From Chapter 9, Exiting Neocolonialism, which includes a sub-section with the heading, The Pretenses of International Aid and Climate Policies.


    The battle for equality is not over. It must be continued by pushing to its logical conclusion the movement toward the welfare state, progressive taxation, real equality, and the struggle against all kinds of discrimination. The battle also, and especially, involves a structural transformation of the global economic system [including reparations (penalties) for harms done by past emissions, and no compensation for people claiming to be harmed by restrictions of their harmfulness and penalties for being harmful] .

    Our current economic organization, which is founded on the uncontrolled circulation of capital lacking either a social or environmental objective, often resembles a form of neocolonialism that benefits the wealthiest persons. This model of development is politically and ecologically untenable. Moving beyond it requires the transformation of the national welfare state into a federal [multi-national] welfare state open to the global South, along with a profound revision of the rules and treaties that currently govern globalization.
    ...
    We must also emphasize the extreme hypocrisy that surrounds the very notion of international aid. First, public aid for development is much more limited than is often imagined: in all, it represents less than 0.2 percent of the global GDP (and scarcely 0.03 percent of the global GDP for emergency humanitarian aid). In comparison, the cost of climatic damage inflicted on poor countries by past and current emissions from rich countries amounts by itself to several points of the global GDP. The second problem, which is not a detail [not a minor technicality], is that in most of the countries supposedly “aided” in Africa, South Asia, and elsewhere, the amount of outflow in the form of multinationals’ profits and capital flights [evading taxation] is in reality several times greater than the incoming flows from public assistance, …


    Chapter 10 sub-section with the heading, Climate Change and the Battle Between Ideologies.


    All the transformations [sustainable improvements reducing harmful inequality] discussed in this book, whether the development of the welfare state, progressive taxation, participatory socialism, electoral and educational equality, or the exit from neocolonialism, will occur only if they are accompanied by strong mobilizations and power relationships. There is nothing surprising about that: in the past, it has always been struggles and collective movements that have made it possible to replace old [harmful unsustainable] structures with new institutions.

    Environmental catastrophes are, of course, among the factors that may help accelerate the pace of change. In theory, we could hope that the mere prospect of these catastrophes, whose future occurrence scientific research has increasingly confirmed, might suffice to provoke adequate mobilization. Unfortunately, it is possible that only tangible concrete damage greater than we have already seen will manage to break down conservative attitudes and radically challenge the current economic system.

    In the darkest scenario, the signals will come too late to avoid conflicts between nations over resources, and it will take decades to realize possible, as yet hypothetical reconstructions [sustainable developments like Diversity, Equity and Inclusion pursuits to mitigate and correct high levels of inequality] [we are potentially already experiencing that Darkest Scenario].

    We can also foresee hostile reactions towards countries and social groups whose ways of life have contributed most to the disaster, starting with the richest classes in the United States, but also in Europe and the rest of the world.

    the global North, despite a limited population (about 15% of world population for the United States, Canada, Europe, Russia, and Japan), has produced nearly 80% of the carbon emissions that have accumulated since the beginning of the Industrial Age.

    However, we have to qualify the idea that a green Enlightenment will be likely to save the planet. In reality, people have suspected for a long time – indeed almost since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution – that this accelerated burning of fossil fuels might have harmful effects. If reactions have been slow and remain so limited even today, that is also and especially because the economic interests at stake are considerable, between countries as well as within them. For the countries most affected (in particular in the global South), the attenuation of the effects of a warming climate and financing for measures to adapt to it will require a transformation of the distribution of wealth and the economic system as a whole, and this in turn will involve the development of new political and social coalitions on a global scale. The idea that there might be only winners is a dangerous and anesthetizing illusion that must be abandoned immediately.


    It all closes back to the SkS items that this comment started with.


    People passionately pursuing being perceived to be “The Winners” are most likely “The Problem”.

  • Skeptical Science New Research for Week #14 2026

    prove we are smart at 10:14 AM on 6 April, 2026

    John Hartz @4,  the fact that most American politicians become much more wealthy while in office and after, should tell you many things. With the American president wanting a trillion dollars for the next military budget, this US military is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases of any institution on Earth, generating an estimated 636 million metric tons of CO₂ equivalent (a standardised measure of greenhouse gas emissions) between 2010 and 2019.www.sciencefocus.com/news/us-military-carbon-footprint


    Some countries leaders are deniers of climate change and the USA has now elected twice, a very good example of this. I'm advocating your politicians follow what their constituents want, not what a wanna be dictator wants. The only good thing (from the biospheres perspective), coming from this American/Israeli war is how attractive renewables look as they mostly free a country from fossil fuel dependence.

  • Skeptical Science New Research for Week #14 2026

    michael sweet at 07:43 AM on 6 April, 2026

    John,


    Great references!  There is so much to read.  I hope everyone calls for renewable energy to protect the economy from these expensive price shocks.  It will also help counter climate change.

  • Skeptical Science New Research for Week #14 2026

    John Hartz at 02:00 AM on 6 April, 2026

    Prove we are smart @3:


    Are you advocating that US politicians stick their individual and collective heeads in the sand and completely ignore the realities of man-made climate change? Are politicians supposed to lead, or just follow public opinion like a herd of sheep?

  • Skeptical Science New Research for Week #14 2026

    prove we are smart at 15:13 PM on 5 April, 2026

     Climate Change has dropped below number 8 of the USAs most worried concerns. Inflation/cost of living and health/social security being in the top 3 worries for 6 years now, www.statista.com/chart/32304/key-issues-in-the-us-according-to-respondents/.


    Belatedly, American polititians will hopefully realize, "It's better to admit you went through the wrong door than to spend your life in the wrong room."

  • Skeptical Science New Research for Week #14 2026

    michael sweet at 03:36 AM on 5 April, 2026

    There have been widespread reports in newspapers of countries saying they plan to accelerate installation of renewable energy to escape the fossil fuel roller coaster.  This would slso help with climate change.


    Encourage your representatives to support more renewable energy to reduce prices and stabilize the economy.  Perhaps some politicians who do not care about climate change will go for stabilizing the economy!

  • The El Niño cometh

    prove we are smart at 17:56 PM on 27 March, 2026

    Air masses are related to climate zones. They are large bodies of air that influence weather patterns and climate by carrying specific characteristics, such as temperature and moisture, over different regions.
    Air masses can significantly affect the climate of a region, leading to variations in weather and temperature.


    They are classified based on their source regions and characteristics, which determine their impact on local climates. The interaction of air masses with geographical features contributes to the establishment of climate zones, such as tropical, temperate, polar, and arid.
    In summary, air masses play a crucial role in shaping climate zones and influencing weather conditions across the globe.


    There has always been a unpredictable forecast about how long and how far or even when the air from these climate zones will travel into their neighbouring zones. Currently, so many multitudinous disasters happening on our watch as climate change does this. e360.yale.edu/features/redrawing-the-map-how-the-worlds-climate-zones-are-shifting#:~:text=Rising%20global%20temperatures%20are%20altering%20climatic%20zones%20around,move.%20By%20Nicola%20Jones%20%E2%80%A2%20October%2023%2C%202018


    My censored link was to info for the no kings rally. Without rules for all-where would we be?


     

  • The El Niño cometh

    Paul Pukite at 02:22 AM on 27 March, 2026

    "Climate change is increasing the natural chaos of the air masses"


    What is that even supposed to mean?  El Ninos are not chaotic, as they are triggered by an annual impulse  If they were truly chaotic they could would evolve at any time and not be phase-locked to the seasonal cycle.

  • The El Niño cometh

    prove we are smart at 11:51 AM on 26 March, 2026

    Climate change is increasing the natural chaos of the air masses that move around our tilted planet. In near twelve months,one hemisphere then the other, take its turn, absorbing the more perpendicular radiation from our star.


    The current and ever increasing unprecedented weather catastrophes will surely be amplified by the Enso phases. All countries really need and especially in this climate, leaders and government with foresight and empathy and using qualified people to navigate. Sometimes it is obvious how poorly gov perform and sometimes you need to look up and be an unsilent majority-make science great again. www.nokings.org/

  • Is Nuclear Energy the Answer?

    One Planet Only Forever at 03:24 AM on 23 March, 2026

    Additional points regarding my @475 response to PollutiionMonster:


    The following points are based upon my expertise as a Professional Structural Engineer knowledgeable regarding dynamic design requirements such as seismic design, design for vibrating forces, and design for blast forces and missile penetration.


    The IFP article (Institute for Progress) is a ‘questionable presentation of opinions’ by people who lack expertise. Their statements may ‘sound reasonable’ but are not.


    An example of the ‘questionable presentation of opinions’ is the following part of the quotes I included in my previous comment:


    Some regulatory increase wasn’t necessarily unreasonable.


    I bolded the word Some for a reason. Using the word Some at this point in the article implies that later presented opinions would be examples of regulations that are not reasonable. Later in the article the following ‘questionable presentations of opinion’ get made:


    Quote 1


    In addition to generating substantial increases in labor costs, regulations also influence the direct costs of nuclear plant construction via QA/QC requirements. Plant components require extensive testing and verification to ensure they’ll continue to function even after extreme accidents. This often takes the form of carefully recording what happens to every component at each step of the manufacturing and construction process, to ensure the correct part with precise performance characteristics is put in the right place.


    This sort of documentation can be extremely burdensome to create. For example, here’s a description of QA requirements during the construction of the Diablo Canyon nuclear plant, via Komonoff again:


    “Simple field changes to avoid physical interference between components (which would be made in a conventional plant in the normal course of work) had to be documented as an interference, referred to the engineer for evaluation, prepared on a drawing, approved, and then released to the field before the change could be made. Furthermore, the conflict had to be tagged, identified and records maintained during the change process. These change processes took time (days or weeks) and there were thousands of them. In the interim the construction crew must move off of this piece of work, set up on another and then move back and set up on the original piece of work again when the nonconformance was resolved…


    The incorrect implication is that the people doing the construction are intimately familiar with the design to the point of being experts at determining what are ‘simple changes they can make and how they can make them’. And the statement “(which would be made in a conventional plant in the normal course of work)” is a potentially dangerously misleading “opinion”. I have worked as a ‘construction engineer’. In that role I did indeed design and approve ‘field changes’. But I always contacted the original designers when I was, as a ‘knowledgeable expert’, not absolutely certain that I understood and could determine the acceptability of the ‘field change’.


    Quote 2


    Nuclear-grade components don’t necessarily have higher performance requirements than conventional components. Reinforcing steel in nuclear-grade concrete, for instance, is the same material used in conventional concrete. Instead, the additional cost often comes from the additional documentation and testing required.


    There actually are important differences in the available reinforcing steel for concrete structures. An important difference is that reinforcing bars with the same ‘yield strength’ can be ‘more brittle’ or ‘more ductile’. And seismic, vibrating, and blast resistant structure performance requires the reinforcing to be ‘certain to be the ‘more ductile’ type. Also, the more ductile reinforcing is less likely to have micro-cracks formed when it is being bent into the shapes required. And micro-cracks increase the likelihood of corrosion failure. Note that the more ductile and more brittle reinforcing bars look almost identical. And in some cases there are producers, and buyers/constructors, who would attempt to get away with misleadingly selling/buying/installing the ‘more brittle’ bars including false documentation claiming the material is ‘more ductile’ bars. This problem also applies to seismic steel structures, not just nuclear plants, where the ‘more ductile steel and fastening bolts’ is critical to the performance.


    Quote 3. The article includes the following questionable statement:


    Some experts think these QA/QC requirements and their downstream market effects are the prime reason for high nuclear construction costs:


    This is potentially a very questionable use of “Some” “experts” and “think” to imply that the “QA/QC requirements” are excessive or unnecessary.


    It is like the claims that: Some experts think climate science is incorrect and that the ‘implied’ restrictions of freedoms and forced changes to developed desired ways of living are ‘fraudulent - all a Big Lie – a communist plot’.

  • Why Science Communication Fails: How to Break Down Misleading Arguments and Inoculate Against Misinformation

    scaddenp at 08:02 AM on 19 March, 2026

    Eric, you seem to basing your premise on a paper from 1910?? You dont think maybe our understanding of climate has moved a bit since then? Not to mention geology eg we have since discovered plate tectonics. The paper argues "The great ocean basins are permanent features of the earth's surface and they have existed, where they now are, with moderate changes of outline, since the waters first gathered" - splorff! Periodic diastrophism? Not to mention being at least a decade before Milankovich did his calculations.

  • Is Nuclear Energy the Answer?

    PollutionMonster at 15:19 PM on 17 March, 2026

    My last link in 469 was an editorial. I have done some more research. I think nuclear versus renewable has taken too much of the front stage.  We should focus on decaboninzation. 


    "Overall, the findings support the role of nuclear energy in achieving global decarbonization targets, provided that safety, equity, and environmental responsibility are upheld."


    nuclear energy decarboninzation.


    This is a peer reviewed article from 2025 that explicity says nuclear can helpo us meet emissions targets, Abott 2012 is a bit dated and the author admits that nuclear can arguably be used to address climate change.


    Each energy source has its own strengths and weakness. For example, wind is low during heatwaves. Wind turbines are also dangerous to fix and workers have died from falling. Hydroelectric dams can break causing many deaths, take for example the Banqiao Dam failure. Nuclear killed zero people in contrast in 2025.


    As for the cost of nuclear there is red tape driving up consturction cost and time. Like renenwables most of the cost for nuclear is in the construction.


    Red tape nuclear power construction cost and time


    The problem with nuclear is not a technological problem, but a regulatorary problem.  We shouldn't be arguing we should be trying to phase out fossil fuels which kill many via air pollution.


     

  • Why Science Communication Fails: How to Break Down Misleading Arguments and Inoculate Against Misinformation

    Just Dean at 22:12 PM on 15 March, 2026

    Eric, thanks for a substantive comment — worth addressing carefully.


    On the Judd curve and geography: The Drake Passage and Isthmus of Panama are real Cenozoic climate drivers, but they worked through changes in ocean circulation and CO₂ — moving the system along the CO₂-temperature relationship, not around it. The Judd curve is an empirical regression across all those drivers. Geography explains what drove the system to different positions on the curve, not why the curve doesn't exist.


    On the Pleistocene slope: We agree. The essay says exactly what you said.


    On CO₂ persistence: Your 0.77%/year figure uses current ocean uptake rates, which reflect today's disequilibrium under active emissions. After net-zero, two things change: the ocean warms, reducing its CO₂ absorption capacity; and as atmospheric CO₂ drops, the concentration gradient driving uptake weakens. The Zickfeld multi-century simulations account for these nonlinear dynamics explicitly — a constant-rate calculation is precisely what those models improve on. And even if CO₂ dropped faster than Zickfeld suggests, temperature would lag further behind due to ocean thermal inertia. CO₂ removal and temperature recovery are not the same timescale.


    I've just published a substantially revised and expanded version of the essay that addresses these questions in more detail: justdean.substack.com/p/how-one-diagram-reveals-the-climate

  • Why Science Communication Fails: How to Break Down Misleading Arguments and Inoculate Against Misinformation

    Eric (skeptic) at 09:19 AM on 15 March, 2026

    Just Dean, the dashed black line in the diagram in justdean.substack.com/p/how-one-diagram-reveals-the-climate comes from geographic changes that drive both temperatuire and CO2.  CO2 is an amplifier of temperature and temperature is an amplifier of CO2, but geography dictates global temperature. Prominent examples are Antarctica cooling with opening of Drake Passage www.researchgate.net/publication/256822123_Influence_of_the_opening_of_the_Drake_Passage_on_the_Cenozoic_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet_A_modeling_approach  Arctic glaciation with closing of Isthmus of Panama: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X05004048  There are others.


    The steepness of the purple dots is due to the combination of CO2 and temperature mutual feedback added to albedo feedback from the forming and retreat of the continental ice sheets.


    So we are left with the green and red lines.  In the text they assert that CO2 stays high centuries after net zero (" even 700 years after emissions cease, roughly 85–99 percent of peak warming persists. Atmospheric CO₂ remains at more than half its peak value")  I beat up the AI to get current numbers:


    "Thus, the ocean absorbs ~9.2 Gt of CO₂ per year from the ~1,191 Gt excess currently in the atmosphere."   or 0.77%  per year.  That 0.77% per year will drop as the excess atmospheric CO2 drops and the ocean saturates, but it suggests less than a century to drop to half, not multiple centuries.  All hypothetical of course, but it also suggests we can start to see a drop before net zero.

  • The climate scientist who refuses to stay objective

    prove we are smart at 08:01 AM on 13 March, 2026

    I like the idea behind this book, any new angle to inform or activate people to our ever worstening climate change catastrophe is welcome.


    Watching the current world events, I would add the chapters- Contempt, Disgust and a multitude of emotions when I think of manufactured distraction.

  • Why Science Communication Fails: How to Break Down Misleading Arguments and Inoculate Against Misinformation

    Just Dean at 01:17 AM on 12 March, 2026

    Bob,


    I appreciate you engaging.  


    However, I would really value specific reviews and comments of my efforts to tell the climate change story with one diagram.   My diagram overlays the deep-time equilibrium relationship with glacial–interglacial data from the past 800,000 years and instrumental observations from the industrial era, along with a representative future scenario. Viewed together, these datasets place contemporary climate change within a broader Earth-system context. Skeptics and contrarians often cherrypick individual plots of CO2 or temperature or individual lines of evidence. It is harder when they are all plotted together on a common axes.


    I have not seen this combination of datasets anywhere before and so I would really value reviews and feedback from the skeptical science community. 


    Here's the link again to my Substack post: [Link]

  • Why Science Communication Fails: How to Break Down Misleading Arguments and Inoculate Against Misinformation

    Bob Loblaw at 00:09 AM on 12 March, 2026

    Dean:


    One of the tremendous strengths of the contrarian position is the ability to engage in compartmentalization. The ability to almost completely isolate individual lines of evidence allows one to believe several conflicting and incompatible ideas. My favourite is global temperatures: completely unreliable and incapable of telling us anything - until a contrarian thinks the record shows cooling that "disproves global warming".


    From the wisdom of Alice in Wonderland:



    “Alice laughed. 'There's no use trying,' she said. 'One can't believe impossible things.'


    I daresay you haven't had much practice,' said the Queen. 'When I was your age, I always did it for half-an-hour a day. Why, sometimes I've believed as many as six impossible things before breakfast. There goes the shawl again!”



    As you state, in science the stronger explanations are the ones that combine multiple lines of evidence and provide a small number of factors that explain a large number of observations. That requires looking at and combining multiple observations.


    One example of reviewing many factors related to climate change is an old post here by Tom Curtis - Climate Change Cluedo: Anthropogenic CO2. By approaching the question like a murder mystery (the game Cluedo, or Clue), Tom brings together a series of lines of evidence ("clues") that tell us who the killer is.

  • After a major blow to U.S. climate regulations, what comes next?

    John Hartz at 21:33 PM on 4 March, 2026

    Here's another in a series of recent commentaries about the repeal of the Endangerment Finding authored by academicians with extensive experience in environmental law and policy making. The author of this analysis, Jody Freeman, is the Archibald Cox Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and founder of the Harvard Environmental and Energy Law Program. She previously served as counselor for energy and climate change in the Obama White House.


    Beyond ‘Endangerment’: Finding a Way Forward for U.S. on Climate Environmentalists are challenging the EPA’s repeal of the “endangerment finding,” which empowered it to regulate greenhouse gases. Whether or not the action holds up in court, now is the time to develop climate strategies that can be pursued when the political balance shifts., Opinion by Jody Freeman, Yale Environment 360, Mar 3, 2026


    Excerpt:


    "The Clean Air Act is the bedrock of U.S. climate regulation, but it cannot do the job alone. Addressing climate change requires tools to mitigate emissions, spur clean energy adoption, and manage the impacts already underway. The EPA’s effort to repeal the endangerment finding is unlikely to survive legal challenge. But regardless, we should be planning, developing, and building bipartisan support now for effective climate strategies that Congress and the states can take up when a window opens."


    To access the entire article, go to:


    https://e360.yale.edu/features/endangerment-finding

  • Trump just torched the basis for federal climate regulations. Here’s what it means.

    John Hartz at 08:21 AM on 3 March, 2026

    This long-read assessment of Trump's ongoing attack on climate science is one you will want to bookmark for future reference.


    This "pull-no-punches" analysis is authored by Robert Kopp, a professor of earth and planetary sciences at Rutgers University. He is the co-author of Economic Risks of Climate Change: An American Prospectus and a contributor to the Fourth National Climate Assessment and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Sixth Assessment Report.


    Trump Is Attacking Climate Science. Scientists Are Fighting Back
    It’s easy, looking at the past year, to see the damage the administration has done. But researchers are also stepping up, trying to fill the gaps.by Robert Kopp, The New Republic (TNR), Mar 1, 1016


    https://newrepublic.com/article/207000/trump-climate-science-funding

  • Trump just torched the basis for federal climate regulations. Here’s what it means.

    One Planet Only Forever at 06:56 AM on 3 March, 2026

    Responding to nigelj’s comment @44, and Bob Loblaw's @46 and 47,


    Regarding the statement that “...some of us are more reactive to distant future events that others, for some reason that seems deeply seated. Like personality differences.”


    My way of saying it would be:


    Some people give more consideration to distant future events that others. For some reason some people are powerfully motivated against being concerned for the future. It may be because of genetic predisposition, like personality differences (the nature side of nature vs nurture).


    I think it is more likely to be differences of upbringing (the nurture side), the culture people grow up in, encouraging or discouraging primal instinctive drives for self-interest, what they developed a liking for.


    Lots of research indicates that altruistic tendencies are innate in humans and can be seen when they are young (Do an internet search for “research on altruism in young children”).


    A key understanding is that the success of humans is most likely due to the ability of humans to learn about what is harmful and what is helpful and thoughtfully evaluate how alternative actions would produce different future outcomes with the following important distinctions made between possible future outcomes:



    • Lasting collective benefit. More sustainable, less harmful:


      • Proactive, Improvement, Progress


    • Temporary benefit for some people. But more harmful to Others:


      • Reactive, Deterioration, Regression



    The long-term success, survival, of a group or individual understandably requires governing by proactive learning to be less harmful and more helpful to Others. This learning is more challenging than regression into primal instinctive anxiety. It is more challenging when misleading marketers can benefit from triggering primal instinctive anxiety.


    Any individual or group that fails to self-govern that way likely has no future regardless of temporary perceptions-of-the-moment of success, superiority or Winning.


    Opposition to reducing the many understandable harms and risk of harm due to fossil fuel burning caused global warming and climate change is potentially the greatest ‘Future threats’ to humanity. Undeniably the people who want to maintain and increase perceptions of superiority developed because of the harmful use of fossil fuels consider any action to limit that ‘future threat to humanity’ to be an ‘immediate threat to them’.

  • Trump just torched the basis for federal climate regulations. Here’s what it means.

    Bob Loblaw at 01:43 AM on 3 March, 2026

    nigel @ 38:


    Going back in history, many trades operated guilds that helped identify skilled craftsmen. But as you point out, there is a fine line between controlling entry to the association to ensure that the people in it are truly skilled versus controlling entry to maintain some sort of privilege and exclusivity (and economic advantage). When it comes to regulation, the equivalent to the latter is regulatory capture (which I mentioned in #10). Someone has to watch the watchers, to make sure that the system is kept honest.


    Even for something like engineering, where a person is accredited to design structures, there is a dependency on other accreditation processes. An engineer designing a building does not design and test the beam that will be used - they buy one "off the rack" from a company that makes them and provides specifications of the load it can handle. And that company will need to test their beams according to some sort of independent methodology developed by an accredited standards association.


    I would argue that climate change is indeed a topic that has massive health and safety implications for the public, but as you say it is a much less tangible and immediate than things such as health outcomes, electrical safety, etc. The current EPA has codified this by barring the use of any indirect costs in the economic analysis of regulations.


    The implications that can arise from climate change are also influenced by many other factors, which makes it easy for the contrarians to engage in a variation of whataboutism - assigning blame of any observed bad outcomes on something else. The tobacco industry perfected this technique in delaying actions against tobacco's health impacts.


    Another issue with something like climate change is that is it not a well-defined target zone of study. Atmospheric science will help you understand why a region's climate is what it is, and how it might change, but to understand sea level rise you need to know oceanography. And to know food production implications, you need to know agricultural science. And to know flooding risks, you need to know hydrology. And to know ecosystem stresses, you need to know ecology. Thus "climate change" is by its nature an extremely multidisciplinary subject. You need a lot of people cooperating to put it all together. No single person can do it all alone, and the fake skeptics that act as if they know it all are clearly working outside their area of expertise. The width of the “climate change” net can be seen by the tremendous variety of references listed in things like the IPCC reports. The shallowness of the contrarians' analysis can be seen in the highly-selective and self-referential lists of publications they include in their reports.


    In the current Trump administration, the phrase "conflict of interest" takes on new meaning - "Only my interests matter, and the only conflict is how others dare to challenge me".

  • Trump just torched the basis for federal climate regulations. Here’s what it means.

    nigelj at 10:48 AM on 2 March, 2026

    OPOF was talking about people who ignore the best interests of future generations. The expert interview below is relevant and important and does it related to climate change. Its a long read but worth it. Its from NPR. Ive made a few of my own comments at the end. The article:


    Harvard psychology professor Daniel Gilbert argues that humans are exquisitely adapted to respond to immediate problems, such as terrorism, but not so good at more probable, but distant dangers, like global warming. He talks about his op-ed piece which appeared in Sunday’s Los Angeles Times.


    The interview:


    NEAL CONAN, host:


    In an op-ed in Sunday’s Los Angeles Times, Harvard psychologist Daniel Gilbert argues that human brains are adapted to respond to some threats more than to others. For example, he says, we take alarm at terrorism, but much less to global warming, even though the odds of a disgruntled shoe bomber attacking our plane are, he claims, far longer than the chances of the ocean swallowing parts of Manhattan.


    And the reason is biology, the human brain evolved to respond to immediate threats but may completely miss more gradual warning signs. If you have questions about how and why our brains got wired this way or about its implications, 800-989-8255, or e-mail us, talk@npr.org.


    Daniel Gilbert is a professor of psychology at Harvard University, author of the book Stumbling On Happiness. You can link to his op-ed and to all previous Opinion Pages at the TALK OF THE NATION page at npr.org.


    Daniel Gilbert joins us now from his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Nice to have you on the program today.


    Professor DANIEL GILBERT (Psychology, Harvard University): Thanks so much for having me.


    CONAN: Now, you say that we need to put a threat, a face on a threat, in order to truly perceive it.


    Prof. GILBERT: Well, that’s true. I mean, you know, look, if alien scientists were trying to design something to exterminate our race, they would know that the best offense is one that does not trigger any defense. And so they would never send little green men in spaceships. Instead, they would invent climate change, because climate change has four properties that allow it to get in under the brain’s radar, if you will.


    There are four things about it that fail to trigger the defensive system that so many other threats in our environment do trigger.


    CONAN: As you point out in your piece, our brains are exquisitely tuned to, if we see a baseball coming at our head, get out of the way.


    Prof. GILBERT: Exactly so. So that’s one of the features of climate change that makes it such an insidious threat, is that it’s long-term. It’s not something that threatens us this afternoon, but rather something that threatens us in the ensuing decades. Human beings are very good at getting out of the way of a speeding baseball. Godzilla comes running down the street, we know to run the other way. We’re very good at clear and present danger, like every mammal is. That’s why we’ve survived as long as we have.


    But we’ve learned a new trick in the last couple of million years – at least we’ve kind of learned it. Our brains, unlike the brains of almost every other species, are prepared to treat the future as if it were the present. We can look ahead to our retirements or to a dental appointment, and we can take action today to save for retirement or to floss so that we don’t get bad news six months down the line. But we’re just learning this trick. It’s really a very new adaptation in the animal kingdom and we don’t do it all that well. We don’t respond to long-term threats with nearly as much vigor and venom as we do to clear and present dangers.


    CONAN: So a lot of us thought evolution would reduce us to four toes or maybe four fingers. You say what it in fact has meant is that we’ve developed delayed gratification.


    Prof. GILBERT: Well, yes indeed. I mean, evolution has optimized our brain for the Pleistocene. I mean, you’d be, you know, if we put you back three million years, you’re going to be the most adapted animal walking the earth. The problem is that our environment has changed so rapidly because we’ve got this great big brain so we could navigate our ancestral environment, and lo and behold, what did we do? We created an entirely new environment to which our brain is not perfectly adapted.


    CONAN: We’re talking with Daniel Gilbert, a psychologist at Harvard University, on the TALK OF THE NATION Opinion Page. If you’d like to join us, 800-989-8255, e-mail, talk@npr.org. And this is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.


    Another requirement for that human response, that triggered response, is some sort of moral outrage, you say.


    Prof. GILBERT: You’re right. And so I started by saying there were four, and then I talked about one, so what are the other three? The other three are, A) the source of the threat should be human rather than inanimate; B) there should be a moral component; C) as we just talked about, it should be short-term rather than long-term; and D) if you want the human brain to respond, you really want to make sure that the threat is sudden rather than gradual.


    So you asked about the moral component. There’s a lot of energy these days in our Congress, and indeed in our nation, devoted to what really our strictly moral issues. There’s very little doubt that many people will be injured by burning flags or gay sex, and yet we are up in arms about flag burning and gay marriage. And the reason is that these offend many people at the moral level. We’re very good at taking umbrage. We’re just not very good at taking action against things that don’t create – that don’t arouse moral emotions. And you know, climate change just doesn’t.


    As I say in my essay, if, you know, if eating, if the practice of eating kittens were the thing responsible for climate change, we’d have people massing in the street in protest right now, because eating kittens is such a morally reprehensible action.


    CONAN: Yet we see things like, obviously a terrorist attack, a human action, really centers everybody’s attention. Tens of thousands of people die on American highways every year and nobody notices.


    Prof. GILBERT: Well, you’re exactly right. I mean, one of the things that the human brain is specialized for is other human beings. They are the greatest source of reward and punishment in most of our environments. We’re a highly social mammal, and our brains are awfully good at looking for, thinking about, and remembering any sign of other people and their plans and their intentions. That’s why we see faces in the clouds but we never see clouds in peoples’ faces. If you play people white noise for long enough, they begin to hear voices in it. But they never hear white noise in voices.


    So we’re looking. It’s as if the brain is tuned in to the signal of other human action. And that’s why when other people do things to us, we’re very, very quick to respond. We respond to terrorism with unrestrained venom and with great force, just as our ancestors would have responded to, you know, a man with a big stick. The problem is climate change doesn’t have a human face. It’s not an Iraqi with a big mustache. It’s not somebody we can villainize. It’s not a man with a box cutter. And so if there’s no one to vilify, there’s no face to put it to, it’s hard for human beings to get very excited about it.


    CONAN: Let’s get a call in from Guillermo, Guillermo calling from Raleigh, North Carolina.


    GUILLERMO (Caller): Hi.


    CONAN: Hi.


    GUILLERMO: I guess my point is similar along the lines – somewhere along the way in school I heard a story basically along the lines of more complex issues humans don’t process that well yet. So, for example, if a person had to hear all of the news events that occurred on the planet earth in a single day, your brain wouldn’t be able to take it. And I just wanted him to see if there’s any truth in this, or…


    CONAN: Does quality relate to our quality of alarm?


    Prof. GILBERT: Well, you bet it does. I mean, climate change in some ways is a very simple issue. But those who profit from not taking action against global warming have turned it into a complicated issue. Why have the opponents – and believe it or not, there are opponents of action against global warming – why are the opponents turning it into a complicated issue? Well, as our caller well knows, if we can make this complicated, enough people will throw up their hands and say, you know, scientists, they all disagree. Who knows what we can really do about this?


    You know what? Scientists don’t disagree about this, and what we can do is very, very clear.


    CONAN: Scientists don’t necessarily agree on the cause of it. They do agree that it’s happening. Anyway, Guillermo, thanks very much for the call.


    GUILLERMO: Thank you very much.


    Prof. GILBERT: Well, scientists agree to an enormous extent on the cause of it. You know, it’s interesting, when you look at scientific articles on global warming, there’s enormous consensus. When you look at news articles on global warming, about half of them mention that there isn’t much consensus. It really just isn’t so. Scientists are in vast agreement about the causes of global warming, as much as they’re in agreement about the dangers of cigarette smoking. You could say scientists don’t all agree, and I’m sure there’s somebody out there who’s still saying it doesn’t cause cancer, but by and large…


    CONAN: So there you have an evil human face you can put on this. Those who are dastardly working towards profit 50 years hence.


    Prof. GILBERT: You see, that’s how I’m getting myself to respond.


    CONAN: Thanks very much for being with us, Daniel Gilbert. We appreciate your time today.


    Prof. GILBERT: My pleasure. Thanks.


    CONAN: Daniel Gilbert’s op-ed was this week in the Los Angeles Times. It’s Why Americans are Afraid of the Wrong Threats.


    Again, if you’d like to read the piece, there’s a link to it at our webpage. Just go to npr.org and go to the TALK OF THE NATION page. Also there, all of the other previous Opinion Pages on TALK OF THE NATION.


    I’m Neal Conan. This is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News, in Washington.


    Copyright © 2006 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at http://www.npr.org for further information.


    https://www.npr.org/2006/07/03/5530483/humans-wired-to-respond-to-short-term-problems


    My comment: I’m not a doomer. I dont think such findings mean we are locked into inaction, or that we are doomed. Perhaps we can overcome these impediments, and renewable energy is gaining traction on its merits and low costs anyway. But its just something we need to understand. And I think some of us are more reactive to distant future events that others, for some reason that seems deeply seated. Like personality differences.

  • Trump just torched the basis for federal climate regulations. Here’s what it means.

    One Planet Only Forever at 07:52 AM on 2 March, 2026

    Responding first to Bob Loblaw @27, adding to Bob and Nigel’s discussion, and adding to Other comments like prove we are smart:


    My perspective can definitely be considered to be “...one where nobody has the right to force harm on others….a call to Freedom - each person needs to be free from others causing them harm.” It is aligned with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and related understandings like the Sustainable Development Goals (Goal 13 is Climate Action), the Planetary Boundaries, and key related understandings based on climate science like the Paris Agreement.


    Note that the UDHR ‘tells people, especially leaders, that there are justified limits and expectations regarding how they act’ – they need to be governed by learning to be less harmful and more helpful to Others. If they won’t responsibly self-govern that way they should expect to be limited by responsible leadership. That is what self-governing professional bodies, like professional engineers and medical professions, do. As a Professional Engineer one of my responsibilities was to be willing to ‘Say No, and explain way’ in response to a client’s unacceptable desire or demand.


    I often sense that people want the freedom to believe and do as they please. And they want ‘a better present for themselves’ rather than ‘caring to develop the gift of a better future for others’. They are not interested in Inter-generational Equity (see the Wikipedia page). They discount the future (see Why environmental policy struggles to value the future earth.com, Eric Ralls, Jan 25, 2026. part of the listing of the 2026 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #05). They try to argue that they are harmed if others govern them in ways that limit the harm they can do, often arguing that they do not accept the understanding that what they want the freedom to do is harmful.


    Telling people that ‘future generations will have to live without using fossil fuels because burning non-renewable resources cannot be continued indefinitely and that, in addition to fossil fuel use being unsustainable, it is harmful’ seems to really enrage some people. They often try to claim that the marketplace of business and politics should govern who gets to be harmful. I agree with them as long as the marketplaces are effectively governed by learning to be less harmful and more helpful to Others rather than being compromised by harmful misleading competition for perceptions of superiority. That seems to make them angrier.


    As a result I agree with the need for comprehensive consideration of all ‘stakeholders’ on an issue. I would add that ‘all future people’ need to be considered. And I would clarify that the evaluation of everyone’s potential for harm does not mean compromising harm reduction because of some stakeholders wanting to benefit from the harm.
    ____________
    Related to prove we are smart’s comments,


    it is becoming undeniable that the US is a failing state. It is failing to make its leaders face consequences for deliberately misleadingly pursuing benefit from causing more harm to Others, especially future generations.


    The likes of Trump seem to act based on a world-view of negative-sum competition, harm is the major motivation for everyone. They believe everyone pursues personal benefit any way they can get away with. Their game-perspective is to benefit more from harming Others than Others harm them.


    That is fundamentally contrary to being governed by the UDHR which is a positive-sum game world-view with the understanding that collective action based on learning to be less harmful and more helpful to Others will result in sustainable improvements for everyone … except for those people who benefited from harmful behaviour in the past who may lose some developed perceptions of higher status (and deserve that loss of status).
    _____________
    Regarding Inter-generational Equity.


    The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and Diversity Equity Inclusion (see this Oxford Review item on Inter-generational Equity) are parts of the diversity of continuing to improve evidence-based understandings.


    The SDGs are based on understanding that ‘future humans need to have equality of Rights and Freedom from harm’.


    That exposes the harmful limitation of developed legal thinking, especially thoughts that ‘threat of legal consequences is all that is needed to ensure better, less harmful and more helpful, behaviour’. Legal remedy often requires ‘proof of actual harm done prior to (as the basis for) making the legal claim’. The threat of ‘Harms discovered later’ resulting in negative consequences for the people who benefited from the harm done in the past, or from actions that had higher risk of future harm, is a tragically weak deterrent.


    The legal validity of Inter-generational Equity, especially regarding CO2 emissions pollution, is increasing, much to the chagrin of people who want the freedom to maximize their benefit from actions that harm Others. Legal implications of Inter-generational Equity are that leaders would be subject to consequences if they fail to act to equitably protect future generations from human caused climate change harms.
    _______________
    Summary


    The US has developed the ability to have the most helpful or most harmful leadership on this planet. Tragically, the voting population of the US has repeatedly proven that it likes its leadership to be Harmful To Others, including future generations of global humanity.


    Clearly, the ‘Fix’ will require systemic changes to significantly increase the evidence-based justified Freedom of future generations of humanity from harm done by the unsustainable pursuits of benefit by current generations and their predecessors. The most harmful in the current generation need to most rapidly change their ways of living and profiting, even if it reduces their status relative to Others. And the biggest current day beneficiaries of the history of CO2 pollution harm owe the most towards repairing the damage done and helping Others adapt to the harmful changes that have already been caused.


    One helpful action would be effective penalties for elected representatives and appointed representatives who are discovered to be misleading.



    It is no surprise that people wanting to benefit from being harmful dislike increased awareness and understanding of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Inter-generational Equity; Diversity, Equity and Inclusion; Sustainable Development Goals; Planetary Boundaries; and Climate Science and so much more. All that pesky Wokeness is likely to result in ‘Less Freedom for them to do what they want to do … from their perspective … the End Times are Coming.

  • Trump just torched the basis for federal climate regulations. Here’s what it means.

    prove we are smart at 06:37 AM on 2 March, 2026

    First,thanks for that link JH,I believe protest marches by a countries citizens are the BEST form of action when dire changes are needed.They say "action speaks louder than words" and this  Stand Up For Science protest is a needed inclusive march for all.


    My first protest march was the School Strike 4 Climate here in Australia  "the strikers are increasingly attracting the involvement of people who have never been involved in climate activism before and a diversity of young people from different geographic and ethnic backgrounds."  Good luck with achieving your needed goals, Col.

  • Trump just torched the basis for federal climate regulations. Here’s what it means.

    Bob Loblaw at 02:13 AM on 28 February, 2026

    nigel @ 32:


    Prescriptive rules only work for known problems. Setting objectives and performance criteria also requires some knowledge of the types of problems that might occur: the "known unknowns".


    ...but I want to respond to your statement at the end of paragraph 1: "...sometimes it can be done by an independent engineer or other expert."


    The question then becomes "how do you identify an 'expert' in such a situation?" And this can bring us back to the question of the EPA or similar agencies and questions of pollution (and climate change). Who gets to be an expert, and how do we agree that such individuals are groups have actual expertise in the question at hand?


    In the case of building structures, it's easy to say "an engineer". But how do we identify "engineer"? Many countries (Canada included) rely on two stages of accreditation: taking the required courses at an accredited school of engineering, followed by some on-the-job experience and eventual registration in the identified engineering association. That then leads to the status of "Professional Engineer" (P.Eng.) and a stamp you can apply to your work. That stamp tells everyone "this is a recognized expert". And when you screw up, you can lose that accreditation (similar to a lawyer being disbarred) - because all your work is accompanied by that stamp identifying you as the "expert" involved. And part of the professional ethics require that you restrict the use of your stamp to work that you actually are trained to do.


    Science in general has no such formal professional designation. Anyone can claim to be a scientist. Yes, you can look at their academic training. Yes, you can look at their post-graduation activities to see what relevant experience they have. But there is no formal review of those qualifications. As a result, you can have atomic physicists or economists (to pull a couple of hypothetical examples out of a hat) claiming that they are more of an expert in climate science than someone who has spent decades training and researching in climate work.


    That's not to say that people can't learn new things after they finish school - but we don't have any formal accreditation process where we can independently determine that they actually have learned what they claim to have learned. And when they screw up and get things horribly wrong, there is no "Professional Scientist" stamp that we can take away and tell them "you're not allowed to call yourself a P.Sci. any more". They are free to testify before congressional committees, write "reports" for sympathetic political hacks running government agencies that ignore the vast majority of the actual science, and continue to claim "we're the only scientists that understand this".


    ...which is why the process of developing and reviewing regulations and such needs to be well-designed to make sure that "experts"  really are experts, and there is proper inclusion of the full range of reasonable opinions. The EPA had to pretty much bypass the "climate" report by the gang of five for some of those reasons: the legislation that governs the EPA specifies aspects of the process that were largely ignored by current EPA management in creating and guiding the gang of five's report.


    In your closing paragraph, you say "...but if we listen to experts and base decisions on evidence we can get that balance right." That is the best scientific practise, where open discussion and being willing to change one's mind in response to a complete examination of the evidence. But when you get into what is called "lawyers' science", where people take an adversarial approach, only want the decision-maker to listen to their evidence and not the opponent's, etc., that won't happen. (My guess is that this is where Eric is thinking about the failures of the legal system to come to good scientific decisions, on the other US Climate regulations thread.)


    ...but people need to elect politicians that want the system to work that way. The US system has become toxically tribal.

  • After a major blow to U.S. climate regulations, what comes next?

    John Hartz at 10:24 AM on 25 February, 2026

    As documented in the two articles cited below, the Supreme Court will hear two critical cases re society's ability to hold the fossil fuel industry accountable for the damage it has done by releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. We all will definitely want to closely track developments in these two cases as they occur.


    Supreme Court to Decide Key Issue in Fate of State and City Suits Against Oil Companies Over Climate Change The nation’s highest court has agreed to hear a case that raises questions about climate lawsuits across the country and amplifies concerns about the participation of Justice Samuel Alito, who holds significant fossil fuel investments. by Lee Lee Hedgepeth, Inside Climate News, Feb 23, 2026


    Excerpt:


    "The Supreme Court has previously resisted efforts to have the justices weigh in on climate litigation playing out across the country, but its announcement that it will hear the Colorado case signals a shift in that hands-off approach.


    This is not the only climate litigation on the court’s docket. In January, justices heard arguments on whether the court should overturn a landmark, $745 million jury verdict against Chevron, which Louisiana jurors found had contributed to the decline of the state’s shoreline and wetlands. That case is still pending, with a decision expected sometime before the court’s summer recess. "


    To access the entire article, go to:


    https://insideclimatenews.org/news/23022026/supreme-court-looks-at-state-city-oil-climate-lawsuits/


    ______________________________________________________________________


    How Trump’s big climate finding repeal could actually hurt big oil Without federal climate regulation, fossil fuel industry may be more vulnerable to local lawsuits by Dharna Noor, The Guardian, Feb 24, 2026


    Excerpt:


    "The Trump administration’s repeal of a foundational climate determination could clear a path for new litigation and policies targeting big oil, legal experts say.


    Earlier this month, Donald Trump’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized a rule revoking the “endangerment finding”, a 2009 determination that established that greenhouse gases threaten public health and welfare. The move eliminated federal limits on climate-warming emissions from motor vehicles, and is expected to extend to all other pollution sources.


    Critics say the change was designed to reward oil companies, which poured record sums into Trump’s campaign. Ironically, it could also weaken a shield the fossil fuel industry has used against attempts to make it pay climate damages around the US.


    The future of that legal shield will soon face a major test as the supreme court considers a fossil fuel industry petition to quash a climate lawsuit filed by a Colorado city."


    To access the entire article, go to:


    https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/feb/24/trump-climate-endangerment-repeal-oil-lawsuits

  • Trump just torched the basis for federal climate regulations. Here’s what it means.

    nigelj at 07:20 AM on 25 February, 2026

    OPOF @26 talks about how structural design codes are formulated. In New Zealand we have a building code which deals with structure, waterproofing, plumbing etc,etc. Its focused on issues of safety and durability only not aesthetics etc,etc. Its essentially a set of regulations on what you can, and cant do.


    The building code is prepared by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) . The building code sets objectives and performance criteria. The code allows for acceptable solutions to these criteria and objectives. These can be provided in different ways. One way is for an engineer or other expert to do a design from first principles and submit this to a local government council for approval by their technical people.


    Another way is to base the design on prescriptive rules contained in the NZ Standards. Standards New Zealand are part of MBIE. Standards are written by technical committees of engineers, industry experts, councils, and other stakeholders. So there is industry input which is a little bit worrying but theres also something to be said by getting all stakeholders involved and this is a consultation issue. MBIE don't have to do what industry want.


    The final building code is signed off by the Governments Cabinet. Which is essentially an executive body. It is not signed off by Parliament. We have a Building ACT which is quite general in nature, and voted on in parliament. The ACT ultimately requires a detailed building code.


    If people hate what the government is doing with the building code they can of course elect another government.


    Not wanting to restart my comments on the regulations related to the CO2 issue, but its just the huge implications of this issue that made me wonder if some sort of sign off of regulations should be done by parliament / congress. The Republicans talk about the major questions doctrine. But I can certainly see the arguments against all this and I dont have a firm view either way on the issue. One thing I think we all agree on and have firm views on is the details have to be left to the experts.


    Given the endangerment finding is in considerable danger, fortunately with the climate change issue there are other ways to regulations of mitigating the problem such as carbon taxes, cap and trade and subsidies. I've always thought the regulatory approach to mitigate the climate problem,  would become a complicated nightmare, and bogged down in arguments about who gets to sign off the regulations. 

  • After a major blow to U.S. climate regulations, what comes next?

    nigelj at 11:52 AM on 24 February, 2026

    pwas: "Thanks for that link JH, it descibes the dire,existential situation this wretched leader and his morally compromised party,enablers and administration are willing to put society into.You have to ask why? They have kids, grandkids-immediate close family and friends too."


    You almost answered your own question in your first post: “The real conspiracy is that the rich think that they don't have to live in the same world as the rest of us....." Its not just that the rich may think they are above the law.The rich probably think they can buy their way out of the consequences of climate change and other environmental problems. And they will leave plenty of money to the grand kids. And to a large extent they can.


    I think its a corruption of wealth thing. I am  financially rather secure so climate change wont hurt me too much, but I dont like that it will hurt large parts of the world and the low income people. But if I was super rich I can imagine I might become so confident climate change can't affect me at all, and I might become so self entitled and detached from the real world, I stop caring about the ordinary folks. None of us are completely immune to the effects of huge wealth and power.


    But remember not all powerful elites dont care.  Plenty of billionaires accept the climate science and do some things to help improve the situation. I'm not sure scapegoating them for the problem helps very much.

  • After a major blow to U.S. climate regulations, what comes next?

    prove we are smart at 16:10 PM on 23 February, 2026

    “The real conspiracy is that the rich think that they don't have to live in the same world as the rest of us, so they can let it burn and profit on the way down… These guys believe that they are above the rules. ”


    The elites just don't care about what is good or even legal. Roll back the climate regs to grift in petro bucks, genocide a nation for those enriched by the industrial military complex, invite other privileged persons to illegal immoral activities and no accountability because your corrupt lackies are in the admin. Justice, health, politics, media and others.


    The rollbacks occuring during this right-wing populous propaganda worldwide is money and power for all elites.


    That quote at the start is from a discussion by 2 of my favourite people talking about the big picture of why the system must change. The EPA roll-back gets a little mention, inequality breeds powerful people who will ruin the world-but only for us. www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bu1k_mzzwnU

  • Trump just torched the basis for federal climate regulations. Here’s what it means.

    nigelj at 16:08 PM on 22 February, 2026

    Bob Loblow: "You can argue whether the Clean Air Act and other legislation gave too much discretion (or not enough) to the EPA, but the EPA is expected to act according to the directions it was given by legislation..."


    Yes thats precisely what I'm doing. I'm arguing the clean air act gives too much discretion to the EPA. For me the decisions on whether a chemical is an air pollutant and should thus be regulated should rest with elected politicians. At least in respect of substances where the implications would be huge like CO2. I accept you cant have politicians decide on every single chemical substance, as you say things would grind to a halt.


    As I already said  we elect politicians to make the major decisions, and surely what we do about CO2 is a major decision. The details of how regulations might be structured can of course be left to something like the EPA. Of course its really just my opinion so I wont labour the point further.


    And this looks like its part of the rationale that has  overtuned the endangerment finding, along with some sort of argument about the costs of the endangerment finding and regulating CO2 allegedly  exceeding the benefits (Im not sure the EPA have proven that by a long way.)


    Now I hope this overturning of the endangerment finding is challenged in court. The endangerment finding was the law, and even although I dont believe its the ideal sort of law to fight climate change, and was always at risk of coming unstuck, it was the law and it seemed to have reasonably wide public support. And it was helping promote EV's. On that basis its ok law in a democratic sense. And its better than nothing. Hope that doesn't sound  contradictory.


    The scientific community and lawyers did well undermining the CWG / DOE junk science report, on both the science and the lack of proper transparency of process. That had to be done for all sorts of reasons.


     

  • Is Nuclear Energy the Answer?

    PollutionMonster at 12:53 PM on 22 February, 2026

    "It can also be argued that nuclear power has a key role to play in meeting emissions targets (Brook, 2012) for mitigating climate change" Abott 2012


    The above quote shows that nuclear power can be arguged to help with emission targets.


    The weakness with peer reviewed articles is they are technical and difficult to understand. I have seen people claim many peer reviewed articles support their claims and the opposite be true. It is easy to misunderstand. 


    As for uranium and the blog, both you and them are quoting the same peer reviewed article and coming to different conclusions. Sks is a blog within itself. 


    Personally, I am confused, I don't know if there is enough uranimum or not and I am just trying to figure this out. As for the answer I desire, I want the answer to be renewables. I don't want to have to pay extra money for nuclear let alone the risk of a meltdown. I personally had to pay the highest price in the country from PECO energy because of nuclear. 


    Nuclear is not cost competitive according to this article.


    Nuclear too expensive to matter

  • Trump just torched the basis for federal climate regulations. Here’s what it means.

    Bob Loblaw at 01:57 AM on 21 February, 2026

    nigel:


    "...leaving regulations to the technocrats within government agencies..." is not that easy. As usual, the devil is in the details.


    In your and my systems, handed down from our previous existence as British colonies, there is a blurring of lines between "executive" and "legislative" branches of government. Our Prime Ministers are not elected directly - they gain office through having the support (confidence) of Parliament. They are expected to have won seats in Parliament as MPs representing an individual riding. And their cabinet members are selected from the group of elected MPs, too. The PM and cabinet then become the ministers at the top of the executive branch. Thus, the executive branch is under the guidance of elected members of the governing party in Parliament. (In Canada, unelected senators also sometimes get appointed to cabinet, but it is rare. And you can be PM or in cabinet without a position in the house or senate, but it is expected that you attempt to win a seat ASAP.) Virtually all bills of substance are introduced by the governing party.


    That is in stark contrast to the US system, where the election of the head of the executive branch (the President) is independent of the elections of people to the House or Senate. And the president can pick his cabinet from anywhere (although appointments do need house and/or senate approval.) Bills can be presented by the president, by congress, or by senators.


    In either system, it is common for the executive branch to guide the development of legislation, but this connection is much stronger in a parliamentary system than it is in the US.  The most beneficial arrangement is when the executive branch has access to people with expertise in the relevant areas - in particular, access to professional civil servants that set aside political motivations when doing their jobs.


    In Canada, I am familiar with cases where the governing party had motivations to go in one direction, but professional civil servants were able to convince them of real problems if they carried through with their plans. And the politicians (cabinet members) listened to those professionals. This is not always the case, though. Some civil servants are more motivated to keep the minister happy, regardless of consequences. Problems develop when civil servants no longer perform a challenge function - when told to jump, they just ask "how high?". They are unwilling to stick their neck out and say "that's not a good idea".


    The current US administration has largely lost any challenge function at all. Senior administrative staff (maybe all staff) are expected to act in the political interests of their masters. We see this in who is placed in cabinet, the threats and firings of lower level staff, etc. The EPA decision in this OP is a prime example (as is the "report" that was prepared by the gang of five that questioned climate science in general). The executive branch is expected to ignore anything that goes against the White House political goals, and provide justification no matter how weak.


    The current US administration largely rejects any sort of expertise that goes against their goals. They don't want to listen to it, and they want to actively prevent anyone else from listening to it, too. As far as developing legislation is concerned, you get laws put in place that were developed by outside political interests such as the American Legislative Exchange Council.


    Administrative regulatory bodies can also be affected by regulatory capture. You need these things to be set up to get broad input from concerned parties, with an overall attitude that balanced interests, proper evidence, and science-based policies are all "good things". (Instead of policy-based "science".)

  • Trump just torched the basis for federal climate regulations. Here’s what it means.

    John Hartz at 00:39 AM on 21 February, 2026

    Recommended supplemental reading:


    Trump’s Move to Demolish Demolish Greenhouse Gas Standards Is Based on a Lie by Richard L. Revesz*, Slate, Feb 20, 2026


    *Richard L. Revesz is a professor and dean emeritus at the New York University School of Law. He is the co-author of Struggling for Air: Power Plants and the “War on Coal.”

  • Trump just torched the basis for federal climate regulations. Here’s what it means.

    John Hartz at 00:32 AM on 18 February, 2026

    Recommeded supplemental reading:


    Trump Administration Dropped Controversial Climate Report From Its Decision to Rescind EPA Endangerment Finding


    The final EPA rule explicitly omitted the report commissioned last year to justify revoking the endangerment finding, citing “concerns raised by some commenters.”


    by Dennis Pillion, Inside Climate News, Feb 13, 2026




    Introductory text:





    "When the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency rescinded its bedrock endangerment finding Thursday, it explicitly excluded a controversial report issued last year by the U.S. Department of Energy that argued the dangers of human-induced climate change were being overstated.



     



    The EPA cited the report in announcing its intention to rescind the endangerment finding last year, but those citations were not part of the final rule.



     



    Instead, the EPA argued that the Clean Air Act 'does not authorize the Agency to prescribe emission standards in response to global climate change concerns,' despite the 2007 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Massachusetts v. EPA that the agency does have that authority. 





    In its rule issued Thursday, EPA stated that the 'legal interpretation finalized in this action means that we cannot resolve remaining scientific controversies in this regulatory context'.”


    To access the entire article, go to: 


  • Trump just torched the basis for federal climate regulations. Here’s what it means.

    Eric (skeptic) at 23:07 PM on 17 February, 2026

    This article or another article should discuss the legal basis for the endangerment finding or its rescission.  Regardless of opinions of scientific merit it is worth going over the history.


    The current administration's EPA states "The agency concludes that Section 202(a) of the CAA does not provide EPA statutory authority to prescribe motor vehicle emission standards for the purpose of addressing global climate change concerns".  Is that correct?


    In 2009 the EPA based their endangerment finding on this 2007 Supreme Court case: Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S. 497 (2007) that ruled 5-4 on the merits of GHG regulation, that in fact GHG were an "air pollutant" causing actual harm to the litigants, including the state of Massachusetts.  The ruling also maintained that GHG fell into Congress's definition of "air pollutant" due to the wording "including" in the statute.  But the CAA or amendments through 1990 did not "include" GHG.  The IRA passed in 2022 amended the CAA to give EPA authority to regulate GHG under the CAA.  The BBB in 2025 reduced that authority through funding cuts and and a rescission of the GGRF authority.  Also in 2025 Congress rescinded the authority of EPA to grant waivers to California.  That is being litigated.  Congress probably did not have Congressional Review Act authority over waivers.


    The recent rescission of the endangerment finding will also be litigated and the inclusion of EPA regulatory authority over GHG by the 2022 IRA will be weighed against some reduction in that authority by the "Big Beautiful Bill" in 2025.


    It's fair to say that looking at both of those purely partisan bills, that Congress needs to write GHG laws that are unambiguous to avoid the major problem the 2007 decision, namely USSC justices opining on science.  Science is not in their jurisdiction as the 5-4 decision shows.  Congress also has to include laws on limits to GHG authority for states to preempt federal law in either direction.  Science can inform Congressional action and all the details can be left to the regulators, but obviously the outlines of the scientific mandate and specific scope of regulation must be part of the law.


    Otherwise we end up with what we just saw which is the executive branch bouncing between extremes on regulatory questions.  Legally the executive branch controls the EPA and has the authority to make those regulatory decisions, unless the regulations are clearly specified in law.

  • Is Nuclear Energy the Answer?

    PollutionMonster at 18:21 PM on 17 February, 2026

    @michael sweet 455


    "To me, the most important issue is there is not enough uranium to generate more than about 5% of all power To me, the most important issue is there is not enough uranium to generate more than about 5% of all power"


    Nuclear enegy already generates 9% of all power. Where are you getting the 5% number?


    Nuclear 9% from 440 reactors


    No problem about the typo. 


    "The comments policy at Skeptical Science asks for strong references to support your position. Most blogs do not count."


    Ok, still kind of new here thanks for pointing this out, I just looked over the comments policy didn't see that. I do understand the scientific method, but I am new to the entire nuclear angle of climate change. I plan for this to be my last comment here for a while until I read your previous comments as suggested, been busy at work so may take awhile. 

  • It's not bad

    Bob Loblaw at 01:13 AM on 14 February, 2026

    Eclectic's point about how people respond to death numbers is a good one.


    For example let's say that I have a new invention that will give people greatly increased personal mobility and freedom to travel long distances at considerable speed. It would cost them a fair amount of money as an initial outlay, plus perhaps a few thousand dollars per year in annual costs, but it would save them many, many hours per week/month/year compared to other forms of travel. Time they can spend with family, friends, working to earn a living, etc. The investment in $ seems a good trade-off to many people.


    ...but my invention has a slight flaw. Every five years, on average, something goes horribly wrong, and a city of 200,000 people gets completely obliterated and everyone dies. Would that invention of mine still be worth it, given that cost of lives?


    Now, compare that to the modern automobile. It does not obliterate cities in one fell swoop, but in the US there are roughly 40,000 traffic fatalities per year. Is the emotional reaction to vehicles killing people off in ones and twos the same as the emotional reaction to killing off the same number of people in a single devastating event at occasional intervals?


    Society has made an effort to reduce traffic fatalities, and the rate of fatalities per vehicle miles travelled has dropped substantially over the past century (see the Wikipedia link I gave earlier). But a lot of that has come as the result of regulation of vehicle design and driver training. (Note that fatalities per capita has not dropped anywhere near as much as fatalities per mile - people are obviously driving a lot more than they used to.)


    Certain parts of society seem to be unwilling to make any changes to lifestyle to avoid fatalities occurring in dribs and drabs due to climate change. It would seem that they might not be willing to act unless we start losing people a city at a time.


     

  • It's not bad

    jlsoaz at 08:10 AM on 13 February, 2026

    Hi Bob and Eclectic,

    Thanks for your constructive responses from half a year ago. 

    Also, I just stumbled across this "cross-sectional study" from February 2024.

    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10862342/
    BMJ Med
    . 2024 Feb 10;3(1):e000627. doi: 10.1136/bmjmed-2023-000627
    Published research on the human health implications of climate change between 2012 and 2021: cross sectional study
    Victoria L Bartlett 1, Harry Doernberg 1, Maryam Mooghali 2, Ravi Gupta 3, Joshua D Wallach 4, Kate Nyhan 4,5, Kai Chen 4, Joseph S Ross 2,6,7,✉
    PMCID: PMC10862342 PMID: 38352020


    --------

    Some useful looking quotes:

    "What is already known on this topic.


    "Climate change is one of the most pressing public health threats of the 21st century, contributing to more than 250 000 deaths each year."

    and

    "...Eligibility criteria


    "Inclusion criteria were peer reviewed, original research articles that investigated the health effects of climate change and were published in English from 2012 to 2021. After identification, a 10% random sample was selected to manually perform a detailed characterisation of research topics and publication information.
    Results


    "10 325 original research articles were published between 2012 and 2021, and the number of articles increased by 23% annually...."

    ------

    My additional comments to this study and to your comments:

    Bob, thanks for the points about the logical fallacies, that helps put this in perspective.

    Both, I didn't realize it was a volunteer effort exactly.... though that makes some sense now.

    As to the 250,000 deaths per year number they cite, I am not sure where they are getting that (I have only stumbled across the summary today and haven't read the study itself, and doubt I will understand much of it if I do).

    Still, the optimistic main thing that I get from this study is that there have been many peer-reviewed studies by now, and taken together, there is growing strength in the claims that have been made as to how many deaths scientists are telling us climate change is "contributing to".  I'd have to get to it later to see what exact wording is used in the report.  

  • The future of NCAR remains highly uncertain

    nigelj at 05:47 AM on 6 February, 2026

    MAR: "One aspect of this issue with Trump is whether he was ever actually believed his climate-change denial or whether he was just banging that particular drum as a politician because it was something that gained him political support."


    We will probably never know for sure what Trump really thinks on the science. He might accept the science but bangs the denialist drum for political reasons as you suggest, or he might be a denier and just signed the NY Times ad to be popular at the time. He might not even know himself or he may chop and change his mind depending on who he listens to. He's a very mercurial personality who also loves attention.


    But his actions and words are certainly consistent with climate science denial, so perhaps he should be treated as most likely being a denier. "If it walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, it probably is a duck." This would be a reasonable working assumption.

  • The future of NCAR remains highly uncertain

    MA Rodger at 01:23 AM on 6 February, 2026

    One aspect of this issue with Trump is whether he was ever actually believed his climate-change denial or whether he was just banging that particular drum as a politician because it was something that gained him political support.  Perhaps he was being insincere back in 2009 when he added his name to this full-page ad in the NY Times (appearing in second-last row).


    NY Times ad with DJTAs we are dealing with a congenital liar (and a remarkably ignorant one to boot), it's difficult to know which.


    And now he is slipping into his dotage, there is also the issue of him giving license to actions suggested to him by the "plucky band", those fawning actual climate-change deniers he surrounds himself with.

  • Joseph E. Postma and the Greenhouse Effect Part 2

    JPostma at 13:06 PM on 21 January, 2026

    The greenhouse effect should produce a differential effect on temperature since there is a differential effect on radiation scattering and absorption.  However, the lapse rate differential is only as that calculated from adiabatic thermodynamics. This is actually enough to refute the climate greenhouse postulate.


    Even if we go beyond what is plausible and grant that a differential influence does not produce a differential effect, then, if the height of emission changes such that it induces higher near-surface temperature, then this means that the temperature of the emitting region has also moved up the gradient, and now we have a violation of conservation of energy because a larger emitting shell is emitting at the same temperature as before. In fact, the height of emission can change without affecting the temperature. The absolute temperature profile of the atmosphere remains the same, the average height of emission simply moves up. But in any case, the primary logic already refutes the greenhouse effect: the lapse rate is caused by adiabtic thermodynamics, and there is no sign of the greenhouse effect. 


     


    [snip]


  • Fact brief - Does clearing trees for solar panels release more CO2 than the solar panels would prevent?

    Bob Loblaw at 06:53 AM on 15 January, 2026

    For readers that are not as dug in to a position as David-acct, there are several posts here at SkS that cover changing levels of CO2 and O2. It's a well-covered aspect of climate science. In general, one of the pieces of evidence in support of the argument that burning fossil carbon is the primary source of increasing atmospheric CO2 is the correlated decrease in atmospheric O2.


    Here are posts that discuss this:



    What-is-causing-the-increase-in-atmospheric-CO2


    How-we-know-human-CO2-emissions-have-disrupted-carbon-cycle


    Carbon-Isotopes-Part-1


    Carbon-Isotopes-Part-2


    10-Indicators-of-a-Human-Fingerprint-on-Climate-Change



    Several of those posts contain graphs of observed atmospheric O2 levels. Here is one, from the second link:


    Atmospheric CO2 and O2


    Note that a drop of 70ppm in O2 levels is not particularly worrisome from a human health standpoint. We're at 21%, and OHS warnings don't kick in until O2 drops to about 18%.


    ...but if David-acct is really worried that we're going to run out of oxygen because science is hiding something, he might want to get on to a path that helps stop burning fossil fuels.

  • Fact brief - Does clearing trees for solar panels release more CO2 than the solar panels would prevent?

    David-acct at 04:39 AM on 15 January, 2026

    Nigelj - It remains a legitimate question.  The article specifically compared.


    "Clearing trees to build solar farms does not negate their climate change benefits, because one acre of solar panels prevents far more CO2 emissions than an acre of forest absorbs."


     


     


    Comparing apples to apples remains a valid question, even if one doesnt like the applicable comparison.  

  • How does global warming affect polar bears?

    Geomancer at 15:35 PM on 12 January, 2026

    Eric the Red @5 we now have the benefit of hindsight and new data showing that it's sea ice loss.  The U of T Scarborough study demonstrated the direct link between loss of sea ice and loss of caloric intake for the bears and lower survival rate for the cubs in the Western Hudson Bay.

  • At a glance - How will global warming affect polar bears?

    Geomancer at 01:49 AM on 11 January, 2026

    The U of T Scarborough study demonstrated the direct link between loss of sea ice and loss of caloric intake for the bears and lower survival rate for the subs. I'm surprised it didn't make a bigger splash.
    https://alphasteward.com/climate-change/polar-bears-and-climate-change-current-research-and-population-trends/

  • Fact brief - Are polar bears endangered?

    Geomancer at 13:29 PM on 10 January, 2026

    The U of T Scarborough study demonstrated the direct link between loss of sea ice and loss of caloric intake for the bears and lower survival rate for the subs. I'm surprised it didn't make a bigger splash.
    https://alphasteward.com/climate-change/polar-bears-and-climate-change-current-research-and-population-trends/

  • Climate's changed before

    Geomancer at 04:04 AM on 10 January, 2026

    Brainscientist @902:


    It's like you didn't even read the post.  The difference is we know WHY it's changed in the past, AND we know past climate change has resulted in extinctions.  This time around we're causing it AND this time around there are 6 billion humans on the planet, most of them depending on a few bread baskets and many of them living along coasts, both of which depend on stable climates.  Climate change is already leading to worsening droughts, floods, fires, etc.  Soon we'll see an increase in resource wars.

  • Climate's changed before

    Geomancer at 03:59 AM on 10 January, 2026

    It's amazing how in 2026, deniers are still repeating the "climate has changed before, so what's the big deal" non sequitur.

  • Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect

    nick51 at 00:21 AM on 5 January, 2026

    Venus main statistics of the planet.
    Size 12,104km
    Gravity 8.87 m/s2
    Atmosphere co2 96.5%
    Clouds circle the planet sulfuric acid
    Lapse rate 10.47 K/km
    Rotational speed 6.52 km/h
    Axis inclination 3 degrees
    Energy received from the sun 2,613 W/m2
    Super rotational winds (SRW) 100 m/s
    Height of sulphuric acid clouds 40 km to 75 km
    Direction of rotation of the planet Clock wise
    Direction of SRW ACW


    Sulphuric acid clouds
    clouds are made of 75–96% sulfuric acid.
    These are formed by photochemical reactions in the upper atmosphere, involving solar light acting on carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and water vapor, create the sulfuric acid.


    These sulphuric acid clouds drive the climate on Venus.
    Properties of sulphuric clouds
    Albedo effect is between 0.75 to 0.80, which means they reflect 75-80% of the suns energy
    Suns energy is 2,613 W/m2, approximately 2,000 W/m2 reflected back into space.
    This leaves 613 W/m2 do drive Venus climate.
    Sulphuric acid clouds absorb energy in the ultra violet (UV) which is about 10% of the suns energy and the remaining 20% of visible light left which enters the sulphuric acid cloud, 10% of this is absorbed


    UV 450 nm, with a sharp edge around 400 nm. The iron-bearing mineral phases, such as rhomboclase and acid ferric sulfate, dissolved within the sulfuric acid droplets are the likely candidates for this absorption


    No IR is absorbed by these clouds.
    So the final figures are:-
    Suns energy = 2613 W/m2
    Reflected by the albedo effect = 2000 W/m2
    Absorbed by the UV = 11% = 287 W/m2
    Absorbed by the Visible Light = 11% = total = 577 W/m2.
    This leaves 2,613 - 2,577 = 36 W/ms arriving at the surface (12 W/m2. Average) This means there can be no greenhouse effect. It is enough to get a faint haze glow on the surface.


    So this 577 W/m2 drives the super rotational wind in the Venetian atmosphere.
    This heats the clouds, rising the cloud tops to 75km in height.
    The clouds are heated on the sunny side most, due to the slow rotation, the super heated clouds move to the cooler atmosphere, 2nd law of thermodynamics, which is in an anti clockwise direction. This causes this super rotational winds of 100 m/s to circle the planet, in a narrow band around the equator, where they lose some energy as the wind circle the planet and spread out towards the poles.
    This doesn’t change during Venus year as its axis is only 3 degrees, so there is little or no change as it orbits the sun.
    As these SRW approach the dark side the winds increase again as the dark side clouds are lower, and colder, this causes extra turbulence as the hot winds encounter the cooler atmosphere. This also causes more of the winds to migrate towards the poles, combined with the downwelling of the winds. This is shown by the pictures taken by the Japanese orbiter Akatsuki.
    The SRW then approach the day side again where they receive extra energy from the sun and continue its journey to where the sun is directly overhead, receiving the 577 W/m2, where the cycle starts all over again.


    What happens to the atmosphere as it down wells towards the planets surface.
    The atmosphere has its driving force for this rotation now (the super rotation winds down welling):
    Adiabatic lapse rate 10.47 c/km (Gravity rating on the specific heat capacity of the atmosphere)
    We have the heights that this happens at. (Sulphuric acid clouds between 40-75km) and the temperatures. Two key points are 43km temperature is most earth like 14c, and planets surface temperature 465c.
    We also have the adiabatic charts for Venus to check the results
    The temperature profile of Venus is shown below:-
    Height (km) Temperature (C) Pressure (1 atm)
    0                465                    93
    10.             360                    71
    20              255                    50
    30              151                    18
    40.               49                      7
    43                14                      1
    50               -59                   -15
    60              -164                   -37
    70               -269                  -58


    As can bee seen, it explains the pressure on Venus - its driven by the temperature.

  • How climate change broke the Pacific Northwest’s plumbing

    prove we are smart at 08:08 AM on 29 December, 2025

    "Its not that climate change isn't real, the cost of admitting it is too high."  Here is just one example of a powerful industry manipulating reality and worsening the crisis for its own short term profit.  www.youtube.com/watch?v=pST_KrbrFHM

  • Zeke's 2026 and 2027 global temperature forecasts

    nigelj at 06:11 AM on 28 December, 2025

    Just a clarification on my previous comments. In no way am I dismissing the climate change problem. I was only concerned about the resource scarity issue, and this ultimately apples regardless of whether we use renewable energy (preferably) or fossil fuels. Althought it does appear that renewables are more sustainable than fossil fules longer term because the sun and wind is a limitless form of energy. 

  • How climate change broke the Pacific Northwest’s plumbing

    prove we are smart at 08:25 AM on 27 December, 2025

    It seems to be that only when people are part of an unusually extreme weather event themselves or it happens in their local area do they acknowledge "things have changed".


    To me, many are too de-sensitised, distracted and misinformed to react to at least a selfish response to a threat to their current quality of life. 


    The largest coal port in the world was blocked- at least for a while. Is this what we need more of? www.msn.com/en-au/money/markets/shipping-movements-disrupted-as-climate-change-protesters-block-coal-ships-from-entering-port-of-newcastle/ar-AA1RptoX?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=692c9a2d72ee4e84b01066c5d0bea4ef&ei=12


    Media in Australia, 82% is controlled by 2 corporations. This protest got little reporting or a pro fossil fuel bias. Major weather extremes are "beat-up" for their clicks but the climate change connection is poorly explained.

  • Zeke's 2026 and 2027 global temperature forecasts

    prove we are smart at 18:19 PM on 26 December, 2025

    @2 MA Rodger "His argument is really simply that the current trajectory of mankind is pointing to some really bad outcomes. You could use such projections to point to, say, pre-industrial mankind drowning in horse shit."  


    I never read that story before-a funny shitless outcome for technology and fossil fuels saving the cities, the twist to that is the savior is now the villain and an existential threat to, well,everything. ????‍????‍???? Human health
    Extreme heat increases risks for vulnerable groups, including pregnant women and infants.


    Heatwaves, air pollution, and the spread of diseases all worsen as temperatures rise.


    ???? Economies
    Countries face major economic losses from reduced productivity, damaged infrastructure, and disrupted supply chains.
    For example, Cyprus could lose up to €29 billion from its GDP by 2050 without action.


    ????️ Ecosystems & wildlife
    Species that depend on stable climates — like mountain meadow animals or cool-stream amphibians — are already struggling as their habitats change or disappear.


    ????⚡ Water and energy systems
    Asia’s water and power systems are being hit hard by floods, droughts, and extreme weather, putting millions at risk and requiring trillions in adaptation spending.


    ???? Communities & infrastructure
    Rising sea levels, stronger storms, and more frequent wildfires threaten homes, roads, and essential services.


    NASA notes that effects like sea ice loss, glacier melt, and more intense heat waves are already happening and will worsen.


    ???? Food security
    Droughts, heat, and unpredictable weather reduce crop yields and disrupt food supply chains.


    ????️ Earth’s natural systems
    Global assessments highlight extreme weather, biodiversity loss, and destabilization of Earth’s systems as top long-term risks for humanity.


    There is no argument the earth temperature is still rising,in fact,arguably accelerating. All the nation states are playing in an international poker game,where everyone is cheating. The unfriendly USA is openly and aggressively war mongering for Venezuela's heavy crude and more than eyeing off the sovereign nation of Greenland for its particular usefulness. 


    All the responders opinions agree that last link I mentioned is complete "pretentious twaddle". I see something else. I see tipping points of no return happening on our watch. I see a tragedy from a thousand cuts to our biosphere. I see political leaders too "involved" with corporations/big business and election cycles to plan sincerely.


    Worst of all,the consumer has only a little appetite for a meaningful change to their bubble. The commodification of everything and the insidious media manipulation means a continuation of an economical system driving us all towards that cliff. 


    At least 6@ nigelj adds a little realism to it all. I don't have an answer to turn societies to less comforts, we need to be less capitalistic and more community minded and that goes against most western countries lifestyles.


     

  • Zeke's 2026 and 2027 global temperature forecasts

    MA Rodger at 18:42 PM on 24 December, 2025

    prove we are smart@1,
    Your request for "proof" is a bit off the subject of climate..


    This Steven J. Newbury describes himself as an "Amateur Anthropogenic Entropy Theorist and Free Software developer." His (latest?) web presence dates back a month and sports 41 posts allegedly of non-trivial substance. These are not good signs.
    He cannot write for nuts: another bad sign.


    The particular post you link-to manages to tell us he:-



    argued that to avoid the “Resource Entropy Singularity”—the point where the energetic cost of maintaining our society exceeds the energy available to it—we must transition from an economy based on Exchange-Value (financialisation, infinite growth) to one based on Use-Value (utility, biophysical reality).


    Readers, quite naturally, have asked the follow-up question: “How do we get there?”



    He then deigns to provide his "uncomfortable truth" that "we cannot 'manage' our way to survival" and that the "best case" would be that we initiate a human catastrophe to stop us "strip-min(ing) the biosphere down to the bedrock."


    The employment of thermodynamical principles within non-thermodynamical circumstances is not a robust use of the physics. Such use is pure analogy and prone to the usual panoply of pitfalls for analogies. Talking 'energy use' simply dresses such analogy in pseudo-science.


    His argument is really simply that the current trajectory of mankind is pointing to some really bad outcomes. You could use such projections to point to, say, pre-industrial mankind drowning in horse shit. Or perhaps to consider that the increasing ability of humanity to wage destructive war and the use of such war over ideological differences would reach the point where we can and thus eventually will inevitably destroy ourselves.


    Or you could argue that humanity is today gaining access to new technologies that are exceedingly dangerous which our societies are entirely ill-equipped to harness in any way safely. Or you could argue that the nation states around the world will be unable to mitigate the emerging climate crisis and then be unable to cope with that climatic crisis and instead resort to military force precipitating an even worse crisis. And if not the emerging climate crisis, how about the emerging ecological crisis? Or one of the multitude of resource crises (of which 'energy' is but one)? And maybe a future malthusian crisis could yet reappear despite the passing of 'peak-baby'.


    I'm sure Steven J. Newbury could happily invoke such threats into his "Grand Agency" bad and "Ground Agency" good. But really? Is this idea that we can chill out and be good if only we could precipitate the revolution which allows a utopian society to appear and flourish on the bones of today's world. Is there in some manner a metaphorical island we can inhabit and grow, fat like the Kākāpō, a species which only had laughing owls to fear as long as they stayed nocturnal? And in that analogised setting, was suddenly nature actually no longer red in tooth and claw?


    You've probably guessed by now, I'm of the opinion that this little essay of
    Steven J. Newbury is pretentious twaddle.

  • Emergence vs Detection & Attribution

    wilddouglascounty at 01:56 AM on 24 December, 2025

    One post script note: Note that in the #50 Global News Warming Roundup, the Trump Administration has been busy scratching out all references to fossil fuels as the cause of climate change, and in #51, the article detailing the reasons for shutting down the all-important NCAR was because it was the cause of too much climate anxiety. 


    It is up to the scientific community to keep the causality eye on the ball: human activities in general and fossil fuels in particular are the causing the increased frequency of severe weather events, and the cause of the shifting climate, so it is incumbent in all discussions to make sure that any use of the phrase "climate change" includes the human activity adjective such as anthropogenic, fossil fuel-driven, greenhouse gas-induced, etc. 

  • Emergence vs Detection & Attribution

    wilddouglascounty at 10:49 AM on 17 December, 2025

    @10 Bob, we completely agree until the very last sentence. The exact analogy that I'm driving at is that we're NOT saying "He was on steroids." The analogy, if carried to its simplified analog to "steroids" is "fossil fuels" or "carbon emissions" or "greenhouse gases" and the like, not "climate change." There is a real psychological underpinning behind the need to simplify a complex topic: just make sure you simplify it in a way that points out what needs to change if you want the changing climate to stabilize!


    As you have pointed out, the complexity of the climate includes all of the other factors as a system, including solar irradiation, volcanic activity, long term orbital dynamics, and on and on, which we know goes "whoosh" over the average person's head, which the fossil fuel companies have taken advantage of, by the way. But the systemic changes we're seeing in the climate is from the change in carbon emissions that are overwhelming the system's ability to absorb it, causing a change in the composition of the atmosphere and ocean that supports increasingly frequent severe weather events. So we need to really hone in on that single fact: rising greenhouse gas percentages in the atmosphere and oceans is changing the climate, not "climate change."  It is easier for everyone to understand the source of the changes occurring in a very complicated system in the same way as "he was on steroids" cuts to the chase.  And #11, Nigelj, I'm completely fine with the term "anthropogenic climate change" and for everyone, I don't honestly expect us to just immediately stop using "climate change" as an important phrase in our vocabulary and discussions about the topic. What I do sincerely hope is that this phrase be modified to include the human driven nature of the changes in the climate, so in addition to "anthropogenic climate change" I'm hoping folks will always use such phrases as "human activity induced climate change," "fossil fuel driven climate change," "greenhouse gas induced climate change," "carbon emission driven climate change," etc. if you need to use the phrase at all. These phrases include true causality, while "climate change" by itself does not pinpoint the causal problem as finely as it needs to be made if we have any chance of changing our future. 

  • Emergence vs Detection & Attribution

    nigelj at 05:38 AM on 17 December, 2025

    Regarding whether its accurate use of terminology to say that anthropogenic climate change is changing the weather, by making certain events more frequent or extreme. Climate change involves a warming global climate and changes in average global precipitation and circulation patterns,  its that extra warmth and precipitation that effects weather events, therefore it is correct terminology to say climate change is changing the weather.

  • Emergence vs Detection & Attribution

    Bob Loblaw at 04:52 AM on 17 December, 2025

    Wild:


    The most common (and probably the most familiar) example of a descriptive approach to climate is the Koppen Climate Classification system. It uses seasonal observations of temperature and precipitation to classify a regions using qualitative terms. This system aligns with our common concepts of tropical, arid, temperate, polar, continental, coastal climates, etc.


    Attribution studies need some sort of model that allows an estimate of the likelihood of events (e.g. severe weather) under two different regimes (with greenhouse gases, and without). The Koppen system is a model - but largely a descriptive model. It uses numerical results, but those are descriptive statistical models.


    Attribution requires a much more quantitative model - a physical model. The model simulates climate under one set of controlling conditions, and then it is run under a different set (greenhouse gases, in this case). It can be a bit hard to see the physics behind that, though, as physical model outputs are often interpreted using a descriptive model. The statistics with and without greenhouse gases help determine the probability of an event of a particular intensity, with or without climate change. But keep in mind that those descriptive statistics of the physical model output are just as complex as doing descriptive statistics of actual weather observations.


    In the case of the "juiced athlete", the attribution to performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) is difficult, for very similar reasons. You can't claim "this home run was caused by PEDs" for the same reason you can't claim "this severe weather event was caused by climate change". Arguing that a particular drug is a PED needs to be based on detailed physiological studies, as you suggest.


    ...but that level of detail isn't going to get a message across to the general public very well - it will go "whoosh" over their heads. "He was on steroids" is the short form. Just as "the climate has changed" is the short form for all the things that have happened due to our release of greenhouse gases and other human activities that have altered the climate.


     

  • Emergence vs Detection & Attribution

    wilddouglascounty at 01:42 AM on 17 December, 2025

    Thank you, @8 Bob, for sharing your perspective on this issue and the climate as a causal factor. I guess I'm not sure whether its descriptive or physical when you are doing attribution of a hurricane's intensity as being caused by climate change as it seems that it has elements of both.


    That aside, what I'm saying, once again to use the analogy of the juiced athlete, is that if there is a change in the constellation of factors that make them a professional athlete including years of strength and endurance training, strategic coaching, genetic predisposition, etc., along with the performance enhancing drugs, as contributing to the increased frequency of home runs, does it make sense to to talk about the athlete in general terms that includes the entire cluster of factors (physical), or  the performance statistics (descriptive); OR rather does it make sense to focus on the relevant causal factor of the practice of using performance enhancing drugs as causing the changes in the athlete's performance? For clarification's sake, the changing performance of athletes in general could not really be addressed until the key causal factor, performance enhancing drugs, was identified, after which people "got it" and took actions that penalized their use. 


    In a similar way, yes, physical climatology has causality in a general, collective way that clusters the real causal factors "under the hood". Since there is an identifiable subset of those "under the hood" factors called "greenhouse gases,"  "human activity emissions," "carbon emissions from human activities, primarily fossil fuel use" or what have you, it's time to start focusing on those "performance enhancing chemicals" we're emitting as the cause of the observed changes, so that people "get it." Otherwise vested interests will just continue to spread misinformation about the other factors, such as the sunspot cycle, cosmic rays, the end of the ice age and other things they can point to also under that hood. They are not incorrect in pointing to other factors that contribute to the climate; it's just that the science is clearly pointing to the changes in the climate as being linked to the changes in the atmospheric and oceanic chemistry caused by carbon emissions. 

  • Emergence vs Detection & Attribution

    Bob Loblaw at 11:21 AM on 16 December, 2025

    Wilddouglascountry @ 2, 4, 6.


    I would tend to disagree with your characterization of the term "climate change". You appear to be exclusively thinking of climate in terms of what is called "descriptive climatology". In that context, "climate" is just a description of what is going on.


    "Descriptive climatology" gave way to "physical climatology" at least as far back as the 1950s, when the science began looking at "climate" as the physical processes that link together to produce the observations that made up "descriptive climatology".


    [Note: the textbook I used when taking my undergraduate climate course was "'Sellers, W.D. 1965: Physical climatology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 272 pp.]


    As such "climate change" is a causal factor: through the physical processes of climate, changes in one part of the system (greenhouse gases and radiative transfer) lead to changes in other parts of the system (severe weather).


    I don't think your change in nomenclature is justified.

  • Emergence vs Detection & Attribution

    wilddouglascounty at 09:03 AM on 16 December, 2025

    Bottom line: attribution studies should point to the real cause of increased frequency and severity of weather events: human activity, fossil fuel emissions and greenhouse gases, NOT climate change. Climate change does not cause anything: it's the result of the changes caused by the changed chemistries.

  • Emergence vs Detection & Attribution

    wilddouglascounty at 08:23 AM on 16 December, 2025

    Eclectic @3: The shepherd boy was lying when he called "wolf" so often that folks started ignoring him, so that when the wolf really arrived, they ignored him. The wolf is clear and present right now, metaphorically speaking, and what I'm suggesting is that the way it is being used, "climate change" is being used like a sheepskin on that wolf, and our task is to point out the wolf underneath that sheepskin. 

  • Emergence vs Detection & Attribution

    wilddouglascounty at 06:59 AM on 16 December, 2025

    I think one of the main reasons we seem to be stalling out on the climate change topic is that we've been burying the lead. Climate change is NOT a causal factor for increasingly frequent severe weather, IT'S THE OTHER WAY AROUND. Climate is a summary abstraction of individual weather events, so the way the climate changes is by increasing the frequency of extreme weather events. Saying climate change is causing more severe weather is like saying Sammy Sosa's improved batting average is causing him to hit more homeruns--ignoring the REAL cause, which is performance enhancing drugs, right? 


    In exactly the same way, fossil fuel emissions and other greenhouse emitting human activities have changed the atmospheric and oceanic chemistry, enabling more frequent, severe weather events, in exactly the same way Sammy Sosa's performance enhancing drugs enabled him to hit more frequent homeruns. People can understand that a juiced atmosphere is the problem here, in the same way we understand the effect of juiced athletes. 


    Even the attribution studies don't point back to the real causes: they point back to the "increased probability" that "climate change" has made it 300 times more likely that a hurricane grew that fast and so on, when in reality the attribution studies need to be saying that the increased carbon in the atmosphere and oceans, caused by human activities, has made it 300 times more likely that a hurricane grew that fast and so on.


    We need to stop hiding behind the phrase "climate change" and start putting our human greenhouse gas emissions as causing all of this. The science is settled on this, right? Then why not start putting that front and center every time we talk about these increasingly frequent severe weather events: human activities with fossil fuel emissions being at the top of the list, is CAUSING the floods, hurricanes, droughts, heat waves and other extreme weather events to get worse. To say "climate change" is causing these things is reifying the phrase and giving it causality when none exists! 


    We don't have time to pass this issue onto younger folk. It's time to call a spade a spade.

  • Why the chemtrail conspiracy theory lingers and grows – and why Tucker Carlson is talking about it

    pattimer at 20:43 PM on 3 December, 2025

    There are many reasons why people believe that contrails are chemtrails.


    There is the political motivation by climate change deniers to encourage this conspiracy and so we cannot address this serious problem without looking at politics.


    However why are people persuaded by this political deception and why is it growing at the present time? This is the question that we are addressing.


    *People are seeing more contrails in the sky that they used to.


    * People often want an easy solution to climate change that doesn't affect their way of life. If scientists explain that contrails affect the climate or that flying has a large carbon footprint then it's easier to deflect any obligations by believing the conspiracy.


    * People have learned that there are real political conspiracies that the author accepts. There is a worldwide growing awareness or believe of a lifetime of false information that has been presented from media even in countries that consider themselves democratic. (Whether or not this awareness or believe is correct is "off topic" although important to be considered elsewhere). This is evident in the mass movements we see around the world regarding wars that use weapons from the West in particularly America and her allies. Therefore to those with a less scientific understanding, people are making the false 


    step from their realisation that they have been deceived by politicians and the media to believing that everything including the science is false.


    I have personally watched the frightning denial and conspiracies for many decades but the latter point I make here is a new trend and one that I believe should be taken seriously. 


    Perhaps the Author would find some agreement with this.

  • Ice age predicted in the 70s

    angusmac at 13:35 PM on 3 December, 2025

    BL@173, 177 and 178


    Before responding to your challenge, I note that the points you raise would not normally be part of the guidelines that a publication would provide for an independent reviewer. Instead, they appear to be points derived by someone who has studied the paper at university and wishes to arrive at preconceived conclusions regarding my ability to carry out an independent review.


    I now reply as follows.


    Why did he do the work?



    1. He developed a one-dimensional climate model based on a steady-state energy balance approach to analyse temperature and ice distribution by latitude.

    2. The study was motivated by the need to understand how variations in solar radiation and atmospheric properties influence global surface temperature and ice coverage, with particular focus on the roles of solar input, surface albedo, and meridional heat transport.

    3. His work represents an early application of energy balance modelling to demonstrate how changes in climate variables can drive significant shifts in Earth’s temperature and ice extent


    What aspects of climate science does he attempt to address?
    The paper addresses some aspects of climate science, including:



    1. The planetary energy budget, focusing on the balance between absorbed solar radiation and outgoing longwave radiation by latitude.

    2. The role of ice–albedo feedback and the existence of multiple stable climate states, demonstrating how changes in high-latitude ice extent can lead to either warmer climates or near-complete ice coverage.


    What part of his paper represents "original work"?
    He appears to have made several original contributions, including:



    1. Developing a zonally averaged, one-dimensional energy balance model structured by latitude, which calculates mean annual sea-level surface temperature for each latitude band. The model incorporates key parameters such as solar radiation, surface albedo, infrared emission, and meridional heat transport.

    2. Conducting systematic numerical experiments by varying parameters such as the solar constant, albedo, and transport coefficients. This enabled the exploration of climate sensitivity and the identification of distinct equilibrium states, including both warmer climates and scenarios approaching global glaciation.


    What part of his paper provides useful guidance to future work in climate science?
    Part 2 “The Model” and Part 3 “Applications” provide particularly useful guidance for future climate science research for two main reasons:



    1. Conceptual: These sections demonstrate that even highly simplified energy-balance models can produce multiple stable climate states. This insight has motivated more detailed investigations into climate feedback mechanisms, such as ice–albedo feedback, and their role in glacial–interglacial transitions.

    2. Methodological: The modelling framework introduced is straightforward and transparent and has been adopted in subsequent research. It enabled systematic evaluation of climate sensitivity, heat capacity, and meridional heat transport.


    Interestingly, Sellers (1973) is classified as neutral, and Sellers (1974) is classified as warming by both PCF-08 and me.

  • Why the chemtrail conspiracy theory lingers and grows – and why Tucker Carlson is talking about it

    osbornll at 09:18 AM on 3 December, 2025

    I have noticed a trend in conspiracy theories (chemtrails as well as climate denying, anti-vax, etc.) is that they push the solution to who must change to someone else. I am over 60, an applied physicst who has studied Wellness Coaching, and I cannot remember at time where science was telling us so much bad news and that we must change our ways!  It is a common reaction, even amoung highly educated people,  to blame others or deny the science instead of changing.  I.e.  Climate change is caused by a cabal of evil people using chemtrails and therefore I do not have to change.  Does anyone know of papers addressing the issue from this angle?  Thanks.

  • Why the chemtrail conspiracy theory lingers and grows – and why Tucker Carlson is talking about it

    One Planet Only Forever at 08:56 AM on 3 December, 2025

    pattimer @1, @4 and @5


    Indeed, people who want to develop perceptions of superiority relative to others often have to resort to conspiracy beliefs to attempt to deal with reality (evidence and better understanding of what is harmful to Others that contradicts what they want to believe).


    I am not a moderator. But I did see your original post before the moderator’s snipping.


    It may have been better to generalize the comment rather than repeating a specific political interest that is unrelated to climate science or climate change impacts. That specific interest is only one example of the diversity of unacceptable results (misunderstandings and related harmful unjustified actions) developed in socioeconomic political competition for perceptions of superiority ‘any way that can be gotten away with - with related demands for more freedom to believe and do whatever a person or group wants’.

  • CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

    Bob Loblaw at 05:51 AM on 3 December, 2025

    Thanks for that graphic, MA.


    In the Climate Change Cluedo post I linked to earlier today, a comment from nearly 10 years ago  included another graphic for the carbon cycle.


    Carbon cycle


    [The name of that commenter was also MA Rodger... what a coincidence...]

  • CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused

    Bob Loblaw at 01:47 AM on 3 December, 2025

    sychodefender @ 39:


    I am afraid that you start off with an incomplete statistic (% of total CO2 emissions that are man made), which leads you into incorrect conclusions about the role of CO2 emissions in the rise of CO2.


    Atmospheric changes in CO2 are the result of net CO2 fluxes - both additions (emissions) and removals. Without human emissions, the natural system was in balance and atmospheric CO2 levels did not change much year to year. (There is a clear annual cycle, though.)


    If your 5% argument was correct, then if human emissions stopped we'd continue to see CO2 rise at 95% of the current rate. If this were true, why was CO2 not rising at 95% of the current rate before humans started emitting CO2? Because nature was absorbing that CO2 - that's why. Humans are 100% responsible for the imbalance.


    You can read a better explanation of this mass balance issue on this post that discusses other typcial (bad) arguments about CO2 rise. You can also find another discussion of the various clues that lead to the conclusion that anthropogenic CO2 is the cause of the increase in this post titled Climate Change Cluedo: Anthropogenic CO2


    Let's make a simple analogy:



    • You start with $1,000 in the bank.

    • Your regular income is $5,000 per month.

    • Your regular expenses are $5,000 per month.

    • After 5 years, you still have only $1,000 in the bank.

    • You win the lottery, and the prize is doled out at the rate of $250/month for 5 years.

    • You still get $5,000/month in income, and still spend $5,000/month.

    • After another five years, you now have $16,000 in the bank - an extra $15,000.


    By your math, the lottery winnings are only 5% of your income, so only 5% ($750) of the extra money in the bank is from the lottery winnings. But clearly your regular income and expenses have not changed, and never led to any increase in your bank account (net zero). The extra $15,000 is 100% due to the extra lottery winnings, not 5%.


    Let's say you decide to spend half your lottery winnings. You still have $5,000/month income and $250/month lottery winnings going into the bank, but now your spending is $5,125/month. After five years, you will have $8,500 in the bank - added savings compared to your pre-lottery days. (This is a closer analogy to atmospheric CO2, where half the human emissions are absorbed by natural processes.) That extra $7,500 is still 100% due to the lottery winnings.


    The rest of your post follows from an incorrect initial assumption. It is wrong.

  • Ice age predicted in the 70s

    angusmac at 09:51 AM on 30 November, 2025

    BL@177.


    Oh dear. Now you are playing the semantics game


    [Snip]


     


    with “conclusions” versus “concluding remarks” in your statement that:


    177-BL-Par-Conclusions


    If it were just a summary, then I reiterate that your alleged summary states that, “Some years from now man will control his climate...”, either by warming from “the increase of carbon dioxide” or by cooling from “particulate pollution”.


    However, I disagree that “concluding statements” are just “final words”, and I reply below.


    Conclusions tend to be more formal than concluding remarks, but in practice, they tend to be very similar.


    Conclusions usually include (but are not limited to) the following:



    1. Providing definitive, evidence-based judgment directly answering the questions raised in the paper.

    2. Interpretations are drawn from the paper's data, and recommendations are usually provided.

    3. Perhaps including a call for further research and/or a call for action.


    Whereas, concluding remarks usually include (but are not limited to) the following:



    1. Summarizing the paper, providing final thoughts, perhaps discussing broader context and/or future implications.

    2. Incorporating reflections, acknowledging limitations, and possibly providing recommendations.

    3. Perhaps including a call for further research and/or a call for action.


    Furthermore, you have worked in academia and will be aware that the use of either conclusions or concluding remarks tends to be journal specific. In practice, the terms are often used interchangeably, and the specific requirements for their use can depend on the journal, discipline, and/or publication guidelines.


    It is evident from the above that “concluding remarks” are not just “final words”, but no doubt you are already aware of this having worked in academia. However, in your reply, you chose to play the semantics game by pretending that they are just “final words”.


    [End snip]


    P.S. You seem to be very keen on my response to your challenge at BL@173, and I have already confirmed that I will respond in due course. However, I do have a daytime job and, firstly, I would rather respond to your other allegations.

  • Climate skeptics have new favorite graph; it shows the opposite of what they claim

    MA Rodger at 05:03 AM on 29 November, 2025

    RegalNose@26,
    In the context of Judd et al (2024)'s graph below (Fig4a in the OP above),Judd et al Fig2



    you ask - Isn't the NASA graph (below)



    NASA carbon graph


    just pure scaremongring?


    You ask "What am I missing? Why the panic and crisis mode?"


    The OP above does not really answer your question of why CO2 should put us humans into a panic mode.
    ❶ The OP is firstly addressing the misuse of the Judd et al findings, being converted into total nonsense. It is, of course, difficult to nail down 'total nonsense'. ❷ Secondly, the OP chats about the threat of our CO2 to natural life on Earth rathert than the treat to humanity. ❸ That is not to say we humans should not be panicking.


    ❶ That first point, the OP presents an exemplar piece of 'total nonsense' which says "There's always this rise and fall." The context here implies it is the global temperatures they are saying "always ... rise and fall."
    They continue:-



    "This idea that the whole thing is based on carbon emissions from human beings is total bullshit. It's not true. Right. We might be having an effect, but we're having a small effect, a very small effect.”



    This quote is 'total nonsense' as the findings of Judd et al, the evidence they are presumably presenting, says the exact opposite. Judd et al say it is CO2 on which the "whole thing is based". From their abstract:-



    "There is a strong correlation between atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and GMST, identifying CO2 as the dominant control on variations in Phanerozoic global climate and suggesting an apparent Earth system sensitivity of ~8°C." [My bold]



    And the present-day big actor driving the 'whole thing', the startling rise in CO2 NASA graph above, that is the 'human beings'. This 'whole thing' is not "very small".
    Additionally, Judd et al finding "an apparent Earth system sensitivity of ~8°C"  suggests the effect is far from "very small" in terms of global temperature.


    ❷ The threat to nature from to the CO2-rise being so rapid is a major part of the above OP. Perhaps to add a little colour, 56 million years ago the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was caused by CO2 rising from ~800ppm to ~2,000ppm. The climatic forcing would be the same if we today allow CO2 to rise to 690ppm (and no other GHG increases - accounting for other GHGs, the equivalent would be perhaps 520ppm).
    The PETM was not a massive event in historical climate or ecology but it did have pretty big impacts. Consider horses - they shrank to the size of large dogs to cope with the heat. The PETM is often held up as the nearest example of what we are stoking with our man-made climate change. But there is one stark difference. The PETM warming took something like 25,000 years. Our warming is happening 100-times quicker. The sixth mass extinction event which humanity is already threatening with other activities will be a certainty if our warming gets anywhere close to rivalling the PETM's +6ºC.


    ❸ But we humans are an adaptable species. However the problems are this.
    (1) We a very numerous species that relies on a lot of real-estate. Loss of big portions of that real-estate (or even just the projected loss of it) will have big big geo-political consequences. If we could all pull together and address the problems, that may not be so disastrous. But we won't. And I'd imagine climate-change-mitigation measures will not be such a high priority when the world economy collapses and wars of national survival break out.
    (2) The climatology cannot tell us how long we can keep melting Greenland to prevent 20ft of sea level rise becoming inevitable, or when the AMOC will disappear plumging Europe into the deep freeze, or when the cloud feedbacks over the Pacific will add another +3ºC to the warming, etc. The +2ºC limit to the warming was dropped in favour of +1.5ºC because tipping-points such as these could potentially be triggered below +2ºC.


    I hope that goes some way to explaining "the panic and crisis mode."

  • Climate skeptics have new favorite graph; it shows the opposite of what they claim

    Bob Loblaw at 03:21 AM on 28 November, 2025

    RegalNose @ 26:


    The OP mentions the concern about rapid changes. Do not dismiss that concern lightly.


    ...but with regard to the long-term record, and the Mesozoic period in particular:



    • What evidence exists that human civilization in its current form was doing well in those warmer Mesozoic climates? Will our agricultural systems work for us?

    • Temperatures similar to the Mesozoic would result in major reductions in land-based ice (especially Greenland and Antarctica). That will lead to sea level rise.


    In the next 75 years or so, a metre of sea level rise is a reasonable expectation. That will lead to a lot of new coastal flooding (already beginning), at significant cost (either to prevent, mitigate, or move away from).


    In the longer term (centuries), a complete loss of land ice in a Cenozoic-like climate would lead to an 80m rise in sea levels. Here is a map (from this web site, where you can see a larger image) of how much flooding is likely. Are there any portions of that flooded coastal zone that you would like to see preserved?


    Sea level rise map

  • Climate skeptics have new favorite graph; it shows the opposite of what they claim

    RegalNose at 22:46 PM on 27 November, 2025

    Hi all,


    I am absolute green when it comes to topic of Climate research (which is obviously not my field) and trying to make sense of some information presented to general public. I am writing here as I'd like your help with navigating this as it seems to me a bit contradictive with presented "news of the day".


    If you navigate to the https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/, there are two data points that are interesting to me: 


    1. current CO2 ppm  = 430


    2. increase of GMST of 1.5 degree C since pre-industry era.


    What puzzles me, why is this so important to call for crisis mode? 


    When I look at the Judd's graph no. 2 I am reading that the planet was operating during The Mesozoic Era, which we know was lush, green and supported living of megafauna, on levels of CO2 between 500-2000ppm and with temperature s significantly higher comparing to current time. I am reading the graph as a path from local minimum and not as a path to glabal maximum, when it comes to GMST. I do understand the problem of how rapid is the incremental temperature increase, but don't see the issue of the increase itself.


    In the context of Judd's graph, isn't the graphe used at https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/evidence/ just pure scaremongring?


    If you take 800,000 years, the CO2 ppm looks like massive spike, in the graph. But when you take the context of millions of years as Judd does, this increase is well.. insignificant. 


    What am I missing? Why the panic and crisis mode? 


    Thanks!

  • Ice age predicted in the 70s

    angusmac at 11:51 AM on 27 November, 2025

    BL@176 you seem to be determined to misrepresent what I actually said.


    Yes, having written many scientific papers, I am aware of the structure of scientific papers, and I did state that they are broadly divided into two parts. I also agree with the typical contents of a scientific paper presented by you, and that (using your elements) these would usually include some or all of the following:


    Part 1: Introduction/Methodology/Analysis/Interpretation and Discussion.
    Part 2: Conclusions


    Consequently, I agree with your comment that:176-BL-SkS-Para-01


    However, I was focusing on Benton (1970) as an example, which is very clearly divided into two main parts, namely:


    Part 1: Present several hypotheses for the cause(s) of climate change and then discuss them.
    Part 2: Present the conclusions.


    Furthermore, your comment below does not come as surprise to me:176-BL-SkS-Para-02


    I have systematically reviewed the existing methodologies contained in numerous scientific publications and have proposed enhancements where appropriate. Advancements in science and engineering often result from critically evaluating prevailing methods and introducing new approaches or techniques, which usually lead to alternative and more reliable conclusions.


    I agree with your comment that the authors of PCF-08 knew how to find “Easter eggs”:176-BL-SkS-Para-03


    The reason I agree with your “Easter eggs” finding is because someone more sceptical than you might think that the authors of PCF-08 were data mining for information to support a preconceived warming position.


    I also agree with your comment that Benton (1970) hardly merits the description of a paper:176-BL-SkS-Para-04


    However, I included it in my database because it was used by PCF-08.


    I disagree with your comment regarding the clear prediction of warming in:176-BL-SkS-Para-05


    Benton (1970) only mentions 0.6°C warming in the discussion part of the paper by referring to “numerical studies have indicated” a warming of 0.6°C, namely:


    006-Benton-PNAS1970-0.6C-Warming


    I contend that if it were a clear prediction by Benton (1970) and not just an indication, then this warming would have been included in his conclusions as a clear prediction and not just an indication in the discussion part of the paper. Furthermore, if it were a prediction, I would have expected his conclusions to include an unequivocal statement similar to, “It is concluded that the present rate of increase in carbon dioxide would result an increase in temperature of approximately 0.6°C by the year 2000”.


    However, the conclusions in Benton (1970) did not include an unequivocal prediction of warming.


    Finally, I disagree that I am creating a false equivalence in:176-BL-SkS-Para-06


    On the contrary, Benton (1970) presented two main conclusions, namely: “Some years from now man will control his climate”, either by warming from “the increase of carbon dioxide” or by cooling from “particulate pollution”. It is evident from his conclusions that the Benton (1970) considers the possibility either warming or cooling to be equivalent and not a false equivalence.


    However, I suspect that you will try to find some argument to postulate that “Some years from now” does not match your definition of a timeframe for a climate trend for some decades into the future.


    It would appear to be you that is guilty of creating a false equivalence by taking a paragraph from the discussion part of a paper and elevating it to a conclusion of a clear prediction.

  • Ice age predicted in the 70s

    angusmac at 09:09 AM on 25 November, 2025

    BL@173 you have made so many comments; therefore, I shall respond in smaller bite-sized chunks


    Reply 1 to BL@173, you do not seem to understand my reviews of the papers contained in my database. Therefore, let me explain by using Benton (1970) as an example.


    Benton (1970) is typical of many scientific papers in that they are broadly divided into two main parts, namely:


    Part 1: Present several hypotheses for the cause(s) of climate change and then discuss them.
    Part 2: Present the conclusions.


    I contend that the main part of a peer review classification of a paper is the conclusions – not the preceding discussion of the hypotheses. I think that this is where you (and the other commentators) on SkS have gone wrong because you focus on the hypotheses/discussion part of the paper, whereas the main part of the paper that matters is the conclusions.


    I now present the conclusions from Benton (1970) below for ease of access for other readers (with my highlights):


     


    Benton (1970) Conclusions


    It is evident from the above that, “Some years from now” Benson (1970) is primarily concerned about two things, namely “…the increase of carbon dioxide and particulate pollution”.


    If you wish to argue against the Benson (1970) conclusions then please go ahead, but I suggest that any reasonable person reading these conclusions would agree that they are neutral on the causes of climate change, namely, either carbon dioxide warming or particulate cooling.

  • Ice age predicted in the 70s

    angusmac at 15:57 PM on 24 November, 2025

    BL@168 you have made so many comments that it would take a very large post to respond. Therefore, I shall respond to them with separate smaller replies.


    Reply 1 to BL@168 you state that, “Your opinion that climate science should be subjected to a red team/blue team examination makes about as much sense as me saying that the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed in 1940, and as a result we need to take a red team/blue team examination of the entire discipline of structural engineering."


    This is a misinterpretation of what I state at angusmac@168 which was:


    Structural Engineering Red-Blue


    It is evident from the above that my comment refers to only major engineering projects, and consequently, it would only apply to major climate science projects. Therefore, your inference that my opinion was that every climate science paper should be subject to a read team/blue team approach is wrong and is based on your selective reading of my text.


    Furthermore, the Tacoma Narrows collapse did instigate major changes in structural engineering.


    Since then, all long-span suspension bridges and other flexible structures were required to be designed to resist aerodynamic loading. These changes eventually evolved into the red team/blue team approach for major structures, and I have already given an example of one such flexible structure, namely, the Burj Khalifa.

  • On the Gates climate memo

    Randy Allred at 09:27 AM on 24 November, 2025

    In Gates' memo, he writes:


    "I wish there were enough money to fund every good climate change idea. Unfortunately, there isn’t..."


    This facile assertion tells us that Bill Gates—rather astonishingly—doesn't understand how money and federal finance works. Money is not a scarce commodity, as Gates claims here. The US government is not financially constrained, it creates as much money as it chooses. Rather, it is real resources that are limited.


    Money was invented by governments to marshall real resources into the public sphere for some desired public outcome. Private banks also issue money, but their motives are entirely different than those of government. We cannot depend on private finance to properly address climate issues.


    Gates talks about companies, companies, companies, while giving short shrift to government action—which is the key to solving the climate crisis.


    Perpetuating myths about money is not merely unhelpful, it's a huge drag on effective climate policy.

  • Ice age predicted in the 70s

    angusmac at 12:32 PM on 23 November, 2025

    Phillipe Chantreau@147


    I note that Benton (1970) is included in PCF-08 as warming and NTZ as cooling. Yes, I do agree with your comment that, 


    However, please note that I have classified it as neutral for the following reasons:



    1. Benton (1970) does states that, “The present rate of increase [of CO₂] of 0.7 ppm per year would therefore (if extrapolated to 2000 A.D.) result in a warming of about 0.6°C.”

    2. However, he also states that, “A second cause of climatic change is particulate loading of the atmosphere. Some meteorologists have attributed the cooling of the earth since 1940 primarily to such pollution of the atmosphere by man.”

    3. He also notes that, “The first process tends to depress the temperature of the earth's surface; the latter tends to increase it.”


    Benton (1970) concludes that [emphasis added], “At present, the natural causes of climatic change are probably more important than the effects of man-made gaseous [CO₂] and particulate pollution. However, the balance is changing as industrialization, urbanization, and transportation continue to grow at an accelerating rate. Some years from now, man will control his climate, inadvertently or advertently. Before that day arrives, it is essential that scientists understand thoroughly the dynamics of climate.


    Note that his conclusions give equal emphasis to warming, i.e., man-made “gaseous pollution” [CO₂] and cooling, i.e., “particulate pollution”. He does not single out CO₂ as the only problem. Furthermore, he also points out that we do not fully understand the dynamics of climate.


    I hope that the above is a reasonable explanation of the reasons that I have arrived at the neutral classification and not cooling as you incorrectly stated.

  • Ice age predicted in the 70s

    angusmac at 15:29 PM on 18 November, 2025

    BL@165


    I have read, and I do understand, the papers presented in PCF-08. I have also read, and I do understand, those papers presented in my database.


    I also reiterate (although you keep denying it) that my methodology was identical to PCF-08. However, I will amend my paper to highlight that my database is limited to papers that include climate change trends that are “relevant to, time scales from decades to a century” so that anyone who reads my paper, and the database, will be able realise that I have used the same methodology as PCF-08.


    Regarding your purported rebuttal of my database at:


    https://skepticalscience.com/70s-cooling-myth-tricks-part-I.html


    https://skepticalscience.com/70s-cooling-myth-tricks-part-II.html


    My database, and the review therein, is different from the NTZ papers that you quote. Nevertheless, I shall conduct an independent assessment of the above 2018 SkS “Zombie Myth” posts and revert to you on how those posts compare with my database vis-a-vie completeness, content, and accuracy. Perhaps my assessment may turn out to be a red team review of your “Zombie Myth” posts.


    Regarding your comment that PCF-08, “is now 17 years old – almost old enough to drink in most jurisdictions” is trite. Science, and scientific issues, are never too old to be revisited, and corrected if necessary.

  • Five ways Joe Rogan misleads listeners about climate change

    Paul Pukite at 15:08 PM on 18 November, 2025

    "but Lindzen seems to have botched this"


    I can make the argument that Richard Lindzen set the discipline of atmospheric sciences down the wrong path for generations due to his failure to get the attribution correct on foundational climate behaviors. He claimed he was expert on atmospheric tides, having written a book called "Atmospheric Tides" in 1970. Yet, he missed pointing out that the enduring behavior of the equatorial stratosphere known as QBO was due to an obvious forcing attribution of interacting lunar and annual tides.  In his research publications, Lindzen clearly stated that tidal forces had no effect on the QBO and other behaviors because he found that the math didn't agree.  Unfortunately, his claim appeared so authoritarian to readers that no one ever followed up on his assertions and just assumed forcing was via some other resonant process.


    Alas, this same missing tidal attribution has also been found to control  mean sea-level variations over many decades in coastal sites, via similar careful cross-validation of models (starting in the Baltic, which has the most extensive record of MSL).   This should not be surprising to find that tidal forces control what naively appears to be long-term tidal levels, yet the common explanation is non-tidal and unpredictable.  This missed attribution is arguably also an artifact of  Lindzen's original gaffe. Worse yet,  the same tidal attribution can also be applied to the important climate behavior of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which is best described as an erratic cycling of atmospheric  pressure. Further, the same model can be tuned slightly to match the cycles of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). And to cap it off, the same common-mode tidal forcing can be used to cross-validate predictive models of ENSO in the Pacific.


    The power of these tidal models are reinforced by advancements in the solution of non-linear fluid dynamics.  Admittedly, I wouldn't have as strong a thesis because most people would ascribe it all to over-fitting of curves, similar to what can happen with neural-net models.   Yet the rigor of  extensive cross-validation on real FD models shows none of the artifacts of arbitrary over-fitting.


    Given all that, and Lindzen's poor track record in anthropogenic attributions to climate change, I consider it past due to reappraise all of natural climate variation with these tidal factors in mind.


    BTW, I essentially have one peer-reviewed publication on this topic,  which was comprehensively covered in a 2019 Wiley/AGU volume  (also presented at several AGU and EGU conferences prior to publication).

  • Ice age predicted in the 70s

    One Planet Only Forever at 07:09 AM on 17 November, 2025

    angusmac @168,


    An attempt to challenge or refute a developed ‘climate science item like PCF-08’ by ‘identifying weaknesses, errors, omissions and harmful unsustainable aspects of the developed item being reviewed, or developing improved alternatives’ can be called many things (including an attack). But it is the description of the objective, not the name/term used, that is important.


    The objective should be: Pursuing increased awareness and improved understanding to limit harmful results and develop more sustainable outcomes (more beneficial for the future of humanity).


    Some people may believe that your comments starting @146 present a valid challenge to the PCF-08 evaluation. There are claims about having identified weaknesses, errors, omissions, and claims that you have developed a ‘better alternative’.


    What you have presented is clearly is not a defensible challenge to PCF-08. What you have presented is a non-peer-reviewed, unchecked, non-expert, alternate evaluation that needs its own rigorous review by people with relevant expertise.


    The responses provided, that you appear to resist accepting and learning from, are valid challenges of ‘your unchecked alternative evaluation’. Many helpful reviewers have pointed out weaknesses, errors and omissions in your ‘alternative evaluation’. A reasonable and reasonably knowledgeable ‘third party evaluator’ will almost certainly consider your alternative to be highly questionable, lacking in integrity.


    I will add that it is also almost certain that a reasonable individual interested in learning to be less harmful and more helpful to others will appreciate that the vast majority of the presentations in SkS, perhaps all of them, are:


    In pursuit of increased awareness and improved understanding to limit harmful results and develop more sustainable outcomes related to human-caused rapid recent climate change. They identify weaknesses, errors, and omissions, in the presentations of alternative beliefs and claims that attempt to discredit or dismiss the constantly improving ‘climate science’ understanding. They also improve awareness and understanding of the corrections of the harmful unsustainable aspects of the developed global set of socioeconomic political systems that are required to develop a sustainably improved future for all of humanity.


    Climate science is an integral part of the constantly improving understandings currently presented in the Sustainable Development Goals. The more that is done to limit and reverse harmful climate change impacts the easier it will be to develop sustainable improvements for humanity.

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